An efficient method of passive emitter location

The problem of locating a stationary emitter from passive bearing and frequency measurements taken by a moving and autonomously operating sensor along its trajectory is considered. The estimation procedure based on bearings only is quite different from that based on frequency measurements. From the Cramer-Rao (CR) analysis of the single-measurement case, the characteristic features of each method become transparent and an intuitive understanding of both methods is provided. One of the major results is that the orientation of the error ellipses of the bearings method (BM) and frequency method (FM) differ significantly. From this a considerable integration gain in accuracy results, when processing the combined set of bearing and frequency measurements. The results of the theoretical CR analysis are verified in a numerical simulation based on the maximum-likelihood (ML) estimation. The simulations demonstrate that a combined method is definitely superior to BM and FM with respect to the bias and the size of the error ellipses     

基于角增量和矢量模值观测的光纤陀螺温度漂移参数分段估计

光纤陀螺捷联惯导系统被广泛应用于航空、航天、航海及陆地车辆定位定向等领域,对光纤陀螺输出误差进行补偿是提高导航精度的有效手段。温度漂移和常值零偏是影响光纤陀螺精度的两个主要误差来源,对角增量输出式三轴光纤陀螺捷联惯导系统的陀螺温度漂移及常值零偏误差参数估计方法进行了研究。针对光纤陀螺的温度漂移,提出了一种基于角增量的分段最小二乘估计方法,根据不同温度区间的特征使用低阶模型即可进行误差建模,估计结果相比整体估计方法更加精确,同时推导了各个温度段参数的边界条件,保证了温度漂移模型在不同温变速率条件下的连续性。针对三轴陀螺输出中包含的常值零偏,提出了一种基于地球自转角速度矢量模值观测的方法,可在不依赖高精度转台等外部基准设备的条件下对光纤陀螺零偏进行估计,可适用于高纬度地区及极区环境下的外场标定。通过温箱静置升温实验,对光纤陀螺惯导系统三轴角增量陀螺进行了温度漂移和零偏的估计与补偿,验证了提出方法的有效性。     

Resolution of signal sources via spectral moment estimation

In different practical situations it is desired to estimate the number of signal sources and their positions in space or in frequency domain. The first problem is known as the detection or the order estimation and the second one as the resolution. For the resolution problem techniques such as nonlinear least squares (NLSM), high-order Yule-Walker method (HOYW), multiple signal classification (MUSIC), Pisarenko harmonic retrieval method, min-norm method, estimation of signal parameters by rotational invariance technique (ESPRIT), were proposed (Marple, 1987 and Stoica and Moses, 1997). All these high-resolution methods are based on the analysis of the signal covariance matrix. But the covariance matrix is not the only choice to represent the signal spectrum. In different applications (weather radars, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) signal processing, ultrasound imaging in medicine, atmospheric turbulence measurements) the signal spectrum can be modeled through its algebraic moments. Recently a number of efficient nonparametric methods have been proposed to estimate the algebraic spectral moments (Monakov, 1999). The presented paper is an attempt to solve the direction of arrival (DOA) problem via estimation of the algebraic spectral moments. A method proposed in the article is comparable in its accuracy with the MUSIC method. At the same time its computational burden is much lower. The method permits to estimate the signal power of sources easily to complete the full spectral line analysis. Additionally the method shows good robustness in situations when signal sources have noticeable spatial extend     

A new method for finding electromagnetic emitter location

The position of a source of radiation is often obtained from bearing data, taken over an interval of time, and combining it with navigation data. A new method using total least squares (TLS) has been suggested for the accurate estimation of an emitter location when bearing observation errors are random. Further, an iterative two-stage approach involving TLS and Kalman filtering is developed for accurate estimation of the emitter location when bearing observation errors are an algebraic sum of random and systematic errors. The elegance and efficacy of the proposed methods are illustrated through digital computer simulated examples     

基于随机文法的多功能雷达识别方法

 针对多功能雷达采用复杂体制而造成的辐射源不能正确识别问题,提出了一种基于随机文法(SG)的辐射源识别算法。该算法基于多功能雷达的句法模型,将威胁数据库中的多功能雷达文法分为随机正则文法(SRG)和随机上下文无关文法(SCFG)两种情况,并分别构造随机有限自动机(SFA)和随机下推自动机(SPDA)对测量辐射源进行识别。仿真实验表明,该方法不仅能识别出多功能雷达辐射源的型号及模式,而且能识别出雷达辐射源的功能状态,并进而推断出雷达辐射源的威胁等级。     

Probability of Detecting a Swerling I Targetet on Two Correlated Observations

Modern radars characterized by electronically steered beams, frequency agility, and range-ambiguous waveforms can use a processing technique whereby each new detection is followed by a second dwell to verify the initial detection. The second dwell is used to minimize false alarms and to resolve range and/or Doppler ambiguities. Under the assumption of a Swerling I target model, the target cross section remains constant when both dwells occur on the same scan and the same transmission frequency is used. Analytic expressions have been developed for the probability of detecting a Swerling I target on both of the correlated dwells (same target cross section). These expressions are used to calculate the probability of a second dwell detection given a first dwell detection and the probability of at least one detection on two dwells. These probabilities are compared with those of independent dwells (independent target cross sections) which result when two transmission frequencies of sufficient separation are utilized.     

Control and utilization of range-dependent beampattern with waveform diverse array radars

The transmit antenna beampattern of the phased array radar is only a function of angle, limiting its ability to discriminate the targets from the same direction. Recently, the waveform diverse array radars expand the angle-dependent beampattern to an angle-time-range-dependent three-dimensional function by modulating the frequencies/time delays/phases across different transmit antenna elements. In this respect, extra Degrees-of-Freedom (DOFs) in the range domain are achieved, which opens up an innovative way to fulfil the tasks with enhanced system performance by jointly using the angle and range information. This paper summaries the developments of waveform diverse radars, including the Frequency Diverse Array (FDA), the Space-Time-Circulating-Array (STCA), and the Element-Pulse-Coding (EPC) frameworks, with emphasis on the analysis of the range-dependent beampattern from the basic properties upon how it is controlled. Moreover, the most recent advances of utilizing such a range-dependent beampattern in target detection, parameter estimation and identifiability, clutter suppression, jammer suppression and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging are discussed.     

Time and phase synchronization using clutter observations in airborne distributed coherent aperture radars

Airborne Distributed Coherent Aperture Radar(ADCAR) is one of the most promising next-generation radars to significantly improve target detection and discrimination abilities. However, time and phase synchronization among unit radars should be done before an ADCAR is intended to cohere on a potential target. To address this problem, a time and phase synchronization technique using clutter observations is proposed in this paper. Clutter returns from different azimuths and elevations on the surfac...     

ARMAX模型参数估计的新两步法

 本文提出了一种ARMAX模型参数估计的新两步法。这种方法与其它递推估计方法（如增广矩阵法,极大似然法,Durbin两步法、三步法等）比较,具有较好的收敛特性,对参数的估计,特别是对C参数的估计比较精确,这是利用其它方法,一直未能很好解决的一个难题。     

无人机高速DS/FH混合扩频通信系统关键模块设计

针对UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle,无人机)测控链路高抗干扰需求,给出了实现跳频速率20 000次/s的扩跳混合无人机测控数据链系统实现方案.系统采用跳频频率并行捕获模式.跳频源设计采用直接频率合成、DDS(Direct Digital Synthesis,直接数字频率合成)和PLL (Phase-Locked Loop,锁相环)相结合的混合频率合成技术.利用相位响应滤波器,通过正交调制技术完成MSK(Minimum Shift Keying,最小频移键控)、GMSK (GaussianMinimum Shift Keying,高斯最小频移键控)调制.通过推导得出2 bit差分解调输出与载波频率选择有关,且为四分之数据率的整数倍关系.然后通过实例分析给出了跳频频率间隔选取方法,即跳频间隔应当将临近跳频的主瓣分开,同时跳频载波频率应当设在其他跳频频谱的零点处.最后总结了高速扩跳频系统参数设计一般步骤.     

Spectrum management: a high stakes game

The optimal use of the frequency spectrum is an incredibly difficult but vital requirement to be achieved. Among the numerous services and applications which are requesting more frequencies, radar and telecommunications are certainly the most demanding. The purpose of this paper is to discuss several technical aspects contributing to the frequency management within the whole spectrum. To this effect it is proposed to analyse the following main aspects: first, a survey of the foreseeable evolution of telecommunications and radars mainly in terms of frequency band needs, radiated power density and waveforms; second, we will provide a comparative analysis of signals used in radars and telecommunications; finally, we propose a few necessary conditions to coordinate the operation of radars and telecommunications within the whole spectrum     

含碰摩故障的转子-盘片-机匣系统动力学特性分析

以转子-盘片-机匣耦合系统为研究对象,基于ANSYS有限元软件建立有限元模型,通过实验测试得到的固有频率验证了模型的有效性;采用点点接触来模拟叶片和机匣之间的碰摩故障,并通过测试的响应数据,进一步验证了所采用模型的正确性和可行性.最后,仿真分析了定转速情况下不同侵入量、定侵入量和定间隙下不同转速对系统动力学响应的影响.研究结果表明:叶尖碰摩主要激发高倍频成分,且在系统俯仰刚体模态频率附近会出现倍频幅值放大现象;定侵入量条件下,高转速碰摩情况时系统的频率成分减少,系统的法向碰摩力也随着转速的增大而变化;定间隙条件下,在高转速碰摩情况时倍频幅值会超过转频,在一次连续碰摩过程中会出现多次碰撞反弹现象.      

泵浦激光频率波动对核磁共振陀螺仪 零偏稳定性的影响研究

本文研究了泵浦激光频率波动对核磁共振陀螺仪零偏稳定性的影响.通过分析核磁共振陀螺仪理论模型和自旋光泵浦极化129Xe的过程,阐述泵浦激光频率波动对陀螺仪零偏稳定性的影响机理.结果表明,泵浦光频率波动会导致核磁共振陀螺仪零偏稳定性下降约3个数量级.泵浦光频率波动是制约核磁共振陀螺仪性能提升的重要因素.     

Probability of Pulse Coincidence in a Multiple Radar Environment

Elementary probability theory is used to develop three formulas for the probability of two or more pulses being coincident at an observer's aircraft position in a multiple radar environment. The first formula is for nonscanning tracking type radars with different pulsewidths (PWs) and pulse repetition frequencies (PRFs), the second is for generically identical nonscanning radars with similar PWs and PRFs, and the third is for scanning type radars such as air search radars with similar PWs and PRFs. The probability of coincidence is related to the mean-time-between-coincidences (MTBC) and to the average coincidence rate. Two sample problems are given.     

稳定平台中陀螺漂移自适应实时估计算法

 针对陀螺稳定平台的漂移问题,建立了陀螺稳定跟踪装置在不同工作模式下陀螺漂移的数学模型,指出稳定模式下包含常值漂移和相关漂移的陀螺低频噪声是影响稳定精度的主要原因。提出一种自适应实时估计算法,采用卡尔曼滤波框架和滤波器收敛判据,结合Sage-Husa滤波和加权Sage-Husa滤波算法,利用跟踪器跟踪静止目标时输出的脱靶量信号对陀螺常值漂移和相关漂移进行估计。实验结果表明:该算法能够在系统模型和噪声特性均不准确的情况下使用,收敛时间小于3 s,估计均方差小于0.02 (°)/s,具有良好的鲁棒性和自适应能力。     

Ambiguities in Spacebornene Synthetic Aperture Radar Systems

Several aspects of range and azimuth (time delay and Doppler) ambiguities in spaceborne synthetic aperture radars (SARs) are examined. An accurate method to evaluate the ratio of the intensities of the ambiguities to that of the signal is described. This method has been applied to the nominal SAR system on SEASAT and the variations of this ratio as a function of orbital latitude and attitude control error are discussed. It is also shown that the detailed range migration-azimuth phase history of an ambiguity is different from that of a signal. The images of ambiguities are, therefore, dispersed. Several examples of such dispersed images observed by the SEASAT SAR are presented. These dispersions are eliminated when the processing parameters are adjusted appropriately. Finally, a method is described which uses a set of multiple pulse repetition frequencies to determine the absolute values of the Doppler centroid frequencies for SARs with high carrier frequencies and relatively poor attitude measurements.     

结构振动可靠性设计方法研究

以传统的结构振动设计方法为基础,提出了一种进行振动可靠性设计的方法。利用应力-强度干涉理论,发展了激振力频率与结构固有频率干涉的概率模型,建立了结构振动可靠性模型,给出了导致构件损坏的强迫共振响应的概率计算公式及其使用条件。原则上,所发展的方法对其固有频率相对不太密集的构件更为适用,如涡轮机械中的叶片。      

Uncertainty ellipses and their application to interval estimation of emitter position

A method of interval estimation of position of an object emitting electromagnetic energy is presented. The problem is considered in cases of known and unknown errors of emitter position determination. Precise expressions concerning two-dimensional confidence regions for unknown position of the emitter have been obtained. Uncertainty regions defined as error ellipses and confidence ellipses have been determined. Qualitative and quantitative comparison of considered regions have been made. The presented approach and obtained results may be useful in electronic intelligence (ELINT) and electronic warfare (EW) applications, in radio navigation, ballistics, and in rescue operations at sea as well.     

A Study on Particle Filters for Single-Tone Frequency Tracking

In this paper, we present an online approach for frequency tracking of a noisy sinusoid using sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) methods, also known as particle filters (PFs). In addition, apart from employing the classical Cartesian formulation model, we also develop two alternative dynamical models, namely, nearly constant frequency (NCF) and Singer, which are adapted from the maneuvering target tracking discipline, to describe the evolution of time-varying frequencies, and investigate their fitness to the frequency tracking application. When compared with conventional techniques whose performance is restricted to linear Gaussian models and/or to slowly varying frequencies, PFs are more flexible to handle situations where these conditions are violated. Extensive evaluations on the proposed new models and PF tracking algorithms are conducted with different sets of frequency inputs and levels of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). According to the computer simulation results, it is found that PFs under all investigated models consistently outperform and are less sensitive to SNR levels than the extended Kalman filter (EKF). Furthermore, the results suggest that while none of the models perfectly fits all types of frequency inputs, NCF model is more suitable for moderately varying frequencies, whereas the Singer is more suitable for rapidly changing frequencies.     

Doppler ambiguity resolution using multiple PRF

An algorithm for velocity ambiguity resolution in coherent pulsed Doppler radar using multiple pulse repetition frequencies (PRF) is presented. It relies on the choice of particular values for the PRFs. The folded frequency of the target signal is obtained by averaging the folded frequency estimates for each PRF, and a quasi maximum likelihood criterion is maximized for ambiguity order estimation. The fast implementation of this nonambiguous estimation procedure is based on the fast Fourier transform (FFT), The proposed waveform allows full exploitation of any (even) number of PRFs, which appears to be important for estimation improvement. The effects of the waveform parameters and the folded frequency estimation variance on the performance of the ambiguity order estimation procedure are evaluated theoretically and through computer simulations. Mean square error (MSE) curves are given to assess the Doppler frequency estimation accuracy. Finally, the new method is compared with a classical technique and the implementation of the algorithm in a clutter environment is addressed.