Influence of Bandwidth Restriction on the Signal-to-Noise Performance of a PCM/NRZ Signal

The influence of bandwidth restriction on the performance of a PCM transmission system is treated. In particular, the relationship is investigated between signal-to-noise, bandwidth, and bit-error probability of an NRZ (non-return-to-zero) signal. The detector used in the investigation contains a device that integrates the signal over the bit period. Theoretical results were obtained by a Fourier analysis of bandwidth-restricted signals and by an autocorrelation analysis of the bandwidth-restricted noise. Theoretical and experimental results are in good agreement.     

On the Optimum Design of PCM Signals with System Constraints

This paper considers the design of PCM signals with system constraints using Pontryagin's maximum principle. The transmitter signal as well as the correlation signal are determined while maximizing the output signal-to-noise ratio. Both the single and three-pole transmitter filters are considered. An upper bound has been obtained on the performance of PCM signals with constraints.     

An Optimum Phase Reference Detector for Fully Modulated Phase-Shift Keyed Signals

Many modern telemetry systems which use phase-shift keying (PSK) have receivers which derive a coherent reference from the fully modulated PSK signal itself and thus conserve the energy which otherwise would be allocated to a discrete reference signal. In this paper, an optimum receiver structure for estimating a phase reference from the PSK signal itself is derived and its realization discussed. It is shown that at low signal-to-noise ratios, the optimum detector can be realized with a Costas loop. Since a Costas loop and squaring loop exhibit identical performance, it follows that either of these simple devices gives optimum performance for low-input signal-to-noise ratios.     

Hard Limiter Performance as a Polarity Detector for Extremely Polluted Signals

A hard limiter is a simple, yet highly efficient, RF signal sensor for VLF and LF navigation receivers. The observation reliability is used as the single quality criterion for the hard limiter if applied as a singlebit analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The effects of noise (Gaussian and atmospheric), nonsynchronous and synchronous interference, and dc offset on the observation reliability are described extensively. The single parameter determination Pobs is adequate for characterizing the polarity detector. This facilitates rank ordering of influences disturbing the signal and is a useful tool in optimizing digital tracking loops. The ?built-in? noise-censoring properties of the hard limiter in the presence of atmospheric noise are excellent. Therefore, three different atmospheric noise models are used in the determination of the observation reliability Pobs. Some ways for coping with other disturbances that potentially threaten the good performance of the hard limiter are suggested.     

Phase Detector Response to Noisy and Noisy Fading Signals

Transfer characteristics of sinusoidal, triangular, and sawtooth-type phase detectors in response to noisy and noisy fading signals have been studied in detail. A new analytical model of the swatooth-type phase detector has been suggested. Detailed experimental results have been supplemented in support of the theoretical findings. Both the theoretical findings and the experimental results clearly indicate that the superiority of a sawtooth-type phase detector over the other two varieties is completely lost in noisy and noisy fading environments.     

Discriminator Detection of Wide-Band PCM/FM

The performance of discriminator detection of wide-band PCM/FM is investigated. Formulas are derived that allow one to predict system performance with the effects of both predetection and postdetection filtering accounted for. In particular, for a postdetection equivalent noise bandwidthbit time product b0T=2, it is shown that best results are obtained with a modulation index ?=0.6. Furthermore, it is shown that performance to within 1.5 dB of theoretical can be obtained.     

基于自适应滤波的PCM／FSK软件解调方法

提出了一种新的PCM／FSK数字信号解调方法。通过采用最小均方误差自适应滤波算法，跟踪信号的单一频率，分析输出信号的包络，实现PCM／FSK信号的解调。详细介绍了此种解调方法的基本原理及实现过程，分析了影响解调性能的因素。计算机仿真结果表明，此方法比差分解调性能优越，抗干扰能力强，便于软件编程及DSP器件实现，具有一定的应用价值。     

Error Probabilities in PCM/FM with Phase-Lock Loop Discriminators

Previous literature has analyzed PCM/FM telemetry systems using idealized FM demodulators at the receiver. However, in many systems operating today, phase-lock loop demodulators are employed which depart noticeably from ideal operation as the loop falls ?out of lock.? In this paper an approximate expression for error probability is derived, which clearly indicates the effect of the loop on the previously published data using ideal discriminators. It is shown that the presence of the loop becomes apparent at input signal-to-noise ratios below approximately 3.5 dB, while the amount of error increase over the ideal case depends, to a large extent, upon the shape of IF filtering being used.     

PCM/FM aeronautical telemetry in frequency selective multipath interference

The performance of PCM/FM using a delay-line detector in multipath interference is analyzed. In aeronautical telemetry applications, the multipath interference causes a in the signal spectrum which is web modeled by a channel composed of a line-of-sight signal and a strong specular reflection with magnitude /spl Gamma/ and excess delay less than a bit time. Analysis shows that the bit error probability is strongly dependent on the location of the within the spectrum. The bit error probability averaged over the location is also analyzed. For the case of no predetection filtering, the average bit error probability is dependent on the depth of the but not on the width. The loss in performance (relative to the AWGN environment) is bounded by (1-/spl Gamma/)/sup -2/ which is the depth of the . For the case of predetection filtering, the average bit error probability is dependent on both the width and depth of the . The performance loss is bounded by (1-/spl Gamma/)/sup -2/spl Gamma// which is less than that for the case of no predetection filtering.     

Optimal and Suboptimal Perfomance of a PCM/FM Communication System

Theoretical results are presented on probability of error in the detection of binary FM signals for various frequency deviations with fixed bit rate, restricted predetection filter bandwidth, ideal limiterdiscriminator reception, and integrate-and-dump postdetection filter decision. The results show that suboptimal system performance can be achieved by choosing the largest possible value of deviation index which lies approximately at 0.7 + 2n, where n = 0, 1,...,k. k is determined by the reconstructability of signal after the bandpass filter.     

Optimum Signals for Radar

The research reported herein deals with the general problem of the selection of radar waveforms. The investigation is specifically concerned with the synthesis of radar signals which are optimum in the sense that they are characterized by ambiguity surfaces minimized over certain predetermined regions of the ambiguity plane. The weighted ambiguity surface is utilized as the weighted error criterion. This error criterion is mathematically tractable and pertinent to radar system performance but is not unduly restrictive as some orientation parameters are left unspecified for subsequent cost or penalty function analysis. The signal optimization is approached by variational techniques augmented by equality and inequality constraints, for example, limiting the amount of bandwidth or frequency modulation to be less than some system requirement. Several examples are presented demonstrating the optimization techniques and providing a minimum error for the stated problem. It is shown that for any given type of amplitude modulation of the radar signal, the variance or dispersion of the ambiguity surface is not decreased for any type of phase modulation added. The optimum signal for an elliptical weighting function is derived for several cases. The minimum error is shown to depend upon the constraints and the unspecified orientation parameters and, for one case, on the second moment of the signal.     

Data Compression Techniques for a Sounding Rocket PCM Telemetry System

The standard pulse-code modulation (PCM) telemetry system for a Skylark sounding rocket provided insufficient bandwidth for the high data rate expected from a new, exceptionally large, X-ray astronomy experiment. Several methods of data compression were used to cope with the erratic variability of the chosen source to maximize the returned information. A computer program simulation was used to optimize the variable parameters included in the electronic design to the expected variability of Cygnus X-1 the target X-ray source. The system performed exactly as intended during the actual flight.     

全新1594A/1595A超级精密电阻测温仪

<正>美国福禄克公司(Fluke)近日推出了由HART部门研发的全新1594A/1595A超级精密电阻测温仪,该仪器集准确度、价值和创新性于一身,可用于标准铂电阻(SPRT)、铂     

Identification Techniques for SARSAT Signals

A process for the identification of emergency locator transmitter (ELT) signals related to search and rescue satellite-aided tracking (SARSAT) is presented. The ELT identification process is particularly important in order to increase the probability of detection and eliminate sources of interference from the data set. A set of ELT signal parameters is introduced and methods for estimating these parameters are developed. A theoretical analysis and performance evaluation of these methods is provided.     

Demodulator Structures for Pulse-Frequency-Modulated Signals

Minimum mean-square-error demodulators for pulse-frequency-modulated signals are considered. The optimum demodulator structure is found and a suboptimum one is proposed that may be implemented by standard circuitry.     

Detection Probabilities for Log-Normally Distributed Signals

The amplitude and power of a large family of radio signals are observed to have log-normal probability density functions. Among these are signals propagated through random inhomogeneous media, a notable example being low frequency atmospheric radio noise. Of greater importance are certain radar targets that have been observed to have essentially log-normal density functions. Both ships and space vehicles may fall into this category. Curves of probability of detection vs. signal-to-noise ratio for the case of log-normal signals in Gaussian noise have been computed and are presented in this paper. The curves apply for square-law detection with varying degrees of postdetection linear integration. Both fully correlated and completely uncorrelated fluctuating signals are considered. It is shown that for log-normal signal distributions having large variances, the probability of detection differs significantly from that obtained using curves based on an assumed Rayleigh signal distribution.     

A Correlation Polarimeter for Noise-Like Signals

Optimum estimation (tracking) of the polarization plane of a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave is determined when the signal is a narrow-band Gaussian random process with a polarization plane angle which is also a Gaussian random process. This model is Compared to previous work and is applicable to space communication. The estimator performs a correlation operation similar to an amplitude -comparison monopulse angle tracker, giving the name correlation polarimeter. Under large signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the estimator is causal. Performance of the causal correlation polarimeter is evaluated for arbitrary SNR. Optimum precorrelation filtering is determined. With low SNR, the performance of this system is far better than that of previously developed systems. Practical implementation is discussed. A scheme is given to reduce the effect of linearly polarized noise.