多层涡轮机匣内螺栓对换热特性影响的试验研究

针对叶尖间隙主动控制系统的高压涡轮多层机匣,研究了机匣内部斜向冲击高肋结构中,定位螺栓对机匣换热特性的影响规律。试验中改变孔平均雷诺数-Re(2543~7121)、螺栓直径与冲击孔直径比D d(2.67,4.13,5.33)、螺栓间距与冲击孔直径比S d(23.2,30.7,45.2)等参数,获得了不同工况下螺栓安装面局部和平均Nu数变化规律,并整理出对应的经验关系式。研究中发现,安装螺栓的存在,显著增强了机匣表面的局部换热效果,但是平均换热系数的提升幅度有限。研究结果表明,在本文试验参数范围内,当保持螺栓间距比不变时,增加螺栓直径可以有效强化机匣表面的换热系数,如当螺栓直径比D d由2.67增加到5.33时,螺栓周围机匣表面平均Nu数增加幅度达20%~30%。当螺栓直径比保持不变的工况中,螺栓间距比S d为30.7时机匣表面平均Nu数达到最大值,但是螺栓间距比参数对机匣表面换热系数影响相对较小,平均Nu数的变化幅度在10%以内。     

斜向冲击强化换热特性试验

针对某型发动机主动间隙控制系统中典型冷却结构——45°斜向射流冲击,利用热膜法和红外热像仪测试技术,开展了局部强化冷却特性试验研究,分析了冲击雷诺数Re(33297～83242)、斜向冲击间距比H/d (2～6)等参数对冲击靶板表面局部换热特性参数Nu及Nu的影响.试验中发现位于驻点处和下游附驻点区出现了两个Nu峰值,当冲击Re较大、斜向冲击间距比H/d较小时,该现象尤为突出.试验结果表明:随着冲击Re的增大,靶板局部强化换热效果显著提升,Nu和Nu均显著增强;随着H/d的减小,驻点区域局部强化换热效果逐步提升,但增加幅度微弱;而在远离驻点区域,特别是在第二个峰值位置,冲击间距减小使得冲击强化换热效果明显增强.      

旋转半受限单孔冲击局部换热特性实验

利用热膜法测量局部换热系数Nu,对旋转条件下半受限冲击射流的换热特性开展了实验研究.通过改变冲击雷诺数Re(20 00035 000)和旋转数Ro(00.003 441)等参数,讨论了旋转状态对半受限单孔冲击换热特性的影响.实验结果表明:旋转显著影响了冲击靶面的局部换热系数分布规律.在实验工况范围内,靶面局部(平均)Nu数均是先随着旋转数Ro的增加而增强,后又随着旋转数Ro的增加而减小.实验中还观察到同静止情况相似,旋转条件下半受限冲击射流的冷却效果也是随着冲击Re的增加而不断提高.      

小空间内冲击/气膜复合冷却换热特性试验

利用相似理论的原理, 试验研究了封闭小空间内冲击/气膜复合冷却内表面的换热特性.研究中通过改变冲击Re数（1000040000）、冲击距离H和冲击孔直径D之比H/D（0.172.0）, 在2种冲击孔和气膜孔间距P和冲击孔直径D之比P/D（0, 1）条件下, 细致分析冲击Re数、H/D对复合冷却内表面局部换热特性的影响.结果表明, 在本文的试验工况中, 冲击靶板上的局部Nu数随着冲击Re的增加而不断变大, 而Nu数随着H/D的变化规律并非单调.当P/D=0, H/D=2时换热效果达到最佳;P/D=1时, 在X/D=±3范围内, 小冲击Re数条件下H/D=0.17和H/D=2的换热效果比较接近, 大冲击Re数条件下H/D=1和H/D=2的换热效果比较接近.      

叶尖间隙控制系统中横流效应的试验研究

为了研究带初始横流冷却管式阵列射流冲击换热特性,以基于机匣热变形控制的叶尖间隙控制系统为对象,试验研究了机匣外置多排冷却空气管结构中,初始横流雷诺数(0～8×104)对射流冲击机匣表面换热特性的影响。研究中发现,相比横流雷诺数,冲击雷诺数对靶面平均换热系数的影响更大,平均换热系数随着冲击雷诺数的增加显著提高。初始横流的加入,冲击滞止区发生了沿初始横流流向的偏移,削弱了靶面的冲击换热效果,局部换热数的峰值呈现出先减小后增加的规律。研究结果表明,当横流雷诺数超过4×104后,冲击滞止区下游出现一个"鱼尾形"的换热强化区域,且随着横流雷诺数增加,该鱼尾状区域范围逐步增大,靶面换热效果得到一定程度的提升。冲击孔间距越小,靶面局部和平均换热系数越大,此时横流的影响相对较小,在本文研究参数范围内,冲击孔间距比为4时,会获得更好的换热效果。     

高压涡轮主动间隙控制机匣内部换热特性试验

针对高压涡轮叶尖主动间隙控制（ACC）机匣中的典型换热结构,利用试验研究了多层机匣结构中内斜向冲击射流的局部换热特征,重点分析了进口雷诺数（10000~24000）、冲击孔入射角度（30°,45°,60°）、冲击孔直径（1.0,1.5,2.0mm）等参数对带肋机匣表面局部和平均传热系数的影响规律.研究中发现加强肋的存在显著影响了机匣表面局部传热系数,同时由于冲击射流局部强化换热作用,多层机匣内表面不同位置的传热系数相差很大.试验结果表明:随着冷气进口雷诺数的增加,机匣加强肋表面局部和平均传热系数均提高.在研究参数范围内,冲击孔直径为2.0mm,孔数为23的情况下能够获得最佳的换热效果;相比30°和60°冲击孔入射角度,冲击孔入射角度为45°能获得更好的换热效果.      

针板结构内壁面的换热特性研究

应用瞬态液晶测温技术对一种层板（针板）内壁面进行了详细的换热特性研究,实验分别测量了孔间距与冲击孔径比（S/D）为3.2,4.5和5.9,冲击雷诺数Re范围为10 000～40 000下的内表面换热特性,同时和传统层板换热特性进行了对比分析.研究结果表明:针板内壁面平均传热系数随着Re的增加而增大,随着孔间距增大而减小;同时给出了靶面和冲击面的平均努塞尔数Nu与冲击雷诺数Re及孔径比S/D的数学拟合准则式.      

双层壳型涡轮叶片中冲击旋流换热增益效果试验

以双层壳型涡轮叶片内冷通道中旋流换热特性为研究对象,采用热膜法,对双层壳型冷却结构中的狭小受限通道中,旋流作用下换热特性的变化规律开展了细致的试验研究。重点分析了冷却空气的旋流作用对换热的强化增益效果。试验中通过改变冲击Re数(10 000～20 000),冲击间距和冲击孔直径之比H/D(0.35～1.7)等参数,研究了其对旋流的形成及内表面局部换热系数的影响规律。研究发现:由于双层壳型叶片内冷通道的空间受限,冷却空气在通道内形成了旋流结构,该旋流结构显著影响了内表面的局部换热系数并可以有效提高换热效果。研究结果表明:内表面局部换热系数对冲击间距和冲击孔直径之比H/D最为敏感,对于不同冲击Re数,存在一个最佳的H/D使得旋流换热增益效果达到最大(Re=10 000时,最佳H/D为0.95;Re=15 000,20 000,最佳H/D=0.63)。     

双层壳型冲击/气膜结构内表面换热特性实验

以双层壳型冲击/气膜复合冷却结构的平壁模型作为研究对象,进行了该种结构典型冷却单元的放大模型实验研究。通过改变冲击Re数(10 000~40 000),冲击间距和冲击孔直径之比H/D(0.17~2.0),冲击孔和气膜孔间距与冲击孔直径之比P/D(0~5.0)等参数,利用热膜法研究了该典型冷却单元结构中内表面的换热特性。研究结果表明:参数Re,H/D,P/D对内表面局部换热系数的影响呈现出复杂的关联性。在本文的实验工况参数条件下,随着冲击Re数的增加,内表面换热效果逐步增强;并且存在一个最佳的H/D和P/D范围使得内表面换热效果最佳。综合分析实验结果,当H/D=0.67,P/D=3时,双层壳型冲击/气膜冷却结构内表面能达到最佳的换热效果。     

小间距冲击凹柱面靶板换热特性实验

利用热膜法,实验研究了小间距下单孔冲击受限凹面靶板的局部换热特性。通过改变冲击Re数(20 000~30 000),冲击间距和冲击孔直径之比H/D(0.2~1.0)等参数,重点分析冲击靶面周向和轴向的局部换热系数及其分布规律。结果表明:小冲击间距工况下,由于滞止区内高压区作用,气流被加速,靶面轴向上出现除滞止点以外的第二个强化换热峰值,并且随着冲击间距的减小,该效应越加明显;当H/D较小时,由于冲击导管端壁表面的限制,冲击射流在凹面靶板的周向形成冲击射流,显著提升了周向的局部换热效果,周向上也出现了二次强化换热峰值。随着H/D的增加,周向二次强化峰值迅速消失。实验中当H/D=0.2时,凹面靶板的换热效果达到最佳。     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.