Observational support of reconnection in solar flares

We present a detailed analysis of the magnetic topology of flaring active region. TheH kernels are found to be located at the intersection of the separatrices with the chromosphere when the shear, deduced from the fibrils or/and transverse magnetic field direction, is taken into account. We show that the kernels are magnetically connected by field lines passing close to the separator. We confirm, for other flares, previous studies which show that photospheric current concentrations are located at the borders of flare ribbons. Moreover we found two photospheric current concentrations of opposite sign, linked in the corona by field lines which follow separatrices. These give evidence that magnetic energy is released by reconnection processes in solar flares.     

Theory of fragmented energy release in the Sun

The magnetic energy released inside an active region is closely related to its formation and evolution. Following the evolution of a collection of flux tubes inside the convection zone and above the photosphere we can show that many nonlinear structures (current sheets, shock waves, double layers etc.) are formed. We propose in this review that coronal heating, flares and particle acceleration are due to the interaction of the plasma with these nonlinear structures. Approaching active regions as a driven complex dynamical system we can show that several coherent ensembles of the nonlinear structures will appear spontaneously. The statistical analysis of these structures is a major problem in solar physics. We can also show that many observed large scale structures are the result of the convolution of non-observable fragmentation in the energy release process.     

Periodic or random acceleration in solar flares?

The issue whether acceleration and injection of electron beams is coherently modulated by a single quasi-periodic source, or whether the injection is driven by a stochastic process in time or (eventually fragmented) in space, is investigated by menas of a periodicity analysis of metric type III bursts.We analyze 260 continuous type III groups observed byIkarus (ETH Zurich) in the frequency range of 100–500 MHz during 359 solar flares with simultaneous 25 keV hard X-ray emission, in the years 1980–1983. Pulse periods have been measured between 0.5 and 10 s, and can be described by an exponential distribution, i.e.N(P) e^–P/1.0s. We measure the mean periodP and its standard deviation p in each type III group, and quantify the degree of periodicity by the dimensionless parameter p/P. The representative sample of 260 type III burst groups shows a mean periodicity of p/P=0.37±0.12, while Monte-Carlo simulations of an equivalent set of truly random time series show a distinctly different value of p/P=0.93±0.26. This result suggests that the injection of electron beams is periodically modulated by a particle acceleration source which is either compact or has a global organization on a time scale of seconds.     

三维磁流体强化超燃冲压发动机数值模拟

建立了三维磁流体强化超燃冲压发动机内部黏性流场的求解模型.针对马赫数为6设计了联合应用磁控进气道和磁流体能量旁路的磁流体强化超燃冲压发动机模型.针对该模型进行了数值模拟研究,分析其中的三维流场结构、电参数分布规律以及能量转换特性.结果表明:当飞行马赫数为8时,磁控进气道的应用能够使头部压缩激波回到唇口,使分离区消失,内进气道中的流动恢复到设计状态.磁流体能量旁路可有效降低燃烧室入口处的马赫数,从而改善发动机性能.其中发生器中的流动参数和电参数的分布比较理想,效果显著;而加速器要取得显著的加速效果则需要大量的能量输入.在加速器中,电极附近焦耳耗散严重,导致局部高温以及流动的复杂性,性能不够理想.      

γ-Re_θ转捩模型在高超声速下的应用及分析

为了初步研究γ-Reθ转捩模型在高超声速领域的适用性,在自行开发的CFD程序中添加了该模型,利用T3系列平板算例对该模型的实现进行了验证;针对高超声速流动,选取压缩面绕流和双圆锥扰流等算例,分别利用该转捩模型、全层流模拟、以及传统的湍流模型进行了数值模拟计算,并与实验结果进行对比。计算结果表明,尽管该转捩模型是在低速流动的基础上发展的,它仍能准确预测高超声速流动下的转捩现象。     

Stability and waves of transonic laboratory and space plasmas

The properties of magnetohydrodynamic waves and instabilities of laboratory and space plasmas are determined by the overall magnetic confinement geometry and by the detailed distributions of the density, pressure, magnetic field, and background velocity of the plasma. Consequently, measurement of the spectrum of MHD waves (MHD spectroscopy) gives direct information on the internal state of the plasma, provided a theoretical model is available to solve the forward as well as the inverse spectral problems. This terminology entails a program, viz. to improve the accuracy of our knowledge of plasmas, both in the laboratory and in space. Here, helioseismology (which could be considered as one of the forms of MHD spectroscopy) may serve as a luminous example. The required study of magnetohydrodynamic waves and instabilities of both laboratory and space plasmas has been conducted for many years starting from the assumption of static equilibrium. Recently, there is a outburst of interest for plasma states where this assumption is violated. In fusion research, this interest is due to the importance of neutral beam heating and pumped divertor action for the extraction of heat and exhaust needed in future tokamak reactors. Both result in rotation of the plasma with speeds that do not permit the assumption of static equilibrium anymore. In astrophysics, observations in the full range of electromagnetic radiation has revealed the primary importance of plasma flows in such diverse situations as coronal flux tubes, stellar winds, rotating accretion disks, and jets emitted from radio galaxies. These flows have speeds which substantially influence the background stationary equilibrium state, if such a state exists at all. Consequently, it is important to study both the stationary states of magnetized plasmas with flow and the waves and instabilities they exhibit. We will present new results along these lines, extending from the discovery of gaps in the continuous spectrum and low-frequency Alfvén waves driven by rotation to the nonlinear flow patterns that occur when the background speed traverses the full range from sub-slow to super-fast. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Assessment and improvement of k-ω-γ model for separation-induced transition prediction

The purpose of this work is to improve the k-ω-γ transition model for separationinduced transition prediction. The fundamental cause of the excessively small separation bubble predicted by k-ω-γ model is scrutinized from the perspective of model construction. On the basis,three rectifications are conducted to improve the k-ω-γ model for separation-induced transition.Firstly, a damping function is established via comparing the molecular diffusion timescale with the rapid pressure-strain timescale...     

Dynamic behavior and topology of 3D magnetic fields

We investigate numerically the dynamical evolution of a boundary driven, topologically complex low plasma. The initial state is a simple, but topologically nontrivial 3D magnetic field, and the evolution is driven by forced motions on two opposite boundaries of the computational domain. A large X-type reconnection event with a supersonic one-sided jet occurs as part of a process that brakes down the large scale topology of the initial field. An energetically steady state is reached, with a double arcade overall topology, in which the driving causes continuous creation of small scale thin current sheets at various locations in the arcade structures.     

On deterministic chaos,stationarity, periodicity and intermittency in coronal bursts and flares

Solar and stellar flares are highly structured in space and in time, as is indicated for example by their radio signatures: the narrowband spikes, type III, type II and IV, and pulsation events. Structured in time are also the not flare related type I events (noise storms). The nature of this observationally manifest fragmentation is still not clear. Either, it can be due to stochastic boundary or initial conditions of the respective processes, such as inhomogeneities in the coronal plasma. Or else, a deterministic non-linear process is able to cause complicated patterns of these kinds.We investigate the nature of the fragmentation in time. The properties of processes we enquire are stationarity, periodicity, intermittency, and, with dimension estimating methods, we try to discriminate between stochastic and low-dimensional deterministic processes. Since the measured time series are rather short, the dimension estimate methods have to be used with care: we have developed an extended dimension estimate procedure consisting of five steps. Among others, it comprises again the questions of stationarity and intermittency, but also the more technical problems of temporal correlations, judging scaling and convergence, and limited number of data points (statistical limits).We investigate 3 events of narrowband spikes, 13 type III groups, 10 type I storms, 3 type II bursts and 1 type IV event of solar origin, and 3 pulsation-like events of stellar origin. They have in common that all of them have stationary phases, periodicities are rather seldom, and intermittency is quite abundant. However, the burst types turn out to have different characteristics. None of the investigated time series reveals a low-dimensional behaviour. This implies that they originate from complex processes having dimensions (degrees of freedom) larger than about 4 to 6, which includes infinity,i. e. stochasticity. The lower limit of the degrees of freedom is inferred from numerical experiments with known chaotic systems, using time series of similar lengths, and it depends slightly on the burst types.     

大涡模拟技术在航空湍流研究中的应用

航空湍流是威胁飞行安全的重要因素,它的形成机制复杂,一直是航空气象研究中的重点难点问题之一。近年来,随着大涡模拟（large eddy simulation,LES）技术的发展,LES已经成为研究航空湍流问题的重要方法。本文围绕在飞机起降阶段的飞机尾涡和低空湍流以及巡航阶段的对流湍流、山地波湍流和晴空湍流这五类航空湍流对飞机颠簸造成的影响,综述了LES技术在相关方向的研究进展,并对LES技术应用中亟需解决的问题及未来的重点研究方向进行了总结与展望。整体来看,航空湍流的LES模拟研究已经取得较大进展,高分辨率的LES可以更加明确航空湍流的来源和生命周期,显著提升了对航空湍流的机制认知和诊断预警能力。但在机制方面,对各种复杂湍流过程的相互影响机制仍然不够清楚;在数值模式技术方面,LES模拟与模式初始状态、边界条件和模式参数化方案的敏感性问题仍然有待解决。未来,LES与中尺度区域模式变网格嵌套技术、动态网格技术、集合预报与概率预报技术的发展,以及与深度学习等方法的结合都将进一步有效提升LES在航空湍流模拟方面的计算效率和预报能力。     

Theory and Simulation of Reconnection

Reconnection is a major commonality of solar and magnetospheric physics. It was conjectured by Giovanelli in 1946 to explain particle acceleration in solar flares near magnetic neutral points. Since than it has been broadly applied in space physics including magnetospheric physics. In a special way this is due to Harry Petschek, who in 1994 published his ground breaking solution for a 2D magnetized plasma flow in regions containing singularities of vanishing magnetic field. Petschek’s reconnection theory was questioned in endless disputes and arguments, but his work stimulated the further investigation of this phenomenon like no other. However, there are questions left open. We consider two of them – “anomalous” resistivity in collisionless space plasma and the nature of reconnection in three dimensions. The CLUSTER and SOHO missions address these two aspects of reconnection in a complementary way -- the resistivity problem in situ in the magnetosphere and the 3D aspect by remote sensing of the Sun. We demonstrate that the search for answers to both questions leads beyond the applicability of analytical theories and that appropriate numerical approaches are necessary to investigate the essentially nonlinear and nonlocal processes involved. Necessary are both micro-physical, kinetic Vlasov-equation based methods of investigation as well as large scale (MHD) simulations to obtain the geometry and topology of the acting fields and flows.     

可压缩湍流的多尺度分析

作者的研究团队近几年在可压缩湍流的多尺度性质方面开展了系统的研究工作.通过多过程分解,研究了可压缩湍流中的速度和热力学量的剪切部分、胀压部分、伪声模态、声模态、熵模态的多尺度性质,并总结了各类可压缩条件下的速度和热力学量的谱的标度律.通过滤波方法,研究了动能和热力学量的多尺度传输现象,并重点分析了可压缩性对动能胀压部分...     

大气紊流频谱与飞机响应的几个问题

 本文推导了各向同性紊流速度及其任意阶梯度间的相关函数和频谱函数的一般表达式,并分析了频谱函数对空间频率的奇偶性。对现有文献和飞行品质规范中几个含糊不清的问题进行了阐述和澄情。对飞机纵向大气紊流响应进行了研究计算,得到了一些有意义的结论。     

基于大涡模拟分析气膜冷却的湍流场

用大涡模拟考察了单孔平板气膜冷却的湍流场,气膜孔沿流向倾斜30°,气膜出流的雷诺数为2600,吹风比为0.5.计算结果表明:①气膜孔内的流动分离增加了湍流动能,导致气膜冷却效率的降低,在设计中要尽量避免或减少流动分离;②与射流侧向扩展有关的涡黏性系数在气膜孔两侧存在峰值,而采用各向同性的湍流模型预测气膜冷却时,涡黏性系数的峰值出现在射流与主流的剪切区,因此会高估射流的垂直穿透而低估射流的侧向扩展;③可以用大涡模拟辅助建立各向异性的湍流模型,以便提高湍流模型的预测精度.