Professional environment for knowledge workers: engineers'responsibilities

It is argued that knowledge workers, and engineers in particular, constitute one of society's more indispensable human resources in this technological era. The environment in which engineers work is examined, both on the job and in society as a whole, with particular regard to the relatively poor status that engineering has. It is suggested that this will improve only when engineers become involved in an effort to make desirable changes     

Professional environment for knowledge workers: employers'responsibilities

Knowledge workers, including engineers and computer professionals, are recognized as being among the most valuable assets of high-technology employers. The employers' responsibilities in establishing and maintaining a mutually rewarding relationship are discussed. The value of adequate facilities, tools, and support personnel for ensuring competitive productivity by knowledge workers is considered. The employers' responsibility for assisting knowledge workers in avoiding technical obsolescence through programs to maintain technical competence is examined. The total compensation package is discussed along with alternate career paths to be made available. The responsibility of the employer to maintain high moral and ethical standards is stressed     

ISE: intelligent synthesis environment for future aerospace systems

The Intelligent Synthesis Environment (ISE) being developed by NASA, UVA, and JPL for significantly enhancing the rapid creation of innovative affordable products and missions is described. ISE uses a synergistic combination of leading-edge technologies, including high-performance computing, high-capacity communications and networking, virtual product development, knowledge-based engineering, computational intelligence, human-computer interaction, and product information management. The environment will link scientists, design teams, manufacturers, suppliers, and consultants who participate in the mission synthesis, as well as in the creation and operation of the aerospace system. It will radically advance the process by which complex science missions are synthesized, and high-tech engineering systems are designed, manufactured, and operated. The evolution of engineering design is described along with the shortcomings of current product development techniques. The need for ISE to create high-science payoff missions and aerospace systems at affordable costs is discussed. The five major components critical to ISE and some of their sub-elements are described: namely, human-ISE interaction; infrastructure for distributed collaboration; rapid synthesis and simulation tools; intelligent life-cycle system integration; and cultural change in the creative process. Related government and industry programs are outlined and future impact of ISE on complex missions and aerospace systems is discussed.     

Night vision devices for ground environment

The PM N-V/RSTA is procuring the Driver's Vision Enhancer (DVE) thermal imaging system for use in combat and tactical wheeled vehicles. The DVE uses uncooled forward looking infrared technology compared to the I² technology currently in the field. During the development of the DVE several issues were raised regarding how specific aspects of system design were related to driver performance. As a result, DCS Corporation developed a data collection effort to provide the DVE project leader with needed performance data that could act as a foundation for making program decisions     

Foreword: Advances in space environment research

Space Science Reviews -     

飞机载荷/环境谱编制研究及应用

阐明了编制恰当的载荷/环境谱是飞机结构疲劳、损伤容限和耐久性设计或现有机种寿命评定中的首要工作,它对后续的分析和试验工作的成败、经费、工作量和时间都有重大的影响。介绍了根据不同的工作任务和技术要求,有多种形式的载荷/环境谱及相应的编谱方法,主要对载荷/环境谱的编制技术进行了研究,提出了具有指导意义的一般性方法,最后给出了某型飞机的载荷环境谱。     

武器系统虚拟样机设计环境

根据当前武器系统设计的需要,对武器系统虚拟样机设计环境进行了讨论。首先介绍了虚拟样机（ＶＰ）研究的背景及其在武器系统设计中的意义。然后重点探讨了虚拟样机以及虚拟样机设计环境的概念,并对武器系统虚拟样机设计环境的系统结构以虚拟样机建模和虚拟实验进行了详细介绍,提出了旨在面向大型复杂武器系统的虚拟样机及设计环境的研究与开发思路。     

校园网环境下高校MIS建设中的若干非技术因素

高校管理信息系统 (MIS)是一个基于Intranet的人 -机系统 ,其中非技术因素对MIS的影响至关重要。目前 ,对高校MIS的认识大多为重技术 ,轻管理 ;重开发 ,轻维护 ;重计算机 ,轻人员 ,针对上述原因 ,开展对高校MIS建设中的若干非技术因素进行探讨 ,提出了在高校MIS建设中的管理重组问题和人的问题等     

高超声速飞行器舵面作动器舱环境设计及应用

针对高超声速飞行器热结构区域作动器舱环境控制相关技术进行研究,包括耐热结构可重复使用防热设计、外部热结构的作动器舱热防护构型设计和作动器舱动密封设计等。根据舱体的不同部位采用隔热式、辐射式和热沉式的防热构型,而作动器与舱体的运动间隙密封则采用一体式动密封构件。通过隔热特性分析、承载能力分析和热设计仿真分析等手段,优选出合理的热防护系统的适用参数。     

Nonlinear target enhancement for the hostile nuclear environment

A necessary requirement of a strategic defence system is the detection of incoming nuclear warheads in an environment that may include nuclear detonations of undetected or missed target warheads. A computer model which simulates incoming warheads as distant endoatmospheric targets is described. A model of the electromagnetic noise expected in the nuclear environment is developed. Predicted atmospheric effects are also included. The ability of nonlinear image enhancement algorithms to their ability to suppress the noise and atmospheric effects of the nuclear environment is examined. These algorithms are then tested, using the combined target and noise models, and evaluated in terms of noise removal and their ability to resolve closely spaced targets     

Gas-rich meteorites: Probes for particle environment and dynamical processes in the inner solar system

The discovery in the early sixties of precompaction solar wind irradiation records in the gas-rich meteorites opened up the possibility of studying the solar activity at different epochs in the distant past. Subsequent studies in several meteorites have led to the discovery of the precompaction records of irradiation of constituent grains by solar wind, solar flare and galactic cosmic ray particles. There are also microcraters resulting from their collisions with interplanetary dust grains. Analyses of these records and their observed similarity with those found in the lunar samples led to the hypothesis that the precompaction records in individual components of these meteorites were imprinted while they were residing in the near surface region of their parent bodies, most probably the asteroids. Although the asteroids are the most plausible candidates for the parent bodies of gas-rich meteorites, there exist certain dynamical arguments which tend to favor a cometary origin in certain cases. Also, recent studies indicate that in the case of gas-rich carbonaceous chondrites solar flare irradiation of grains may have occurred prior to formation of the parent bodies.In this review we summarize the significant advances that have taken place in the multi-disciplinary studies (petrography, chemistry, and radiation effects) of the gas-rich meteorites and critically evaluate the present state of our knowledge regarding the origin and evolution of the gas-rich meteorites. The information on the spatial and temporal variations in the interplanetary radiation and particle fluxes, obtained from the analysis of precompaction irradiation records in these meteorites is presented and further studies in certain specific topics are suggested for resolving some of the unsolved problems.     

Systematic methods for knowledge acquisition and expert systemdevelopment [for combat aircraft]

Nine cooperating rule-based systems, collectively called AUTOCREW which were designed to automate functions and decisions associated with a combat aircraft's subsystems, are discussed. The organization of tasks within each system is described; performance metrics were developed to evaluate the workload of each rule base and to assess the cooperation between the rule bases. Simulation and comparative workload results for two mission scenarios are given. The scenarios are inbound surface-to-air-missile attack on the aircraft and pilot incapacitation. The methodology used to develop the AUTOCREW knowledge bases is summarized. Issues involved in designing the navigation sensor selection expert in AUTOCREW's NAVIGATOR knowledge base are discussed in detail. The performance of seven navigation systems aiding a medium-accuracy inertial navigation system (INS) was investigated using Kalman filter covariance analyses. A navigation sensor management (NSM) expert system was formulated from covariance simulation data using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) method and the ID3 algorithm     

Knowledge-based system for multi-target tracking in a littoral environment

The paper addresses how to efficiently exploit the knowledge-base (KB), e.g. environmental maps and characteristics of the targets, in order to gain improved performance in the tracking of multiple targets via measurements provided by a ship-borne radar operating in a littoral environment. In this scenario, the nonhomogeneity of the surveillance region makes the conventional tracking systems (not using the KB) very sensitive to false alarms and/or missed detections. It is demonstrated that an effective use of the KB can be exploited at various levels of the tracking algorithms so as to significantly reduce the number of false alarms, missed detections, and false tracks and improve true target track life. The KB is exploited at two different levels. First, some key parameters of the tracking system are made dependent upon the track location, e.g., sea, land, coast, meteo zones (i.e., zones affected by meteorological phenomena) etc. Second, modifications are introduced to cope with a priori identified regions nit hi high clutter density (e.g. littoral areas, roads, meteo zones etc.). To evaluate the behavior of the proposed knowledge-based tracking systems, extensive results are presented using both simulated and real radar data     

深空探测发动机热环境研究

对深空探测发动机热环境进行了分析,发现深空探测发动机喷管将给探测器辐射较高热量;为了尽可能阻止热量散发至探测器,拟采用热阻材料;采用热阻材料后,喷管壁温较没有热阻材料时高,但还在使用范围之内.热防护分析方法经过了地面试车验证,计算结果与试车测量值符合较好.      

基于领域专家知识的发动机模糊可靠性分配方法

提出了一种基于多领域专家知识的发动机模糊可靠性分配方法,以降低决策者主观偏好以及分配过程中模糊和不确定因素对分配结果的影响.基于对影响发动机可靠性因素的分析,建立了发动机模糊可靠性分配的数学模型,并以三角模糊数代替常规层次分析法中的标度,提出了一种模糊评判矩阵方法来确定影响可靠性因素的权重.在可靠性分配过程中,充分考虑多领域专家的意见和产品开发过程的风险性.以应用实例对提出方法的有效可行性进行了验证.      

A technique for enhanced slant range resolution for SAR systems inknowledge-based environment

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is an airborne (or spaceborne) radar mapping technique for generating high resolution maps of surface target areas including terrain. High resolution is achieved by coherently combining the returns from a number of radar transmissions. The resolution of the images is determined by the parameters of the emissions, with more data giving greater resolution. A requirement of the Microwave Radar Division's SAR radar is to provide classification of targets. This paper presents a technique for enhancing slant range resolution in SAR images by dithering the carrier centre frequency of the transmitted signal. The procedure controls the radar waveforms so they will optimally perform the classification function, rather than provide an image of best quality. It is shown that a Knowledge-Based engineering approach to determining the waveform of the radar gives considerably improved performance as a classifier of targets (of large radar cross-section), even though the corresponding image is degraded     

基于TLBM-FVM耦合的飞行器舱内热环境跨尺度预测方法

舱内热环境的有效预测是优化飞行器热控与防热设计、减小系统冗余并保障飞行器热安全的重要基础。在国家数值风洞（NNW）工程支持下,针对目前舱内热环境多尺度、多机制复合传热特点及其数值预测面临的精度与效率提升难题,发展了多区域协同推进的时空耦合模型及流/固界面的自适应分辨率识别算法,建立了基于热格子Boltzmann方法（TLBM）与有限体积法（FVM）相互耦合的舱内复合传热跨尺度预测方法,开展了典型飞行器仪器舱的综合热分析,验证了耦合方法的计算精度及效率。研究表明,相关方法可实现舱内热环境的局部精细化与整体大规模的协同模拟,用于开展整体自然对流与设备局部热量传递的多尺度数值模拟,掌握不同环境参数对舱内热质传递过程的影响规律,从而为飞行器热防护/热管理一体化设计提供重要技术支撑。     

环境参数对飞机防冰热载荷的影响规律

为在飞机热气防冰系统设计过程中准确计算防护表面的防冰热载荷,以某飞机翼段模型为例,对防冰热载荷计算开展了研究,给出了计算流程,研究了来流速度、高度、温度、液态水含量和水滴直径等环境参数变化对翼段表面热载荷分布规律的影响.研究结果表明:①热载荷主要分布在机翼前缘,且越靠近翼尖部分热载荷数值越大,热载荷曲线呈现中间低两边高...