Temporal evolution of the RCS of aircraft wake vortices

Knowledge of the radar scattering characteristics is one of the key issues for the development of wake vortex detection technology. This paper studies the temporal evolution of the RCS (radar cross-section) of wake vortices. The RCS–time plot is observed to increase as a whole and step at a certain time. These properties could provide help to the design of wake vortex detection radar and the optimization of radar station layout. The special spiral structures within the wake, together with the Bragg scattering theory, are used to well explain these phenomena, and some representative radar experiments are also included to verify them.     

空中交通中尾流间隔的研究

分析了雷达尾流间隔标准的分类，通过尾流的形成机理和对后机影响的分析，建立了后机的危险遭遇模型和前机的尾流消散模型，给出了在确定的时间间隔下确定尾流危险遭遇概率的方法。     

尾流间隔缩减技术综述

当今世界各主要机场的航班延误已经成为影响航空运输发展的瓶颈,在通过空中交通流量管理提高效率的同时,也有许多科研工作者对尾流间隔的缩减进行了大量的研究。一类技术是通过改进进近程序缩减近距平行跑道的尾流间隔;另一类技术是建立尾流的预测模型,对尾涡的消散和输运进行预测,从而产生动态的尾流间隔咨询,获得更多的着陆或起飞时隙。采用上述技术的尾流间隔缩减系统可以减少延误,增大终端区容量。根据运行原理的不同将上述技术概括为:基于偏置进近程序的尾流间隔缩减技术和基于动态预测的尾流间隔缩减技术。对采用上述两类技术的系统作了详细分析,并比较和论述了优劣。     

Planetary characteristics from radar observations

Conclusions Long wavelength radar observations of Venus yield a surface reflectivity of about 15%. Total power measurements at 12.5 cm and 3.6 cm strongly suggest that significant atmospheric absorption is operative in this wavelength region. If the observed low value of reflectivity at 3.6 cm is attributed to atmospheric absorption alone an opacity of = 1.14 is implied at this wavelength rather independently from assumptions concerning the surface scattering characteristics of Venus. An inverse ² opacity law for the atmosphere is consistent with the reflectivity measurements over the complete range of observations wavelengths.The mathematical characteristics of the Venusian backscatter law are the same as for the moon but wavelength-dependent mean effective slopes indicate that Venus appears smoother than the moon at all radar wavelengths.Considerable progress has been made toward obtaining a precise value for the Venusian axial rotation vector which is found to be oriented to within 10 degrees of the planet's orbital plane. The period of (retrograde) rotation lies within the range 242–250 days with the lower value favored by the statistics of the data. Regions of enhanced radar return fixed to the surface have been found and verified at a later conjunction. Measurements of the surface radar depolarization support the hypothesis that the prominences are due to increased surface roughness as opposed to regional increases of dielectric constant.Observations of Mercury strongly suggest that the rotation period of the planet is about 59 days, a conclusion which has been supported, a posteriori, by theoretical tidal calculations and rediscussions of optical observations of surface markings. Mercury has radar backscatter characteristics more similar to the moon than Venus and exhibits a reflectivity of about 5%.Mars has demonstrated strong variations of radar backscatter characteristics which appear correlated with the Martian longitude and, in turn, with the dark surface markings in its north equatorial zone. Particularly reliable correlations have been discovered with the positions of Trivium Charontis and Syrtis Major. The observed variations appear to be primarily manifested in terms of the Martian radar backscatter law or surface roughness as opposed to variations in the intrinsic surface material reflectivities although the observations are not sufficiently precise to resolve this question. Variations in surface materials are apparently also present but their degree is currently unassayable. The reflectivity of the average surface has been crudely determined to be about 7% which suggests that the surface of Mars is composed of underdense materials. The 7% value is consistent with the values of 7.5% and 5% for the moon and Mercury, respectively, and is significantly different from the 15% value for Venus,No unequivocal radar detection of Jupiter has been made although a statistically weak detection has been reported for a single opposition which could not be verified in succeeding attempts.     

GLRT Detectors for Aircraft Wake Vortices in Clear Air

 In this article, radar echoes of aircraft wake vortices are modeled as weighted sums of the frequency components of the echoes with a special covariance matrix for the weighted coefficients. With a proposed detection scheme, two generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) detectors are derived respectively for aircraft wake vortices with time-varying and time-invariant Doppler spectra. Then the analytical expressions for detection and false alarm probabilities of the detectors are derived and three factors are investigated which mainly influence the detection performance, i.e., the Doppler extension and uncertainty of the aircraft wake vortex, and the number of the detection cells. The results indicate that, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) loss induced by Doppler extension is generally several decibels. The SNR loss due to Doppler uncertainty is approximately proportional to the logarithm of the number of spectrum lines in the uncertain Doppler spectrum intervals. For a large number of detection cells, the SNR gain is approximately proportional to the square root of the number of the detection cells.     

三角翼大迎角绕流特性数值模拟的网格处理技术研究

研究网格对三角翼大迎角绕流特性数值模拟的影响.结果表明,网格的生成需要结合流动现象,对网格拓扑结构和网格点分布进行选择与搭配.C-H型网格适宜模拟尖前缘分离涡流态,法向网格在一定范围内应等距增长,沿流向逆压梯度较大的区域内适当增加网格点,尾迹区网格则应做上翘处理.Euler方程具有模拟三角翼旋涡及预测涡破裂特性的能力,但对二次涡等粘性引起的流动细节把握能力不足.利用层流假设的N-S方程,通过合适的网格,也可得到满意的计算结果,但对涡破裂后的强烈非定常湍流流动模拟能力不足.采用旋涡螺旋度可准确反映主涡与二次涡流动,描述旋涡的破裂现象.用轴向速度迅速减小并小于来流速度的点作为涡破裂判据似应更合理.     

再入飞行器尾迹流场及其雷达散射效应研究

对再入飞行器等离子体尾迹及其雷达散射特性进行了分析、研究和大量的计算。讨论了物形、流场各因素对尾迹雷达散射截面的影响。流场计算使用准一维粘性尾迹方程，以修正基尔方法（多值法）求解，用一阶Ｂｏｒｎ近似完成亚密雷达散射截面（ＲＣＳ）计算。计算中使用８组元混合空气、１４个非平衡化学反应模型，考虑５种不同尺度的小钝头锥形物体，沿再入轨道取６５至３４公里，共１３个高程的飞行条件。通过计算得到了再入体尾迹各流场参数、电子密度分布及湍流亚密尾迹的ＲＣＳ。结果说明再入钝锥细长体粘性尾迹的转捩特性对于等离子体的散射性质具有决定性的作用；再入弹头尾迹等离子体对地面单站雷达发射波的回波主要来源于尾迹湍流亚密的非相干散射；对确定的波长，当环境雷诺数达到临界值之后，可能出现ＲＣＳ的突增现象；不同物形及来流条件造成尾迹转捩位置的改变，从而影响ＲＣＳ的数值及其沿轨道的分布；改变尾迹颈部初值会引起ＲＣＳ值的明显变化。     

Numerical study of aircraft wake vortex evolution near ground in stable atmospheric boundary layer

The evolutions of aircraft wake vortices near ground in stable atmospheric boundary layer are studied by Large Eddy Simulation(LES). The sensitivity of vortex evolution to the Monin-Obukhov(M-O) scale is studied for the first time. The results indicate that increasing stability leads to longer lifetimes of upwind vortices, while downwind vortices will decay faster due to a stronger crosswind shear under stable conditions. Based on these results, an empirical model of the vortex lifetime as a function of 10-m-high crosswind and the M-O scale is summarized. This model can provide an estimate of the upper boundary of the vortex lifetime according to the realtime crosswind and atmospheric stability. In addition, the lateral translation of vortices is also inspected. The results show that vortices can travel a furthest distance of 722 m in the currentlystudied parameter range. This result is meaningful to safety analysis of airports that have parallel runways.     

The turbulent decay of trailing vortex pairs in stably stratified environments

The decay of trailing vortex pairs in thermally stably stratified environments is investigated by means of large eddy simulations. Results of in-situ measurements in the wakes of different aircraft are used to find appropriate intitializations for the simulation of wake turbulence in the quiescent atmosphere. Furthermore, cases with weak atmospheric turbulence are investigated. It is shown that the early development of the vortices is not affected by turbulence and develops almost identically as in 2D simulations of wake vortices in stably stratified environments. In a quiescent atmosphere the subsequent vortex decay is controlled by the interaction of short-wave disturbances, owing to the aircraft induced turbulence, and baroclinic vorticity, owing to stable stratification. As a consequence, vertical vorticity streaks between the vortices are induced which are substantially intensified by vortex stretching and finally lead to rapid turbulent wake-vortex decay. When in addition atmospheric turbulence is also present, the long-wave instability is dominantly promoted. For very strong stratification (Fr<1) it is observed that wake vortices may rebound but lose most of their strength before reaching the flight level. Finally, the simulation results are compared to the predictive capabilities of Greene's approximate model.     

MVG控制斜激波/湍流边界层干涉的大涡模拟

采用浸没边界法(IBM)对带有微型涡发生器(MVG)控制器的激波/湍流边界层干涉流动进行了大涡模拟(LES)。以来流马赫数为2.3的斜激波(由平板上方8°楔产生)为基本流动入射平板湍流边界层,通过在干涉区前布置MVG阵列来控制激波诱导的边界层分离。采用浸没边界法处理MVG的复杂几何,分析了MVG尾迹区平均流速度剖面,雷诺应力,瞬态旋涡结构。结果表明:时均流场显示MVG尾迹区存在一对对转的主流向涡,流向涡加剧了边界内的动量交换从而增加了边界层抗分离能力,而瞬态流场则反映出MVG尾迹区的剪切层由于Kelvin-Helmholtz(K-H)不稳定性会卷起为一列展向旋涡。     

吸力面上气膜冷却对涡轮叶栅流场影响的实验研究

利用气动探针测量和墨迹显示方法,对不同实验方案下,带吸力面气膜冷却的某型涡轮导向器叶栅流场结构进行了实验研究。结果表明,冷气射流与燃气主流的掺混以及卵型涡的形成,使得吸力面根部出现了与通道涡旋向相反的涡系;卵型涡始终以一定形式存在于叶片表面,直到叶栅出口与尾迹相互作用后才达到均匀状态;冷气射流很难进入到通道涡分离线与端壁所形成的三角形区域中,通道涡分离线明显向端壁方向下移。      

计入畸变修正的旋翼尾迹前飞状态稳定性分析

现有的旋翼尾迹稳定性分析方法在涡线过近处会得出不现实的过大发散率结果,因而存在一定的局限性。为了消除这种前飞状态下尾迹高度畸变对其稳定性分析所造成的不合理干扰,提出了一个旋翼尾迹在正弦扰动下,结合涡线畸变修正的线性化稳定性分析方法。在该方法中,将尾迹涡线离散为一系列涡元,并对其端点施加沿尾迹涡线分布的正弦扰动;考虑了桨尖涡的自诱导、互诱导以及与桨叶的干扰作用,并创新地引入在伪涡核对稳定性分析中,因尾迹高度畸变产生的不合理干扰而进行的修正。以H-34型直升机旋翼模型为例,在前飞状态下,重点计算分析了尾迹向后飘移、涡核大小和前飞速度等对旋翼尾迹稳定性的影响。研究结果表明:引入伪涡核模型可以有效地修正在涡线过近处所产生的不现实稳定性分析结果;前飞速度、涡核大小等因素会在一定条件下有限地影响尾迹的不稳定性,但都不改变前飞状态旋翼尾迹的本质不稳定性。     

Toward a theoretical description of vortex wake asymmetry

Previous studies have suggested that the asymmetric vortex wake which develops behind an axisymmetric body at angle of attack is the result of the amplification of a disturbance introduced at the tip of the body. The potential-flow vortex wake of a circular cylinder in cross-flow is examined and similarities to the wake of the axisymmetric body at incidence are described. The implications of these similarities for the suggested model are discussed, and an argument is made that the vortex trajectories are fixed at a given angle of attack and shifted upstream or downstream by the initial disturbance. The need for further detailed experimental studies of the asymmetric vortex wake development is noted.     

起动期圆盘尾流的氢泡法观测

 本文综述了氢泡法观测的起动期圆盘尾流区的流动现象。圆盘垂直于来流,流动从静止状态开始以等加速度作加速运动,在起动过程中圆盘后形成一个对称的涡环,涡环逐渐扩大并往下游移动,通过观测得到了涡环的尺寸与位置随时间变化的关系,以及它与尾流中倒流参数的关系。在起动后期涡环脱落并破裂,破裂前尾流中倒流流速达最大值,约为自由流流速的1.3倍,破裂时尾流可能出现大幅度摆动。     

飞行器阵风响应的CFD-6DOF仿真分析

飞行器在大气中飞行,不可避免地受到阵风的影响。阵风所附加的气动载荷引发飞行器飞行状态的改变,过大幅值的阵风影响飞行的性能与安全。针对这种状况,首先采用改进的Lamb-Ossen涡模型,建立尾涡形式的阵风场;然后采用基于CFD技术的非定常N-S方程求解,并在计算网格中引入"网格速度"来模拟阵风,对SWIM(Subsonic Wall Interference Model)尾涡中的定常气动特性进行验证;最后通过CFD-6DOF的耦合,对SWIM俯冲穿越尾涡场的飞行轨迹进行研究。结果表明:计算结果与实验值符合较好;SWIM在尾涡中飞行时出现抖动、下沉、改变飞行状态、剧烈翻转的现象,与实际飞行器进入尾涡中的轨迹特性类似。     

再入弹头非平衡尾迹的回波特性分析

本文利用文[1]方法计算了纯空气非平衡再入弹头尾迹流场,分析了尾迹等离子体场对雷达波的频响效应,并进一步估算了几种高程条件下的雷达散射截面,说明影响截面大小和分布的几个重要因素。分析和计算表明,以物体底部直径和环境参数表征的雷诺数达到转捩值以后,在完全湍流尾迹中可能出现散射截面的突增现象。     

The ELDORA/ASTRAIA airborne Doppler weather radar: results fromrecent field tests

The ELDORA/ASTRAIA airborne Doppler weather radar was recently placed in service by US and French atmospheric sciences research laboratories. The ELDORA/ASTRAIA radar is designed to provide high resolution measurements of the air motion and rainfall characteristics of atmospheric storms which are too large, remote or fast-moving to be adequately observed by ground-based radars. This paper discusses the measurement requirements and the design goals of the radar and presents sample measurements from a recent weather research field program     

Wake vortex characteristics of transport aircraft

The flow and flight physics of wake vortex systems has been intensively investigated concentrating on a large variety of aspects. This paper gives a brief overview on past and present wake vortex research activities such as early studies, integrated programs, model and flight tests, numerical investigations, fundamental physical aspects and alleviation strategies. Then, detailed results of the properties of the wake near field and extended near field are presented addressing typical length and time scales and especially turbulence quantities. Progressing from the near field to the far field wake instability mechanisms are explained along with their relevance for wake vortex decay. Characteristic quantities are given for the short and long wave instabilities associated with vortex merging and wakes consisting of two and four trailing vortices. A non-dimensional frequency parameter is introduced to classify the main instability types. Means for wake vortex alleviation are described aimed at influencing the wake vortex turbulence field or triggering and amplifying the inherent instabilities. The methods discussed include passive means such as the effects of spoilers, differential flap setting and four-vortex systems and active means using oscillating flaps or auxiliary devices.     

亚声速全机纵横向气动特性计算方法

本文介绍了一种涡格方法,它适用于亚声速飞机的纵横向气动特性计算。该方法中,升力面用布置在中弧面的平均平面上的单涡格层,或用布置在上、下表面的平均平面上的双涡格层模拟,机身则由布置在表面上的四边形涡环或由布置在一组同轴棱柱面上的涡栅来模拟。地面效应用布置镜像涡系的办法处理。文中讨论了机翼尾涡偏斜对平尾、立尾的影响。 该方法计算的结果与有关的理论和实验进行了比较。这些比较表明,此方法计算精度满足工程设计的要求。