区域覆盖星座构型优化及协同控制策略研究

针对区域覆盖卫星星座的回归特性和构型维持需求,利用轨道半长轴和倾角与升交点赤经漂移和相位角漂移变化率之间的线性关系来优化星座构型参数,提高卫星星座构型的长期稳定性,同时通过协同控制轨道半长轴和倾角漂移量来实现区域覆盖星座构型维持。最后对区域覆盖天基雷达星座进行了构型优化设计和仿真,仿真结果表明了星座构型优化设计和维持策略的有效性。     

卫星星座结构自稳定设计研究

提出了卫星星座结构自稳定概念。在分析星座构型稳定性的基础上,将只考虑星座几何结构的星座优化设计结果与卫星轨道动力学相结合来设计星座构型初始参数以实现星座结构自稳定,推导了星座结构自稳定设计公式并设计了星座结构自稳定设计流程。对实例星座的结构自稳定设计进行了分析,结果表明,星座结构自稳定设计后其长期稳定性得到了很好的保持。     

地球非球形对卫星轨道的长期影响及补偿研究

首先建立了地球非球形引力摄动模型,通过对地球非球形引力摄动对卫星轨道的长期影响分析发现,地球非球形引力摄动对卫星轨道升交点赤经和沿迹角的漂移量与时间成近似线性关系;然后推导了通过主动偏置半长轴和倾角的方法来补偿摄动长期影响的计算公式,设计了基于仿真的地球非球形引力摄动补偿方法;最后对GlobalStar星座卫星进行仿真与试验.结果表明,设计的补偿方法是可行的,摄动补偿后在地球非球形引力摄动作用下卫星轨道的长期稳定性得到了很好的保持.     

利用GECAM卫星Crab脉冲星观测数据的定轨分析

怀柔一号引力波暴高能电磁对应体全天监测器（GECAM）卫星是中国探测引力波暴（GWBs）、快速射电暴（FRBs）和伽马射线暴（GRBs）等暴发现象高能电磁对应体的空间天文卫星。得益于使用硅光电倍增器代替传统器件的创新设计，GECAM在具有很高的时间分辨率（0.1μs）、绝对时间精度（～3μs）和很广视场的同时大幅减轻了重量。利用GECAM卫星的Crab观测数据，基于轨道动力学模型和脉冲星脉冲轮廓显著性分析的定轨算法（SEPO）开展了单脉冲星的定轨验证。结果表明该算法能实现对GECAM卫星B卫星的轨道进行定轨，利用40天的在轨观测数据可得定轨精度（99.7%置信度）如下：轨道半长轴精度为5.85 m，偏心率精度为0.000 121，轨道倾角精度为0.013 1°，升交点赤经精度为0.165°，近地点幅角精度为0.216°，平近地点角精度为0.217°。试验证明了用作伽马暴监视的微小卫星也可进行脉冲星定轨，为中国未来脉冲星空间定轨和导航提供了新的思路。     

单锚固站辅助导航星座自主定轨分析

我国"北斗"卫星导航系统在建设过程中存在地面跟踪站无法全球均匀布设的问题。针对该问题,可采用依靠少量锚固站的星座自主定轨方法解决。通过推导星地测距对卫星轨道升交点赤经的偏导数,证明了星地测距对升交点赤经的可观性,并分析得出,在经度保持不变的情况下,锚固站纬度越大,星地测距对卫星轨道升交点赤经的偏导数的模越小,星地测距对升交点赤经的修正越差。其后,对单锚固站辅助导航星座自主定轨进行了仿真实验,在经度保持不变的条件下,随着纬度的增大,星座自主定轨结果的收敛速度越来越慢。仿真结果验证了理论分析,并得出锚固站纬度是影响星地测距对卫星轨道升交点修正程度的重要因素的结论。     

锚固站数量及布局对导航星座自主定轨影响分析

针对导航星座自主定轨中的星座整体旋转问题,采用增设少量地面锚固站的方法可有效解决该问题。通过推导星地距离对卫星轨道升交点赤经的偏导数,证明了星地距离对卫星轨道升交点赤经可观。仅考虑在我国大陆范围内布设锚固站的条件下,仿真分析了锚固站数量以及布局对导航星座自主定轨精度的影响。仿真实验结果表明:采用3个以上的锚固站,即可有效控制星座整体旋转,在14d的仿真时段内卫星自主定轨精度保持4m以内;锚固站数量越多,自主定轨精度越高,但随着锚固站数量的增加,自主定轨精度改善程度越来越小;在保持4个锚固站的情形下,采用不同的锚固站布局方案,自主定轨精度并无明显差别。     

晨昏轨道摄动特性分析

针对晨昏轨道演化问题,根据不同摄动源对半长轴、偏心率矢量、倾角矢量进行公式推导与演化分析,并重点对降交点地方时漂移进行分析,证明晨昏点的简谐振荡特性向开口向上的抛物线漂移特性转化,最后结合实际的轨道动力学数据进行检验.结果表明,通过准确的入轨控制,可以实现晨昏轨道的降交点地方时十余年的长时间保持,既保障了卫星具有良好光照和能源供给,同时又能应用于长寿命卫星在轨测控与管理的能源预测、轨道数据注入核查等方面.     

基于星间链路的星座相对构型保持方法

从巨型星座在自然摄动下轨道运动的力学特性出发，分析了星座构型保持的任务特点。针对轨道面内由大气阻力和面质比差异导致的轨道面内长期相对运动，构造了星座相对构型保持的二阶一致性控制方法。针对星座多个体系统不同的星间链路连接情况和闭环网络特征，提出了不同几何拓扑结构及其相应的图论构造方法。相较于经典的绝对位置保持方法，相对构型保持只需补偿面质比差异造成的构型漂移变化，因此能够以更小的控制代价实现星座的构型保持。以星型链路的拓扑结构为例，进行了星座相对构型保持的仿真分析，离散一致性控制能够实现星座构型长期稳定。     

航天器相对运动的运动学模型研究

采用运动学方法研究航天器的相对运动.通过对无摄精确相对运动模型的简化,推导了以纬度幅角和平近点角为变量的无摄相对运动方程,并以此模型为基础建立了J2摄动下的相对运动模型,进行了相对轨道的仿真以及模型分析.仿真结果表明,运动学方法能给出较精确的相对运动方程,并且考虑摄动时,采用运动学描述比较简单.     

有关近赤道卫星圆轨道初始节点位置的一些有价值的分析结果

本文利用基于李氏变换的摄动理论,求得了近赤道卫星圆轨道倾角和升交点赤径的二阶长周期解。这种解包含了地球扁率与月—日摄动的平均效应。然后给出了对任务分析有用的三种算法。第一种算法求得了导致倾角减小至零的初始节点位置,以及达到零倾角所对应的时间;第二种算法确定了在给定的时间间隔内,使轨道倾角保持在规定值范围内的初始节点所在区域;第三种算法确定了在不采用任何机动控制的情况下,使卫星保持在规定倾角容差之内的时间最长的初始节点位置,并求出与之对应的最长时间。对于24小时近赤道卫星圆轨道,本文给出了第一和第三种算法的结果,并以简单的闭合形式给出。     

Global communication using a constellation of low Earth meridianorbits

The concept of meridian orbits is briefly reviewed. It is shown that, if a satellite in the meridian orbit makes an odd number (>1) of revolutions per day, then the satellite passes over the same set of meridians twice a day. Satellites in such orbits pass over the same portion of the sky twice a day and every day. This enables a user to adopt a programmed mode of tracking, thereby avoiding a computational facility for orbit prediction, look angle generation, and auto tracking. A constellation of 38 or more satellites placed in a 1200-km altitude circular orbit is favorable for global communications due to various factors. It is shown that appropriate phasing in right ascension of the ascending node and mean anomaly results in a constellation wherein each satellite appears over the user's horizon one satellite after another. Visibility and coverage plots are provided to verify the continuous coverage     

Geostationary orbit determination for time synchronization using analytical dynamic models

A real time analytical orbit determination method has been developed for precision national time synchronization. The one-way time transfer technique via a geostationary TV satellite standard time and frequency signal (STFS) dissemination system was considered. The differential method was also applied for mitigating errors in geostationary satellite STFS dissemination system. Analytical dynamic orbit determination with extended Kalman filter (EKF) was implemented to improve differential mode STFS (DSTFS) service accuracy by acquiring better accuracy of a geostationary satellite position. The perturbation force models applied for satellite dynamics include the geopotential perturbation up to fifth degree and order harmonics, luni-solar perturbations, and solar radiation pressure. All of the perturbation effects were analyzed by secular, short, and long period variations for equinoctial orbit elements such as semimajor axis, eccentricity vector, inclination vector, and mean right ascension of the geostationary satellite. The reference stations for orbit determination were composed of four calibrated stations. Simulations were performed to evaluate the performance of real time analytical orbit determination in Korea. The simulation results demonstrated that it is possible to determine real time position of geostationary satellite with the accuracy of 300 m rms. This performance implies that the time accuracy is better than 25 ns all over the Korean peninsula. The real time analytical orbit determination method developed in this research can provide a reliable, extremely high accurate time synchronization service through setting up domestic-only benchmarks.     

Analytical long-term evolution and perturbation compensation models for BeiDou MEO satellites

The current paper establishes the analytical models of the long-term evolution and perturbation compensation strategy for Medium Earth Orbits(MEO)shallow-resonant navigation constellation,with application to the Chinese Bei Dou Navigation Satellite System(BDS).The long-term perturbation model for the relative motion is developed based on the Hamiltonian model,and the long-term evolution law is analyzed.The relationship between the control boundary of the constellation and the offset of the orbital elements is analyzed,and a general analytical method for calculating the offset of the orbit elements is proposed.The analytical model is further improved when the luni-solar perturbations are included.The long-term evolutions of the BDS MEO constellation within 10 years are illustrated,and the effectiveness of the proposed analytical perturbation compensation calculation approach is compared with the traditional numerical results.We found the fundamental reason for the nonlinear variations of the relative longitude of ascending node and the mean argument of latitude is the long-periodic variations of the orbital inclination due to the luni-solar perturbations.The proposed analytical approach can avoid the numerical iterations,and reveal the essential relationship between the orbital element offsets and the secular drifts of the constellation configuration.Moreover,there is no need for maintaining the BDS MEO constellation within 10 years while using the perturbation compensation method.     

平经度与偏心率联合偏置双星共位技术

针对在偏心率隔离情况下,由于共位双星半长轴并不完全相同,导致双星平经度差不断增加的情况,讨论了平经度与偏心率联合偏置情况下的双星共位控制策略.该策略通过计算得到双星允许的最大平经度差,控制双星漂移过程中的平经度差保持在允许的范围,确保在偏心率偏置条件下实现双星的安全隔离.理论和算例表明,双星共位的控制周期与卫星的测控精度有关,随着测控精度的提高,双星共位的控制周期可以等于每颗星的东西位置保持周期.     

Controlling Stationary Satellite Orbits Minimum Fuel Consumption Rate

The orbital angular velocity of a stationary satellite expresses the perturbation in the orbit of the satellite. The minimum variation in direction of this velocity corresponds to the minimum fuel consumption rate to maintain a stationary satellite within allocated bounds. The directional variation of the orbital angular velocity is minimized by maintaining the ascending node of the orbit near the direction of the vernal equinox. The direction of the ascending node to maintain the orbit with minimum fuel consumption rate is given over the 18.6 yr nodal period of the moon. Over that period the inclination variation of the orbit and the angular speed proportional to the necessary fuel consumption rate to maintain the orbit are also given. An example of fuel consumption is given with a comparison with fuel savings over the standard stationkeeping method. The method here is applicable to the geostationary communication satellite, UHF broadcasting satellite, solar power satellite, etc.     

基于多目标粒子群算法的导航星座优化设计

导航星座的设计涉及诸多优化变量的选取,优化设计的目的是选取合适的优化变量使导航星座最大程度地满足人们需求。提出了将导航性能和卫星生产成本作为目标对导航星座进行多目标优化设计的研究方案,导航星座基本构型为中轨道(MEO)与地球静止轨道(GEO)卫星组成的混合星座,MEO卫星用于全球导航,GEO卫星用于增强星座对中国及周边地区的导航性能。探讨了MEO和GEO的轨道设计思路。阐述了星座导航性能与卫星生产成本的计算方法,并选取定位精度因子(PDOP)作为导航性能指标。介绍了基本粒子群算法和多目标优化的概念,提出了改进的多目标粒子群算法(MOPSO),给出了该算法的计算步骤和测试结果。讨论了导航星座多目标优化设计的数学模型,列举了优化设计变量的定义域,采用MOPSO算法对导航星座进行了多目标优化设计,通过分析优化设计结果,说明了导航星座多目标优化设计方案的可行性。     

Investigating suitable orbits for the Swarm constellation mission – The frozen orbit

This paper proposes a suitable orbit design for the lower pair of ESA's Swarm constellation mission, flying side-by-side in near-polar and circular orbits with a separation of only 1.4° at ascending node. Both orbits are suggested to be frozen orbits to minimize the evolution, and an along-track separation strategy is applied to avoid collision risk. The characteristics of the proposed orbit type are examined through numerical techniques including high-fidelity perturbation models. The prime change from the initial configuration is an along-track separation. The perturbations causing the along-track drift are analyzed by switching on/off certain perturbations. The results indicate that the tesseral harmonics and the atmospheric drag yield dominant effects. The atmospheric drag effect shows a dependence on the local time of the ascending node. From two months of orbit propagation for the altitude 300 km the maximum along-track drift we obtain is about 80 km, which is still within the measurement requirement range. Several maneuver strategies for maintaining the proposed orbit design are suggested. The results analyzed for the proposed orbit design show that collision risk can be avoided by along-track separation within the frozen orbit design. Consequently, this combination is considered as a suitable approach for Swarm's lower pair.