载人航天器柔性机械臂的动力学建模方法

空间机械臂在载人航天活动中有着迫切的应用需求。航天器尺寸、质量等因素的限制使得空间机械臂具有大柔性的特点。文章结合空间机械臂应用环境的特殊性,论述了空间柔性机械臂多体动力学和关节的动力学建模方法,分析比较了不同建模方法的特点。为了满足未来空间机械臂在航天器工程应用的要求,文章指出,空间柔性机械臂宜采用混合坐标法描述臂杆刚性运动与柔性变形的耦合;开展关节精细动力学研究,宜将重点放在齿轮传动系统的低速级上。     

空间机械臂捕捉空间目标分析

基于建立的空间机械臂系统的运动学与动力学模型,以及动量守恒关系,对空间机械臂抓取空间目标进行了分析。讨论了两关节机械臂4种碰撞力方向及其对应的机械臂系统耦合角动量、关节转角的变化,提出了直臂抓取方案。仿真结果表明：通过控制碰撞力方向可有效减少碰撞力对系统耦合角动量、关节转角的影响,进而避免混合体控制的关节与力矩限制。     

空间机械臂动力学特性的仿真分析研究

在空间机器人系统应用于在轨服务、目标捕获的研究中,多自由度机械臂的动力学动特性分析是其主要困难。针对该问题,可运用D-H参数,构建坐标系统和矢量关系,搭建动力学数学模型,进行多刚体系统运动学和动力学建模的仿真研究分析,并运用SimMechanics做运动学等效和各关节的点到点的位姿解算,及动力学模拟,结合ADAMS做联合仿真对比分析。根据仿真结果,实时解算机械臂各关节以及末端抓捕工具的位姿,并做轨迹规划,以验证真实空间机械臂操作的仿真程度,更好地服务于半物理实验平台。     

有外力作用的多臂自由飞行空间机器人协调操作动力学特性

利用牛顿-欧拉方法分析了有外力作用时多臂自由飞行空间机器人协调操作的动力学特性。首先推导出多臂自由飞行空间机器人协调操作的机械臂关节驱动力矩和关节角速度及角加速度间的关系，其次建立了多臂自由飞行空间机器人系统的动力学方程和动力学计算模型，经仿真分析得到了在不同外力作用下多臂自由飞行空间机器人的本体的位置干扰规律，验证了有外力作用下的多臂自由飞行空间机器人的动力学特性。     

大型空间机械臂关节动力学建模与分析研究

关节是空间机械臂的核心部件,是保证空间机械臂安全、平稳运行的关键。为全面反映大型空间机械臂关节的动力学特性并从细节之处优化关节设计,利用集中参数法建立了综合考虑轮齿柔性、啮合阻尼、齿侧间隙、啮合误差等非线性因素的细化关节动力学模型。模型中采用一种基于tanh的连续函数对传统分段线性间隙函数进行近似,从而降低了模型的求解难度。研究了各级齿轮精度、关节转速和负载对关节动力学特性的影响。仿真结果表明,三级齿轮的精度变化会影响关节转速波动的振幅并分别影响高、中、低频特性;转速的增加将提高振动频率和幅值;力矩负载的增大会使关节转速波动幅值显著增大,且在满载时,所有的高阶频率都得到明显激励;惯性负载的增大会减小转速波动,并将能量集中在中频上。
     

空间机械臂辅助深层采样阻抗控制策略

针对空间机械臂辅助深层采样任务中的建模与控制问题,基于刚体李群SO(3)方法对机械臂进行建模。通过梯形规划对机械臂进行轨迹规划,采用阻抗控制方法控制机械臂运动。推导了李群SO(3)模型下机械臂关节空间与末端笛卡尔空间之间的雅可比矩阵,并且得到了两个空间的相互转换关系。采用锥互补方法计算采样机械臂与复杂接触面的碰撞力,并基于非光滑算法求解锥互补条件与系统动力学方程。通过对比位置控制与阻抗控制,证明了阻抗控制在实际应用过程中能够更加柔顺地控制机械臂与接触面进行接触。通过对控制参数进行调整,探究了不同控制参数对机械臂控制的影响,优化得到了合适的控制参数,从而能控制机械臂辅助完成深层采样的任务。     

不同重力环境下空间机构电机驱动力差异

为了分析空间机构在不同重力环境中的驱动力差异,以单关节机械臂为研究对象,进行不同重力环境下直流电机驱动力差异分析。首先基于拉格朗日方程推导出单关节机械臂的动力学模型,为分析不同重力环境下,负载、摩擦和转速的变化对电机驱动力的影响,通过设计一套基于单关节驱动的机械臂试验装置,进行地面重力环境、地面模拟微重力环境和落塔微重力环境试验。然后基于试验数据详细分析了不同重力环境下空间机构电机驱动电流的差异,并基于试验数据对电机动力学方程中的摩擦参数进行辨识,从而获得基于试验数据修正的机械臂动力学仿真模型,为空间机构动力学设计与应用提供理论与试验依据。     

空间站宏微机械臂动力学建模与零反作用控制

为满足空间站宏微机械臂级联在一起运动的任务需求,文章提出一种简化的动力学建模方法。首先利用雅克比矩阵将柔性关节宏机械臂等效为柔性基座,根据柔性基座、刚性微机械臂以及两者之间的耦合作用推导出柔性基座机械臂动力学模型。基于机械臂系统的动力学冗余特性,采用零反作用运动控制法使柔性基座与微机械臂之间运动解耦。文中数学模型的仿真结果与商业软件一致,表明了柔性基座机械臂模型的正确性。另外,将零反作用轨迹跟踪控制法成功应用于该模型,使得微机械臂末端在跟踪期望轨迹的同时完全不会激起基座的弹性变形。     

基于时延估计的空间机器人无模型姿态解耦控制

针对空间机器人的基—臂姿态耦合问题,提出一种基于时延估计(TDE)的无模型解耦控制方法,以实现机械臂与基体的协调运动。首先,采用复合刚体动力学建模方法建立系统动力学模型。然后,分析动力学耦合特性,从多输入多输出(MIMO)角度出发,设计基于时延估计的无模型解耦控制器,实现机械臂关节轨迹精准跟踪与基体姿态稳定控制。最后,采用数值仿真方式,对比经典的基于模型解耦控制方法,即计算力矩控制(CTC),结果表明基于时延估计的无模型控制方法不仅效率更高,且解耦效果更好。     

空间机械臂系统轨迹规划仿真分析

在轨组装系统处于空间微重力环境下,其机械臂的动力学模型有别于地面环境下的。文章以空间三自由度机械臂为研究对象,采用适用于空间环境的拉格朗日方程,推导机械臂系统的动力学方程,仿真得到不同作用力矩下各关节的动力学响应,分析并校验动力学模型的准确性。仿真结果表明:所建动力学模型准确可靠,与实际相符,且直观表述了各个转角间因关节力矩不同所产生的相互耦合情况。文章还在常规的机械臂轨迹规划方法基础上,提出一种新的轨迹逼近策略,并对比两种不同轨迹逼近策略的优劣,证明本文方法在效率和精度上更优,且可确保按照期望的路径执行空间环境下的目标捕捉任务。     

Dynamics analysis of space robot manipulator with joint clearance

A computational methodology for analysis of space robot manipulator systems, considering the effects of the clearances in the joint, is presented. The contact dynamics model in joint clearance is established using the nonlinear equivalent spring-damp model and the friction effect is considered using the Coulomb friction model. The space robot system dynamic equation of manipulator with clearance is established. Then the dynamics simulation is presented and the dynamics characteristics of robot manipulator with clearance are analyzed. This work provides a practical method to analyze the dynamics characteristics of space robot manipulator with joint clearance and improves the engineering application. The computational methodology can predict the effects of clearance on space robot manipulator preferably, which is the basis of space robot manipulator design, precision analysis and ground test.     

一种空间机械臂构造模块的研制

提出了通用二自由度空间模块（TODOM）的概念，并以通用TODOM作为空间机械臂的构造模块。TO—DOM由两个旋转模块及一个连接模块共三个基本模块组成。根据空间机械臂的具体构型需要，将TODOM的三个基本模块之间的机械接口进行专门设计，即可配置成确定构型的二自由度关节。由这样数个不同构型的二自由度关节可以组装出具有偶数个自由度的空间机器臂。采用一体化概念设计的TODOM减小了关节的质量与体积，提高了系统的可靠性。通过对由TODOM构成的一套二自由度关节进行的试验初步验证了TODOM设计概念的合理性及可行性。     

基于遗传算法的空间自由漂浮机械臂系统运动规划

为了研究空间自由漂浮机械臂系统的运动规划问题,本文将其动力学模型转化为以关节角速度为控制输入变量的非线性控制系统状态方程,确定了以能耗最小为主要目标,同时满足一定约束条件的多种目标函数,提出了运用遗传算法求解最优控制变量的运动规划方法。同时,以机械臂从初始位形运动至指定终端位形的过程为仿真算例,对上述规划算法及其应用进行了分析和验证。仿真结果表明该算法有效可行,能够为机械臂系统的空间操作提供理论参考。     

On the dynamics of a novel manipulator with slewing and deployable links

Using a novel space platform-based manipulator with slewing and deployable links, the paper addresses two issues of considerable importance: (a) How important is it to model flexibility of the system? (b) How many modes are needed to adequately represent the elastic character? Results suggest that the fundamental mode is able to capture physics of the response quite accurately. Due to its massive character, the platform dynamics is virtually unaffected, even by severe maneuvers of the manipulator. Hence, treating the platform as rigid would save the computational cost without affecting the accuracy. Although the link flexibility does affect the manipulator's tip vibration, the joint and platform vibrations remain negligible. The revolute joint flexibility appears to be an important parameter affecting both the joint as well as tip responses. The information should prove useful in the design of this new class of manipulators.     

Vibration control of a flexible space manipulator during on orbit operations

Space manipulators are complex systems, composed by robotic arms accommodated on an orbiting platform. They can be used to perform a variety of tasks: launch of satellites, retrieval of spacecraft for inspection, maintenance and repair, movement of cargo and so on. All these missions require extreme precision. However, in order to respect the mass at launch requirements, manipulators arms are usually very light and flexible, and their motion involves significant structural vibrations, especially after a grasping maneuver. In order to fulfill the maneuvers of space robotic systems it is hence necessary to properly model the forces acting on the space robot, from the main terms, such as the orbital motion, to the second order perturbations, like the gravity gradient and the orbital perturbations; also flexible excitation of the links and of the joints can be of great importance in the manipulators dynamics. The case is furthermore complicated by the fact that the manipulator, together with its supporting spacecraft, is an unconstrained body. Therefore the motion of any of its parts affects the entire system configuration. The governing equations of the dynamics of such robotic systems are highly nonlinear and fully coupled. The present paper aims at designing and studying active damping strategies and relevant devices that could be used to reduce the structural vibrations of a space manipulator with flexible links during its on orbit operations. In particular an optimized adaptive vibration control via piezoelectric devices is proposed. The number of piezoelectric devices, their placement and operational mode should be correctly chosen in order to obtain maximum performance in terms of elastic oscillations reduction and power consumption. Even though an optimal placement cannot have a universal validity, since it depends on the type of maneuver and on the overall inertial and geometrical characteristics, an approach to solve the problem is proposed.     

平面型两关节空间机器人的自适应轨迹控制

基于参数线性分离方法，得到了平面型两关节空间机器人线性参数化形式的动力学模型，这种模型非常适合于采用自适应控制方法。控制策略考虑了机器人各关节之间的耦合及机械臂与基座航天器之间的耦合，对航天器姿态的控制和机械臂的控制进行综合，在满足手端跟踪期望轨迹的同时，保证航天器姿态基本不变。控制器由一个PD反馈项和一个补偿动力学不确定性的非线性自适应反馈项构成，能够保证对期望关节轨迹的全局渐进跟踪，提高了空间机器人操作的适应性和安全性。     

Deployable space manipulator commanded by means of visual-based guidance and navigation

On orbit maneuvering of flexible space manipulators requires a special caution. In fact the task of reaching the desired configuration, and at the same time safely preserving the structure integrity and not perturbing the overall spacecraft attitude, is complicated by the extreme flexibility of the structure itself. For studying this problem, an experimental test bed is designed and realized at the Guidance and Navigation Laboratory at La Sapienza, University of Rome. In this paper, visual based techniques are considered as a valid option for the dual purpose of evaluating the control signals and monitoring the flexible behavior of the controlled structure. In fact the joint motors are controlled in order to reach a desired target taking the image of the target as acquired by a mobile camera mounted on the end effector of the manipulator, into account. The Image Based Visual Servoing is introduced together with the simple adaptive algorithm used for processing the acquired images. With respect to a more traditional terrestrial visual servoing, a control system based on a moving camera (a typical configuration in space applications) is particularly sensitive to the flexible vibrations of the arm links. In fact in the closed loop control scheme, an oscillating movement of the camera influences the image processing, which in turn influences control actions. Instability could arise if the flexible dynamics is not separated from the rigid motion. This paper shows that it is possible to evaluate the elastic properties of the complex multibody manipulator (flexibility of the link, elastic behavior of the joints, effects of nonstructural masses) thanks to the analysis of the image acquired.     

空间机械臂非完整运动规划的遗传算法研究

带空间机械臂航天器系统在无外力矩作用时，系统相对于总质心的动量矩守恒而变为非完整系统。由于非完整约束的不可积性，非完整系统的运动规划与控制比一般系统要困难得多。现利用非完整特性研究了自由漂浮空间机械臂的三维姿态运动控制问题。首先导出带空间机械臂的航天器三维姿态运动数学模型，并将系统的控制问题转化为无漂移系统的非完整运动规划问题。在运动规划中，根据最优控制原理和优化理论，提出基于遗传算法的最优运动规划数值算法。通过数值仿真，表明该方法对空间机械臂及航天器三维姿态运动的非完整运动规划是有效的。