Acoustic node calibration using a moving source

Acoustic nodes, each containing an array of microphones, can track targets in x-y space from their received acoustic signals, if the node positions and orientations are known exactly. However, it is not always possible to deploy the nodes precisely, so a calibration phase is needed to estimate the position and the orientation of each node before doing any tracking or localization. An acoustic node can be calibrated from sources of opportunity such as beacons or a moving source. We derive and compare several calibration methods for the case where the node can hear a moving source whose position can be reported back to the node. Since calibration from a moving source is, in effect, the dual of a tracking problem; methods derived for acoustic target trackers are used to obtain robust and high resolution acoustic calibration processes. For example, two direction-of-arrival-based calibration methods can be formulated based on combining angle estimates, geometry, and the motion dynamics of the moving source. In addition, a maximum likelihood (ML) solution is presented using a narrowband acoustic observation model, along with a Newton-based search algorithm that speeds up the calculation the likelihood surface. The Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) on the node position estimates is also derived to show that the effect of position errors for the moving source on the estimated node position is much less severe than the variance in angle estimates from the microphone array. The performance of the calibration algorithms is demonstrated on synthetic and field data.     

一种联合估计的有源校正高精度测向算法

针对存在系统误差的阵列模型,提出了一种有源标校下的联合估计测向算法。该算法把误差矩阵估计转化为误差系数估计,并采用到达角精确已知的源信号进行标校,在此基础上使用最小二乘法联合估计幅相不一致误差系数和互耦误差系数,最后使用结合误差矩阵的MUSIC算法测量信号的到达角。仿真表明,该算法仅需要3个标校源,其精度相比于无阵列误差情况下降0.05°,具有较好的工程可实现性。     

ATS-6 Interferometer

The Applications Technology Satellite-6 (ATS-6) RF interferometer is utilized primarily as a precision 3-axis attitude sensor having an unambiguous field of view of 350°. This function requires two separated ground transmitters, each using one of the two available frequency channels or sharing a single channel by time multiplexing. For 3-axis control, one uplink transmitter can provide 2-axis attitude (pitch and roll) with other sensors (e.g., a Polaris tracker) providing yaw attitude. By utilizing two uplink transmitters and the Earth sensor or three time multiplexed uplink transmitters, the interferometer can also provide measurements of ATS-6 spacecraft orbit position. Uplink frequencies are 6.150 and 6.155 GHz. The receiving antennas are spaced at 19.95 wavelengths (?) for the vernier baseline and 1.66 ? for the coarse baseline. Spacecraft system weight is 8.39 kg (18.5 lb) and power requirement is 15.5 W. Flight evaluation results are given for the interferometer including R F link budgets, modulation of uplink carrier, signal-to-noise ratio, and dropout behavior. A hardware calibration model is described, containing major biases in the phase measurements. Techniques for flight calibration as both an attitude and spacecraft position sensor are outlined . Flight testing has shown that on-line calibration of receiver/converter biases must be performed on a short term routine basis. Interferometer resolution was found to be 0.00140 space angle with negligible noise (jitter) at transmitted power levels above 72 dBW. As an attitude sensor, the interferometer has demonstrated the ability to provide stabilization to better than 0.     

随机振动校准加速度计方法研究

介绍了随机振动校准加速度计系统的实现.使用随机信号传感器绝对校准方法,得到了较为理想的加速度计频响曲线.与传统的方法相比在保证校准精度的前提下,提高了效率.     

一种时间传递系统中调制器时延的数字标定算法

针对传统示波器观察法测量BPSK（Binary phase shift keying,二进制相移键控）调制器时延时存在整码元模糊、噪声敏感、载波初相要求苛刻及标定精度低的缺点,利用软件无线电的相关处理技术,提出一种精密的BPSK调制器时延标定算法.通过高速数字示波器对BPSK调制器的输入基带信号和输出载波调制信号进行双通道同步过采样,对输出信号与输入信号采样值进行循环相关,根据相关峰值对应的样本点序号以及连接电缆的校准时延,计算得到BPSK调制器时延.仿真和试验验证表明：提出的算法不受载波初始相位影响,时延标定上限可达1个伪随机码周期,而且低载噪比情况下也能得到准确结果.数字示波器的通道采样率为10 GSa/s时,采用提出的算法进行BPSK调制器时延标定,标定结果的不确定度可以达到0.2 ns.     

关于航空发动机测功机校准相关问题的探讨

以扭矩传感器测量原理为基础,阐述了航空发动机测试系统测功机的校准方法;通过分析航空发动机测试系统测功机校准方法存在的问题,提出了现场校准方法,探讨了量值传递过程中的误差来源及对策。     

基于均匀圆阵的信号二维方向角高精度估计

基于均匀圆阵(UCA),提出一种信号二维方向角的高精度估计方法。首先,充分利用了信号的空、时域信息,构造时空旋转矩阵,从而达到多个信源分离的目的。其次,直接利用UCA的阵列流形,采用最小二乘法估计信号二维方向角。最后,给出解相位整周期性模糊的方法。计算机仿真表明了此方法具有估计精度高,对阵元的幅相误差鲁棒性强等特点。     

温度传感器辐射修正校准的准确性研究

为了确定温度传感器辐射修正校准的准确性,需要对温度传感器辐射修正校准结果进行对比及不确定度分析.本文介绍了在热校准风洞中进行温度传感器辐射修正校准的结果,并做了对比研究和不确定度分析.     

Linear filtering approaches for phase calibration of airborne arrays

Phase calibration of a large fluctuating millimeter-wave airborne antenna array is considered. The technique exploits properties of the correlation of the measured voltages arising from clutter returns at adjacent or nearby element pairs. The proposed calibration algorithm trades smoothing of the observations to reduce random errors with the ability to track the time-varying calibration phase. Algorithm performance is considered for an arbitrary linear filter, which generalizes previous work on analogous pulse-pair problems, and the results are used to choose optimal filter parameters. Numerical results are provided for a field experiment employing a 32-element Ku-band antenna array     

基于MEMS陀螺仪辅助的粒子群优化磁力计校正

目前磁力计校正中存在需要采集大量数据、获取良好的初值和已知准确的传感器噪声分布等问题,传统的粒子群优化磁力计校正算法能够解决以上问题,但是该算法只能用于磁力计简化模型,校正其中9个误差参数,造成补偿不准确的问题。该算法借助MEMS陀螺仪建立矢量目标函数,采用随机漂移粒子群优化算法估计磁力计12个误差参数,具有较强的全局搜索能力和动态适应性。经过仿真与实测实验表明,该算法在磁力计绕其任意2个单轴不完整旋转1周即可实现校正,并且能够在磁场变化情况下保持精度,相比于传统算法补偿精度高、操作简单。     

基于平台系统的姿态角传感器测试误差机理分析

新型号惯性稳定平台系统对自瞄准和自标定精度提出了更高的要求,而平台的自瞄准和自标定都需要高精度的姿态角传感器。为了满足系统对传感器的精度要求,在硬件上面无法提高的前提下,软件的补偿是一种更好的选择,而为了进行软件误差补偿,就必须对传感器建立误差模型,而误差模型的建立需要高精度的测试方法,本文就对现有的精度测试方法进行分析,分析测试中各种因素对传感器标定精度结果的影响机理,并通过仿真验证了理论分析的正确性,为后续的传感器高精度标定及误差补偿提供依据。     

The polarization of celestial X-rays

The processes by which X-radiation may be emitted by celestial sources are investigated, and the net polarization such radiation would possess is predicted. The amount of polarization observed at the Earth would depend both on the mechanism producing the radiation and on the fractional extent of the source over which it is coherently polarized. Highly polarized X-radiation would suggest synchrotron emission as the source mechanism. Radiation whose polarization is low but nonzero would be produced by synchrotron emission from a source whose magnetic fields are inhomogeneous on a large scale, or by bremsstrahlung of electrons whose velocity vectors lie in one predominant direction. Nonobservable polarization would result from sources of synchrotron radiation whose magnetic fields show small-scale irregularities, from the bremsstrahlung of electrons whose velocity vectors are either random or spherically symmetric in direction over the entire source, or from sources whose mechanism of producing the radiation imparts no net polarization, e.g., thermal radiation from neutron stars, line radiation from electronic shell transitions within atoms, and the inverse Compton effect. Measurement of the net polarization of the X-rays from the several known celestial sources could thus lead to the specification of the mechanisms capable of producing the radiation from such sources.     

卫星双向时间频率传递研究进展

介绍了卫星双向时间频率传递的基本原理和技术演进,重点论述了基于伪码相位测量的卫星双向时间频率传递方法及其误差来源,阐述了双伪码卫星双向时频传递技术、载波相位卫星双向时频传递技术和卫星双向 日波动效应等重点研究方向的最新进展.针对制约卫星双向时间频率传递技术性能提升的主要问题,给出了相关发展思考.     

Periodic acoustic source tracking using propagation delayed measurements

There exist a large class of acoustic sources which have an underlying periodic phenomenon. Unlike the well-studied Bearings-Only Tracking(BOT) of an aperiodic acoustic source,this paper considers the problem of tracking a periodic acoustic source. For periodic acoustic tracking, the signal emission time is known. However, the true measurement reception time is unknown because it is corrupted by noise due to propagation delay. We augment the sensor’s signal reception time onto bearing measuremen...     

Propagation and System Accuracy Impact of Major Sensor Errors on a Strapdown Aircraft Navigator

A strapdown system is considered as an unaided inertial navigator aboard an aircraft. Presented here are simulation results detailing the propagation of navigation errors (in nautical miles) due to strapdown sensor errors for four trajectories. They indicate the type of performance that can be expected from a strapdown system utilizing good ?off the shelf? gyros and accelerometers, and dramatically illustrate the improvements necessary in these components to obtain navigation performance comparable to that available from a good gimballed inertial system. The total navigation error for each trajectory is broken down to show the contribution from each of the various error sources. This breakdown quickly reveals which are the critical error sources for a given trajectory class, and also points up the relationship that exists between each individual error source, aircraft maneuvers, and the resulting navigation error. Several of the error mechanisms are discussed at length and a set of linearized differential equations which can be used to analyze error propagations is presented. These results should be of particular interest to the system designer who is faced with the problem of specifying the sensor error parameters necessary to meet mission performance requirements. With an analysis similar to the one presented here, but structured around his own expected mission trajectories, the designer should be able to confidently predict system accuracies and intelligently perform tradeoffs on the critical system parameters.     

加速度计的校准

介绍了振动传感器——加速度计的校准方法及其误差分析,着重介绍了加速度计校准的最新方法,即随机校准,提出了改进的随机校准方法,并作了相应的误差分析。对各种校准方法如正弦比较法、激光干涉仪法、随机校准法进行了比较,作了试验研究。     

高温壁面热流与温度一体化测量传感器研究

为了测量超燃冲压发动机燃烧室的热环境,从Gardon热流计原理出发,发展了一套水冷热流/壁温一体化测量技术。采用热阻分析方法,对传感器的热结构进行了分析与优化设计。测试了多种隔热与外壳材料对传感器响应特性的影响。通过辐射加热方式对传感器进行了标定,获得了热流/电压、壁温/热流的标定曲线。采用该传感器,在模拟马赫数6、总温1800K的来流条件下,对超声速燃烧室的热环境进行了初步测量,获得了与传热分析相一致的结果。     

航空新型静电传感器建模与标定实验

静电传感器是一种用于航空发动机润滑油路中磨粒在线监测的新型传感器,为了对静电传感器的特性进行研究,改进了静电传感器的数学模型,设计了静电传感器标定装置。标定装置通过高压电场使油滴荷电,可以产生电量和极性可调的带电油滴,并可通过静电计准确测量产生的油滴电量。通过对数学模型的分析,以及标定实验的实验研究,确定了传感器的空间灵敏度分布;发现并验证了定速带电油滴沿着传感器固定径向位置移动时,静电传感器输出电压的峰值与施感电荷呈线性关系;通过标定实验获得了传感器的标定曲线,并进一步定量确定了传感器静态灵敏度在径向位置上的分布,标定实验也同时验证了数学模型的正确性。     

柔性热膜剪应力传感器水下测量温度修正

柔性热膜微传感器应用于流体壁面剪应力测量时,流体温度对传感器输出有很大影响,因此有必要对工作在非标定温度下的传感器输出信号进行修正补偿。重点研究了水下测量时传感器输出与水温的关系以及温度修正方法。通过分析传感器过热比和流体物理性质与温度的相关性,建立了流体温度与传感器过热比和标定系数的函数关系。在此基础上,提出了一种用于水下剪应力测量的温度修正方法,可以有效减小水温对传感器输出的影响。经实验验证,该方法可以使工作在25℃、28℃水温环境下的传感器输出值与其20℃标定值的相对误差从23．7％和37．1％回落到0．82％和0．83％。     

多维传感器标定的支持向量机复合式方法

提出了多维传感器标定的支持向量机复合式标定方法,解决了多维传感器标定中的参数不确定性和耦合非线性因素.对一个多维传感器进行了支持向量机复合标定的仿真研究,将这一方法应用到六维力传感器测量系统的标定试验中.结果表明,与传统标定方法相比,支持向量机复合标定的方法在不增加数据样本的情况下,能够显著提高传感器标定的精度;同时也...