大攻角(大侧滑角)下超音速后置旁侧进气道试验研究

简要介绍后置旁侧进气道模型风洞吹风试验结果,特别对大攻角大侧滑角下进气道工作状态进行了详细的讨论。 本试验共设计了A、B两套模型,A模型为半锥进口,采用双下腹部后置旁侧布局;B模型为轴对称进口,采用十字型后置旁侧布局。进气道从气动上采用了单锥混合式、超额定工作设计。试验马赫数M-H为2.0,2.5;攻角为-14°,-12°,-10°,0°,10°,12°,13°;测滑角为0°,10°,12°,14°,15°。 试验结果表明A、B两模型在大攻角、大侧滑角条件下能稳定工作。在进气道拐弯突扩几股气流掺混的条件下测量总压的方案是可行的,其测出的进气道总压恢复系数是令人满意的。     

船舶燃气轮机U型肋通道的颗粒沉积特性研究

为了探究船舶燃气轮机内部冷却通道的颗粒沉积特性,本研究从随压气机抽取的气体进入冷却涡轮内部冷却通道内的颗粒动力学特性及颗粒与壁面相互作用特性出发,基于高温壁面建立速度场影响的沉积模型,利用用户自定义函数实现沉积模型与CFD程序的嵌套。并简化船舶燃气轮机内部冷却通道,选取了在气膜孔与壁面之间夹角β=90°时,下游肋倾角α不同(α=30°,45°,60°,75°,90°),及在下游肋倾角α=60°时,气膜孔与壁面之间夹角β不同(β=30°,45°,60°,75°,90°)的八种不同内冷结构进行数值计算。研究表明,在气膜孔与壁面之间夹角β=90°不变时,随着下游肋倾角由α=90°减到α=30°时,弯头壁面换热性能和沉积率逐渐呈下降趋势,下游肋与肋之间壁面上颗粒的撞击率逐渐上升。下游肋倾角α=60°,气膜孔与壁面之间夹角β=45°的U型肋通道,在八个内冷结构中弯头壁面沉积率最少,换热性能最好,是能够有效改善船舶燃气轮机冷却涡轮的海洋环境工作适应性,减少内部冷却通道中颗粒沉积的内冷结构。     

六自由度平台角位置测量精度方法

目前,六自由度平台角位置精度的测量大多采用激光跟踪仪等仪器进行,其测量成本高且测试原理及操作过程较为复杂。针对这一问题,提出了一种测量成本低、测试方法及操作较为简单的六自由度平台角位置精度测量方法,其主要包括六自由度平台的角位置测量精度以及角位置测量重复性。应用倾角仪对该平台横滚和俯仰两个方向的精度等进行了测量,使用光电自准直仪配合360多齿分度盘对该平台偏航方向的精度等进行了测量,测量结果表明：该测量方法能够准确快速测量出六自由度平台的角位置测量精度及角位置测量重复性,通过实验测出某Stewart六自由度平台横滚、俯仰及偏航方向的运动范围均为-10°~+10°,角位置测量精度分别达到0.012°、0.009°、0.018°,角位置测量重复性分别达到0.005°、0.007°、0.001°,能够很好地满足六自由度平台的技术指标。     

航空发动机动态姿态仿真测试台架设计

为了更真实全面地仿真航空发动机的使用状态,研制了一种用于小型航空发动机整机动态姿态仿真测试的台架。该台 架具有横滚和俯仰2个自由度,可提供位置、速率及摇摆等功能,采用伺服电机带动齿轮组件和蜗轮蜗杆进行驱动,并具备排气装 置。设计结果表明：动态姿态模拟转台速度可达30°/s,加速度可达50°/s2,运动范围为±175°,定位精度实测优于±0.12°;可以任何 位置为中心做正弦、梯形、三角波等形式的运动。该设备的研制可进一步提高地面试验的仿真精度,有利于发动机检测技术的发展。     

主流攻角对双射流孔气膜冷却特性的影响

应用压力敏感漆技术,在平板上测量了不同主流攻角(i=-30°,-20°,-10°,0°,10°,20°,30°)下双射流孔的气膜冷却效率,并利用计算流体动力学(CFD)计算得到的流场对气膜冷却效率的规律进行了解析。所研究的双射流孔结构的孔间无量纲横向距离为0.5,孔间无量纲流向距离为3;射流与主流密度比为1.0,吹风比分别为0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0。结果表明小的主流攻角(i=-10°,0°,10°)下,流场中存在反肾型涡对或挤压作用,气膜层与壁面贴附良好,气膜冷却效率最高;大正值攻角(i=20°,30°)下,虽然气膜覆盖面积大,但反肾型涡对退化,气膜冷却效率下降;大负值攻角(i=-20°,-30°)下,流场中有肾型涡对,且气膜横向覆盖受限,气膜冷却效率最低。     

斜流工况下泵喷推进器推进性能数值分析

斜流入水的现象在推进器的运行过程中广泛存在,会对推进器的水动力性能造成不利影响。为了分析斜流工况对泵喷推进器推进效率及流场造成的影响,采用分块网格技术,对泵喷推进器内外流场进行了结构化网格划分。基于RANS 方程,SST k-ω 湍流模型,对不同转速（n=3000,3600,4200r/min）、不同斜流角（β=0°,5°,10°,15°,20°,25°,30°,40°） 的泵喷推进器进行了数值模拟。数值模拟方法通过Ka4-70/19A导管桨进行了验证,计算值与实验值吻合情况良好。研究结果表明,小角度下,斜流角的改变对泵喷推进器的效率影响很小;斜流角大于20°时,斜流角增大将使推进效率明显减少,这是由于泵喷推进器内流场分布不均,出现了水流聚集区和分散区,降低了泵喷推进器的平衡性以及对流体的加速效果;斜流角越大,叶尖间隙对主流影响越大,造成的能量损失越大。     

平衡气体效应对飞行器动态特性的影响研究

通过数值求解N-S方程,模拟升力体外形的强迫振动过程,研究了平衡气体效应对带翼飞行器俯仰阻尼导数的影响。分别在完全气体和平衡气体假定条件下,给出了h=30km,Ma∞=8,α=0°,10°,20°,30°时的俯仰阻尼导数变化的定量分析结果。     

多云天气条件下的大气偏振光定向方法

针对多云天气情况下传统的偏振光定向算法精度下降的问题,提出了一种用于多云天气条件下的大气偏振光定向方法。首先,根据已知信息建立任意一个像素点的偏振光定向模型;然后,基于上一步得到的定向模型,利用随机抽样一致算法筛选出符合要求的内点,并根据筛选出的这些内点得出最符合要求的定向模型;最后,利用选取出的最优的定向模型解算出航向角,实现了基于大气偏振光的定向。通过实际数据证明了该方法的有效性,解算出的航向角误差在少云情况下小于0.5°、多云情况下小于1°。     

平面叶栅中冷气射流三维分离的数值模拟

为了研究冷气射流对平面叶栅气动特性的影响 ,采用三阶精度Godunov格式和B L湍流模型求解三维N S方程 ,对冷气孔处于气冷涡轮叶栅的轴向位置为 5mm ,10mm ,4 3mm和 5 0mm ,喷射角度分别为 3 0°,60°,90° ,12 0°条件下进行了 16组方案计算。结果表明 ,叶片前缘冷气孔角度对流场底影响较小。越接近叶片尾缘 ,冷气孔角度对流场的影响越明显     

风扇叶片叶尖扭转特性试验研究

为研究风扇叶片叶尖扭转特性,基于叶尖定时技术,建立一种发动机运行状态动态测量叶片叶尖弹性变形角的试验方法,在压气机试车台对小涵道比双级风扇试验件一级转子叶片不同工况下叶尖扭转特性开展了试验研究。试验结果表明：叶尖弹性变形角表现为随着转速升高而变大及随着特性线向失稳区移动而变大的特点,在100%换算转速近喘点达到本次试验风扇稳定工作状态的最大值1.25°。可变进口导叶（VIGV）角度仅在喘振边界附近对叶尖弹性变形角影响较大。在90% 转速、VIGV角度为-5°喘点处,叶尖弹性变形角出现大幅振荡,经估算,1号叶片喘振前扭转振幅为0.18°,喘点处扭转振幅为1.05°,退喘后扭转振幅为0.11°,通过监测弹性变形角测量叶片振动具有可行性。     

Pattern recognition of star constellations for spacecraftapplications

A software system for a star imager for online satellite attitude determination is described. The system works with a single standard commercial CCD camera with a high aperture lens and an onboard star catalog. It is capable of both an initial coarse attitude determination without any prior knowledge of the satellite orientation and a high-accuracy attitude determination based on prediction and averaging of several identified star constellations. In the high-accuracy mode the star image aims at an accuracy better than 2 arc sec with a processing time of less than a few seconds. The star imager has been developed for the Danish Oersted satellite     

Pattern recognition of star constellations for spacecraftapplications

A software system for a star imager for on-line satellite attitude determination is described. The system works with a single standard commercial CCD-camera with a high aperture lens and an onboard star catalogue. It is capable of both an initial course attitude determination without any prior knowledge of the satellite orientation and a high-accuracy attitude determination based on prediction and averaging of several identified star constellations. In the high accuracy mode the star imager aims at an accuracy better than 2 arc sec with a processing time of less than a few seconds. The star imager is developed for the Danish microsatellite Oersted     

潜射弹道导弹定位定向误差传播模型

定位定向误差是影响潜射弹道导弹命中精度的重要因素。同时考虑几何项、初值项和引力项,得到了定位定向误差影响分析的完整解析解,并利用主动段状态空间摄动方程推导了定位定向误差的线性化传播模型。计算结果表明:所提方法计算速度快,速度偏差估计误差小于10%,位置偏差估计误差小于1%,可以满足精度分析的需要。     

Radio interferometer for geosynchronous-satellite direction finding

A radio interferometer capable of azimuth-elevation direction finding for geosynchronous satellites has been developed. The interferometer has two small-diameter antennas and four movable planar mirrors. The movable mirrors reflect the microwaves from the satellite and guide them to the fixed receiving antennas. Two of the movable mirrors are mounted on a rotary arm, so that the baseline of the interferometer can rotate in the horizontal plane. This configuration enables the interferometer to eliminate phase-ambiguity problems and cable-phase errors, resulting in a direction finding accuracy of better than 0.01 deg in the Ku band.     

A rapid compensation method for launch data of long-range rockets under influence of the Earth's disturbing gravity field

Regarding the rapid compensation of the influence of the Earth' s disturbing gravity field upon trajectory calculation,the key point lies in how to derive the analytical solutions to the partial derivatives of the state of burnout point with respect to the launch data.In view of this,this paper mainly expounds on two issues:one is based on the approximate analytical solution to the motion equation for the vacuum flight section of a long-range rocket,deriving the analytical solutions to the partial derivatives of the state of burnout point with respect to the changing rate of the final stage pitch program;the other is based on the initial positioning and orientation error propagation mechanism,proposing the analytical calculation formula for the partial derivatives of the state of burnout point with respect to the launch azimuth.The calculation results of correction data are sim ulated and verified under different circumstances.The simulation results are as follows:(1) the accuracy of approximation between the analytical solutions and the results attained via the difference method is higher than 90％,and the ratio of calculation time between them is lower than 0.2％,thus demonstrating the accuracy of calculation of data corrections and advantages in calculation speed;(2) after the analytical solutions are compensated,the longitudinal landing deviation of the rocket is less than 20 m and the lateral landing deviation of the rocket is less than 10 m,demonstrating that the corrected data can meet the requirements for the hit accuracy of a long-range rocket.     

基于像素化偏振芯片的仿生偏振光罗盘技术

仿生光罗盘是一种通过借鉴动物视觉器官感知太阳偏振光信息(包括月光)的机理来获得载体航向信息的航向传感器。首先介绍了面向多光谱的像素化的偏振芯片结构参数化设计准则,给出了一种易于集成和小型化的仿生光罗盘总体设计方案,并对仿生光罗盘的主要误差源进行了分析;随后,提出了一种基于天空偏振图像解算载体航向的新方法,并对其环境适应性进行了初步分析;最后,对仿生光罗盘样机进行了静态实验和车载实验,在晴朗天空背景下仿生光罗盘的定向精度优于0.5°。     

The conundrum of software estimation models

There are many sophisticated models and methods for estimating the size, cost, and schedule of software projects. However, the ability to accurately estimate software cost, size, or schedule is still dubious. In general, the predictive accuracy of models for estimating software development cost and schedule has not been shown to be better than “within 25 percent of actual cost or schedule, about one half of the time”, especially for Department of Defense software efforts. The same is true for software size estimating models and methods, although there are some studies that have shown superior results. For software support (or maintenance) cost estimation, no model has been demonstrated to be accurate. This paper presents a summary of efforts performed to date which demonstrate the accuracy (or lack thereof) of software models. The results of several studies in the areas of software development cost and schedule estimation, size estimation, and support cost estimation are presented to show what these models can and cannot do. Some ideas for improvement are also presented, including the results of some studies which may lead to a resolution of the accuracy conundrum which currently exists     

面向地面无人平台的仿生偏振光定向算法

仿生偏振光定向为地面无人平台提供了一种新型的低成本、小型化定向方式。设计了一种基于微阵列式偏振光栅的仿生光罗盘,实现了一种加权平均的偏振光定向算法,分析了大气偏振模式误差、太阳位置误差、偏振光传感器误差和水平姿态角误差等因素对航向角估计精度的影响。实验结果表明,动态车载条件下定向误差小于0.5°。     

一种IRST双机协同被动探测机动目标定位新方法

针对红外搜索跟踪系统（IRST）双机协同被动探测定位作战使用中，机动目标建模与实际运动失配造成定位误差偏大的问题，研究了一种基于曲线模型的自适应滤波新方法。该方法改进了传统方法根据方向角估计转弯率以及基于帧间插分线加速度估计切向加速度的思路，将转弯率及线加速度联合作为状态变量进行了状态扩维，并推导了扩维后的过程噪声协方差表达式，在缓解传统两层滤波结构带来的计算量大问题外，也提高了切向加速度的估计精度。另外基于反正切函数的值域，结合方向角在四象限间的转移关系，优化了方向角的设计。通过IRST双机协同仿真实例，验证了所提方法对机动目标的适应性更强、目标定位精度更高。     

NONLINEAR FILTERING ALGORITHM FOR INS INITIAL ALIGNMENT

The initial alignment error equation of an INS (Inertial Navigation System) with large initial azimuth error has been derived and nonlinear characteristics are included. When azimuth error is fairly small, the nonlinear equation can be reduced to a linear one. Extended Kalman filter, iterated filter and second order filter formulas are derived for the nonlinear state equation with linear measurement equation. Simulations results show that the accuracy of azimuth error estimation using extended Kalman filter is better than that of using standard Kalman filter while the iterated filter and second order filter can give even better estimation accuracy.