基于遗传基因算法的中子能谱解谱程序研究

中子能谱解谱是制约中子能谱测量技术发展的瓶颈。遗传基因算法是人工智能领域一种全局收敛算法。通过探讨遗传基因算法在中子解谱领域的应用,基于遗传基因算法开发了中子能谱解谱程序,在多球谱仪中子能谱测量中取得了较好的结果。利用多球谱仪测量了²⁴¹Am-Be中子源和²⁵²Cf中子源中子能谱,与ISO8529推荐的标准谱进行了比较,验证了遗传基因算法解谱结果的可靠性。     

大气中子实时计算模式

为实时评估0~100km高度范围内的大气中子全球分布,对宇宙线在地磁场和大气中的传输过程进行了分析.利用蒙特卡罗方法工具包Geant4,预先计算不同能量的粒子在大气层中产生的次级粒子能谱分布,形成大气次级粒子数据库,并与相关模型进行对比,验证了该数据库的有效性和可靠性.以实测或预报的空间环境参数作为输入,计算同步轨道银河宇宙线和太阳质子事件能谱以及100km高度上的地磁垂直截止刚度,最终得到大气层顶上的粒子能谱.通过对大气次级粒子数据库的线性插值,实现1h分辨率的大气中子能谱和辐射剂量全球分布的实时计算.     

LaBr3(Ce)元件破损在线监测关键核素确定及效率校准

常用的元件破损在线监测方法受外在因素影响较大,以γ能谱中关键裂变产物核素比活度进行在线定量分析是一种可靠的元件破损监测方法。针对新型LaBr₃(Ce)元件破损监测仪,设计了元件破损模拟实验,对逸出的裂变产物采用HPGe和LaBr₃(Ce)探测器进行了对比测量。通过不同冷却时间γ能谱的核素分析,确定了¹³⁵Xe,⁸⁸Kr,¹³⁸Xe,⁸⁸Rb,¹³⁸Cs等可作为LaBr₃(Ce)元件破损γ能谱监测的关键核素。同时,制备了覆盖能量范围(250～2 400)keV,含⁶⁰Co,¹³⁷Cs,¹³³Ba;²⁴¹Am,¹⁵²Eu;¹⁰⁹Cd,⁸⁸Y,⁵⁷Co及²⁴Na的4组放射性标准溶液,在建立的效率校准系统上,校准了LaBr₃(Ce)在线监测仪的效率。在反应堆一次异常情况分析中,已校准的LaBr₃(Ce)元件破损监测仪对关键核素的现场分析结果与HPGe的取样分析结果一致,表明效率校准结果准确,校准方法可靠。     

LaBr3(Ce)元件破损在线监测关键核素确定及效率校准

常用的元件破损在线监测方法受外在因素影响较大，以γ能谱中关键裂变产物核素比活度进行在线定量分析是一种可靠的元件破损监测方法。针对新型LaBr₃(Ce)元件破损监测仪，设计了元件破损模拟实验，对逸出的裂变产物采用HPGe和LaBr₃(Ce)探测器进行了对比测量。通过不同冷却时间γ能谱的核素分析，确定了¹³⁵Xe，⁸⁸Kr，¹³⁸Xe，⁸⁸Rb，¹³⁸Cs等可作为LaBr₃(Ce)元件破损γ能谱监测的关键核素。同时，制备了覆盖能量范围(250～2 400)keV，含⁶⁰Co，¹³⁷Cs，¹³³Ba；²⁴¹Am，¹⁵²Eu；¹⁰⁹Cd，⁸⁸Y，⁵⁷Co及²⁴Na的4组放射性标准溶液，在建立的效率校准系统上，校准了LaBr₃(Ce)在线监测仪的效率。在反应堆一次异常情况分析中，已校准的LaBr₃(Ce)元件破损监测仪对关键核素的现场分析结果与HPGe的取样分析结果一致，表明效率校准结果准确，校准方法可靠。     

（20～400）MeV准单能中子参考辐射场的建立方法CSCD

为了满足对高能中子辐射场测量仪器进行校准的需要,必需建立20MeV以上的准单能中子参考辐射场.对国际上（20～400） MeV准单能中子参考辐射场的建立情况及建立方法进行了调研,可通过7Li（p,n）7Be反应获得该能区准单能中子场,中子束流轮廓可通过转换体和影像板进行测量,辐射场中子能谱可利用液体闪烁探测器或者238U裂变电离室通过飞行时间法进行测量,可建立高效率的反冲质子望远镜作为该能区的中子注量测量初级标准.     

空间中子辐射及其测量技术

空间辐射环境包含大量高能带电粒子,其与航天器的结构材料相互作用会产生次级中子辐射,由于这些中子的平均品质因子是带电粒子的约4~5倍,因而对生物组织的剂量当量相对贡献更大。由于中子与物质的作用机制更为复杂,测量难度大,使得准确测量空间中子注量及其剂量当量贡献成为空间辐射剂量学中最具挑战性的工作之一。主要介绍了空间中子辐射的产生机制以及国外相关测量方法及其相关校准技术的研究状况。     

空间辐射剂量测量技术发展CSCD

简要介绍了用于空间辐射剂量测量的被动式和主动式仪器,并进行了对比。被动式仪器有荧光探测器、径迹蚀刻探测器、核乳胶探测器、金属箔探测器、气泡探测器和MOSFET剂量计;主动式仪器有硅半导体探测器(Liulin-4)、硅望远镜(DOSTEL、RRMD、Liulin-5、CPDS)、气体探测器(TEPC、R-16电离室)和中子谱仪(Bonner球中子谱仪、层叠闪烁谱仪)。利用多种测量方法互相补充和验证,为空间辐射剂量提供了更可靠的数据。     

临近空间大气中子诱发电子器件单粒子翻转模拟研究

根据重离子试验数据, 采用长方体(RPP)模型, 用GEANT4软件工具包编程, 建立了垂直于器件表面入射的中子诱发电子器件的单粒子翻转模型. 考虑敏感体积及其附近的次级粒子对单粒子翻转的贡献, 统计了次级粒子在敏感体积内沉积能量的微分能谱分布, 对在敏感体积内沉积不同能量的次级粒子对单粒子翻转的贡献进行了区分计算, 模拟计算结果与地面试验结果符合较好.     

单球中子能谱仪的发展概况

本文调研了国内外多家实验室的多探头单球中子能谱仪技术现状,核心探测器主要是活化片、热释光剂量计、~6Li-~7Li对玻璃闪烁体、硅二极管、位置灵敏正比计数器等。针对这几种单球中子能谱仪的结构设计、能量响应模拟、能谱实验测量等进行了讨论分析。     

基于CLYC闪烁体的中子能谱测量及反演方法

空间中子是影响航天器和航天员安全的重要辐射要素之一。优化中子探测器,提高测量效率,提升反演精度是中子测量的难点。中国空间站将搭载一种基于新型中子探测材料Cs2LiYCl6:Ce（CLYC）闪烁体的中子探测器,该探测器具有同时测量热中子和快中子,以及探测效率高等特点。针对该新型探测器的中子能谱反演,分析了不同能量中子在该探测器中的响应特点,分析了中子反演常用的概率迭代法和非负最小二乘（NNLS）法的优缺点,考虑到这2种方法在CLYC探测器反演应用中的不足,提出了基于增广矩阵的非负最小二乘（AM-NNLS）法。数值实验结果表明:AM-NNLS法具有反演运算效率高和反演相对误差小的特点,验证了所提方法的有效性。      

Recent results form measurements of the energy spectrum of cosmic-ray induced neutrons aboard an ER-2 airplane and on the ground.

Crews of future high-altitude commercial aircraft may be significantly exposed to atmospheric cosmic radiation from galactic cosmic rays (GCR). To help determine such exposures, the Atmospheric Ionizing Radiation Project, an international collaboration of 15 laboratories, made simultaneous radiation measurements with 14 instruments on a NASA ER-2 high-altitude aircraft. The primary instrument was a sensitive extended-energy multisphere neutron spectrometer, which was also used to make measurements on the ground. Its detector responses were calculated for neutrons and charged hadrons at energies up to 100 GeV using the radiation transport code MCNPX. We have now recalculated the detector responses including the effects of the airplane structure. We are also using new FLUKA calculations of GCR-induced hadron spectra in the atmosphere to correct for spectrometer counts produced by charged hadrons. Neutron spectra are unfolded from the corrected measured count rates using the MAXED code. Results for the measured cosmic-ray neutron spectrum (thermal to >10 GeV), total neutron fluence rate, and neutron dose equivalent and effective dose rates, and their dependence on altitude and geomagnetic cutoff generally agree well with results from recent calculations of GCR-induced neutron spectra.     

Neutron spectra at flight altitudes and their radiological estimation

Since the publication of the ICRP-report 60, air crews and other frequently flying persons are considered as occupationally exposed people. At civil flight levels neutrons contribute the major part to the radiologically relevant dose to men. The quantification of the neutron dose, and herewith the radiation risk due to neutrons, suffers from spectral data available especially in the energy range above 20 MeV. Experimental data were recently obtained at a low flight level on top of the mountain Zugspitze at 3000 m using a modified Bonner sphere spectrometer. The resulting spectra are compared with Monte-Carlo transport calculations from top of the atmosphere down to 700 g/cm². These data and others from the literature are used to calculate operational and risk related quantities, i.e. ambient dose equivalent and effective dose.     

Results of dosimetric measurements in space missions.

Detector packages consisting of plastic nuclear track detectors, nuclear emulsions, and theromoluminescence detectors were exposed at different locations inside the space laboratory Spacelab and at the astronauts' body and in different sections of the MIR space station. Total dose, particle fluence rate and linear energy transfer (LET) spectra of heavy ions, number of nuclear disintegrations and fast neutron fluence rates were determined of each exposure. The dose equivalent received by the Payload specialists (PSs) were calculated from the measurements, they range from 190 microSv d-1 to 770 microSv d-1. Finally, a preliminary investigation of results from a particle telescope of two silicon detectors, first used in the last BIORACK mission on STS 76, is reported.     

Radiation measurements on the flight of IML-2.

The second flight of the International Microgravity Laboratory (IML-2) on Space Shuttle flight STS-65 provided a unique opportunity for the intercomparison of a wide variety of radiation measurement techniques. Although this was not a coordinated or planned campaign, by sheer chance, a number of space radiation experiments from several countries were flown on this mission. There were active radiation measuring instruments from Japan and US, and passive detectors from US, Russia, Japan, and Germany. These detectors were distributed throughout the Space Shuttle volume: payload bay, middeck, flight deck, and Spacelab. STS-65 was launched on July 8, 1994, in a 28.45 degrees x 306 km orbit for a duration of 14 d 17 hr and 55 min. The crew doses varied from 0.935 mGy to 1.235 mGy. A factor of two variation was observed between various passive detectors mounted inside the habitable Shuttle volume. There is reasonable agreement between the galactic cosmic ray dose, dose equivalent and LET spectra measured by the tissue equivalent proportional counter flown in the payload bay with model calculations. There are significant differences in the measurements of LET spectra measured by different groups. The neutron spectrum in the 1-20 MeV region was measured. Using fluence-dose conversion factors, the neutron dose and dose equivalent rates were 11 +/- 2.7 microGy/day and 95 +/- 23.5 microSv/day respectively. The average east-west asymmetry of trapped proton (>3OMeV) and (>60 MeV) dose rate was 3.3 and 1.9 respectively.     

石英热释光的超线性性能研究

根据石英110℃热释光技术原理,推导了热释光测量方法的数学表达式,研究了石英热释光超线性相关特性。结果表明：石英热释光的超线性指数随辐照剂量的变化而变化,线性指数最大可以超过4,最小只能接近0。当前剂量特别大或热处理温度特别高时,T₂陷阱被完全填满,竞争消失,热释光的超线性随之消失。     

利用小波方差进行原子钟频率稳定度的估计

离散小波变换可以在不同尺度上分解时间序列,而不同尺度的波动性可用小波方差来表征。从小波方差的定义入手,系统地归纳了基于极大重叠离散小波变换(MODWT)的小波方差估计方法,及其等效自由度(EDF)的实用计算方法。最后利用一个实测算例进行计算分析,并与相应的重叠阿伦方差、重叠哈达玛方差进行比较,通过实验分析可以看出小波方差可有效消除原子钟信号非线性和非平稳性的影响,通过选择适当的小波基函数,如D4、D6小波,其方差可以像哈达玛方差一样,减少调频闪变噪声和调频随机游走噪声的泄露,适用于原子钟频率稳定度的表征。     

Measurements of the radiation quality factor Q at aviation altitudes during solar minimum (2006–2008)

In radiation protection, the Q-factor has been defined to describe the biological effectiveness of the energy deposition or absorbed dose to humans in the mixed radiation fields at aviation altitudes. This particular radiation field is generated by the interactions of primary cosmic particles with the atoms of the constituents of the Earth’s atmosphere. Thus the intensity, characterized by the ambient dose equivalent rate H∗(10), depends on the flight altitude and the energy spectra of the particles, mainly protons and alpha particles, impinging on the atmosphere. These charged cosmic projectiles are deflected both by the interplanetary and the Earth’s magnetic field such that the corresponding energy spectra are modulated by these fields. The solar minimum is a time period of particular interest since the interplanetary magnetic field is weakest within the 11-year solar cycle and the dose rates at aviation altitudes reach their maximum due to the reduced shielding of galactic cosmic radiation. For this reason, the German Aerospace Center (DLR) performed repeated dosimetric on-board measurements in cooperation with several German airlines during the past solar minimum from March 2006 to August 2008. The Q-factors measured with a TEPC range from 1.98 at the equator to 2.60 in the polar region.     

Calculation of fast neutron removal cross sections for different lunar soils

The interaction of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) and solar energetic particles (SEPs) with the lunar surface produces secondary radiations as neutrons. The study of the production and attenuation of these neutrons in the lunar soil is very important to estimate the annual ambient dose equivalent on the lunar surface and for lunar nuclear spectroscopy. Also, understanding the attenuation of fast neutrons in lunar soils can help in measuring of the lunar neutron density profile and to measure the neutron flux on the lunar surface. In this paper, the attenuation of fast neutrons in different lunar soils is investigated. The macroscopic effective removal cross section (_ΣR)$({\mathrm{\Sigma }}_R)$ of fast neutrons was theoretically calculated from the mass removal cross-section values (_ΣR/ρ)$({\mathrm{\Sigma }}_R/\rho )$ for various elements in soils. The obtained values of (_ΣR)$({\mathrm{\Sigma }}_R)$ were discussed according to the density. The results show that the attenuation of fast neutrons is more important in the landing sites of Apollo 12 and Luna 16 than the other landing sites of Apollo and Luna missions.     

A calibration neutron monitor: Statistical accuracy and environmental sensitivity

This paper is a follow-on of that of Krüger et al. [Krüger, H., Moraal, H., Bieber, J.W., Clem, J.M., Evenson, P.A., Pyle, K.R., Duldig, M.L., Humble, J.E. A calibration neutron monitor: energy response and instrumental temperature sensitivity. J. Geophys. Res. 113, A08101, doi:10.1029/2008JA013229, 2008], that describes the characteristics of a pair of calibration neutron monitors that were developed to intercalibrate the count rates of the world’s neutron monitors against each other. Such an intercalibration will allow the calculation of energy (rigidity) spectra, which will enhance the quality of the neutron monitor data. Krüger et al. (2008) investigated the energy and temperature response of the calibrators. This paper studies the statistical accuracy of the calibration procedure, its repeatability, and the sensitivity to its environment. The paper concludes with a calibration procedure that can minimise the uncertainties caused by these five effects, or at least correct for them.