Attitude Stabilization and Control of Dual-Spin Spacecraft

This invention relates to an attitude stabilizing system for adrodshaped satellite in which stabilization is achieved by use of a spinning ing energy dissipator. The system can operate by being mounted on the rotor of a dual spin satellite of by being connected to the main body of the satellite through a motor and bearing assembly. In the latter situation, the stabilizer acts both as a nutation damper and a momentum source and thereby eliminates the need for an additional rotor element to provide the spacecraft momentum. The spinning energy dissipator may be designed to use four identical al wheels mounted coaxially with and at the ends of the arms of a cruciform structure. The structure may then be spun about the axis perpendicular to the arms, to provide angular momentum along the spacecraft spin axis. In the event of any spacecraft nutation, n, the wheels experience the torques produced by inertial forces. The necessary damping and restoring (spring) torques are provided by means of a torsional arrangement built around the center of each wheel. In order to provide damping at lower threshold of spacecraft nutations, the dissipator wheels may also include viscous ring dampers mounted on or around each wheel.     

利用能量/动量飞轮的偏置动量姿态控制系统

研究偏置动量姿态控制系统中的集成能量与姿态控制问题。利用一对正 反转飞轮提供偏置角动量并同时储 /放能以满足星载设备的能源需求。滚动 /偏航运动由俯仰轴磁矩控制。设计了力矩形式的飞轮的控制律 ,使之提供期望的俯仰控制力矩 ,并以给定的功率储 /放能。保持两只飞轮正 反转可以完全避免飞轮控制律中的系统奇异。提出了利用动能反馈的飞轮储能功率规划方案 ,以使系统维持能量平衡 ,避免由于能量过剩引起的飞轮饱和。飞轮的最小转动惯量受最大偏置角动量和最小能量的限制 ,结合几何方法对这种限制条件进行了分析。数值仿真结果证明了控制方案的有效性。     

利用飞轮的航天器姿态跟踪与能量存储

研究航天器集成能量与姿态控制系统中飞轮的控制律。系统中飞轮是姿态控制的执行机构,同时也是储能装置。首先利用Lyapunov方法设计了航天器姿态跟踪的反馈控制律,然后研究一种力矩形式的飞轮控制律。利用奇异值分解方法把飞轮组的控制力矩向量分解为3部分相互正交的力矩向量,一部分用来提供姿态控制力矩,一部分用来以给定的功率储能,另一部分完成轮速平衡以避免由于各飞轮轮速差异过大引起的飞轮饱和。提出了一种基于动能反馈的储能功率规划方案来保证系统的能量平衡,可以避免由于过剩能量引起的飞轮饱和。数值仿真结果验证了控制方案的有效性。     

The Use of a Spinning Dissipator for Attitude Stabilization of Earth-Orbiting Satellites

This paper considers a novel attitude stabilizing system which acts both as a passive nutation damper and a momentum source for an Earth-orbiting satellite. The system may be designed to use four identical wheels mounted coaxially with and at the ends of the arms of a cruciform structure. The structure may then be spun about the axis perpendicular to the arms to provide angular momentum along the spacecraft spin axis. The wheels experience torques produced by inertial forces. The necessary damping and restoring (spring) torques are provided by means of a torsional arrangement built around the center of each wheel. The performance characteristics of the proposed stabilizing unit are evaluated by considering spacecraft parameters used in one phase of development of the Communications Technology Satellite (CTS). The results obtained for a specific design of the stabilizer indicate that global stability of the desired attitude motion of the spacecraft can be guaranteed with associated damping time constant as low as one second.     

Fault tolerant attitude control of under-actuated spacecraft: Theory and experiment

This paper investigates fault tolerant attitude control theory and experiment for under-actuated spacecraft with one reaction wheel completely broken and two others suffering actuator faults of partial loss of effectiveness or bias. A non-smooth robust adaptive fault tolerant control law is proposed under the zero-momentum and input saturation conditions. It shows that the available reaction wheels need to produce sufficient control torque for the fault tolerance. Such a new control method is implemented in a semi-physical simulation system of an air-bearing platform. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method in spacecraft practical engineering.     

Attitude control of a bias momentum satellite using moment ofinertia

Analysis on the attitude controller based upon moment of inertia distribution for a bias momentum satellite is discussed. Spacecraft moment of inertia distribution is represented in the form of product of inertia terms in the system inertia matrix. The product of inertia between orthogonal body axes of the satellite is used to build a controller which controls the nutational motion caused by the angular momentum of the wheel. The attitude controller in the pitch axis controlling the pitch motion as well as nutational dynamics in the roll/yaw planes is analyzed in detail. Analytic expressions using linearized equations are derived providing further insight into the dynamic coupling effect among orthogonal body axes     

Review on monolayer CBN superabrasive wheels for grinding metallic materials

A state-of-the-art review on monolayer electroplated and brazed cubic boron nitride (CBN) superabrasive wheels for grinding metallic materials has been provided in this article. The fabrication techniques and mechanisms of the monolayer CBN wheels are discussed. Grain distri-bution, wheel dressing, wear behavior, and wheel performance are analyzed in detail. Sample appli-cations of monolayer CBN wheel for grinding steels, titanium alloys, and nickel-based superalloys are also provided. Finally, this article highlights opportunities for further investigation of mono-layer CBN grinding wheels.     

四轮起落架飞机地面滑跑转弯分析

现代飞机对其地面滑跑性能的要求日益提高,同时要求能够在条件更加苛刻的环境下运行.以四点式起落架布局飞机为研究对象,基于阿克曼转向几何原理,推导该飞机地面滑跑时两个前轮之间的转角关系.在Adams/Aircraft中建立四点式起落架飞机虚拟样机,并进行其地面滑跑仿真分析.探讨四点式起落架飞机不同前轮作为主动操纵轮时,对转弯半径的影响.结果表明:在相同滑跑条件下,当前轮操纵转弯时,四点式起落架飞机比常规的前三点式起落架飞机拥有更小的转弯半径;当主轮差动刹车转弯时,四点式起落架飞机的转弯半径略大于三点式起落架飞机;四点式起落架飞机的两前轮同时为主动操纵轮时,飞机的转弯半径最小.     

Autonomous fault-tolerant attitude reference system using DTGs insymmetrically skewed configuration

A novel symmetrically skewed configuration for an attitude reference system (ARS) using three dynamically tuned gyros (DTGs) is developed. Simple schemes for autonomous detection and identification of a faulty DTG in real time and subsequent reconfiguration of the attitude estimation algorithm are proposed. The performance of the present configuration is shown to be better than that of configurations proposed earlier, and it is shown to have better features. It tolerates all types of failures of DTG failures, requires very simple computations, and gives less error in attitude estimate than the other configurations     

轻型高精度卫星的变结构姿态控制器

针对某些小卫星高指向精度和高稳定精度的姿态控制要求,设计了能克服反作用轮转速过零扰动的变结构姿态控制器,并对反作用轮转速过零时低速摩擦对卫星姿态产生扰动的机理进行了分析,建立了仿真用反作用轮低速摩擦动力学模型。同 PID控制器相比,该变结构姿态控制器能有效抑制反作用轮的低速摩擦影响,并具有良好的鲁棒性。数学仿真进一步证明了该变结构姿态控制器的有效性,其指向精度和稳定精度分别可达 0.3°和 0.0 0 1°/     

过驱动轮控卫星的动态控制分配方法

反作用飞轮在卫星姿态控制中具有重要作用,配置3个以上飞轮的卫星构成一类过驱动系统,能够提高姿态控制系统的可靠性.针对期望控制力矩到冗余飞轮的指令分配问题,提出了一种基于伪逆法的动态控制分配方法,并针对传统伪逆法难以考虑飞轮最大力矩等物理约束问题,采用零空间方法对传统伪逆法给出的分配结果进行了修正.基于稳定控制模式下姿态...     

宽体飞机前主轮协同转弯主轮控制策略设计

飞机在进行地面转弯过程中,机场道面不平、侧风等环境因素可能导致主起落架转向轮的实际转角与理论转角不符,引起前轮转角和两侧主轮转角关系不匹配,增大轮胎侧向力,主起落架受到的扭矩增加。针对上述问题,提出两侧主轮独立控制的飞机地面转弯控制策略和基于内侧主起落架转向轮为主导对象,外侧主起落架转向轮为从动对象的主从控制策略以及实时转弯角度控制算法。建立基于弹性轮胎的飞机地面转弯模型,计算飞机地面转弯时的主起落架总扭矩。通过MATLAB设置不同主轮转角偏差,对两侧主轮的独立控制策略和主从控制策略下的主起落架总扭矩进行对比,发现前者能更有效降低飞机主起落架扭矩,增加飞机地面转弯安全性以及减小起落架设计难度。     

高纯钨磨削加工试验研究

为探究适用于高纯钨磨削加工的砂轮,使用80~#绿碳化硅砂轮和金刚石砂轮开展磨削对比试验,从工件表面粗糙度角度评价上述两种砂料对高纯钨磨削加工表面的影响。试验结果表明,绿碳化硅砂轮对应的工件得到了更理想的表面粗糙度。使用绿碳化硅砂轮开展工艺试验,分析在不同磨削参数下加工表面粗糙度的变化趋势,以此为依据对高纯钨磨削加工工艺参数进行评价与优化。综合考虑加工表面粗糙度以及加工效率,得出适合于钨磨削加工的参数为砂轮线速度v_s=23m/s、磨削深度a_p=8μm、工作台进给速度v_w=10m/min,该参数下得到的表面粗糙度均值为0.336μm。     

新型刚玉砂轮磨削GH4169镍基高温合金的性能评价研究

镍基高温合金是航空发动机部件的常用材料,其磨削加工存在工具损耗严重、寿命短等难题.针对3种新研制的刚玉砂轮(分别为粒度60#的微晶和单晶混合磨料砂轮、粒度60#的单晶刚玉砂轮,以及粒度70#的单晶刚玉砂轮),开展了GH4169镍基高温合金材料的磨削试验,从磨削力、磨削温度、砂轮磨损以及表面粗糙度等方面对3种砂轮的磨削性...     

双电极接触放电修整金属结合剂金刚石磨轮

双电极接触放电是~项修整金属结合剂金刚石磨轮的新技术。它利用接触放电电蚀原理以达到去除磨轮的金属结合剂而修锐或整形磨轮。本文在论述修整机理的基础上,对其工艺规律进行了系统的分析与总结。     

DOA estimation for attitude determination on communication satellites

In order to determine an appropriate attitude of three-axis stabilized communication satellites, this paper describes a novel attitude determination method using direction of arrival （DOA） estimation of a ground signal source. It differs from optical measurement, magnetic field measurement, inertial measurement, and global positioning system （GPS） attitude determination. The proposed method is characterized by taking the ground signal source as the attitude reference and acquiring attitude information from DOA estimation. Firstly, an attitude measurement equation with DOA estimation is derived in detail. Then, the error of the measurement equation is analyzed. Finally, an attitude determination algorithm is presented using a dynamic model, the attitude measurement equation, and measurement errors. A developing low Earth orbit （LEO） satellite which tests mobile communication technology with smart antennas can be stabilized in three axes by corporately using a magnetometer, reaction wheels, and three-axis magnetorquer rods. Based on the communication satellite, simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. The method could be a backup of attitude determination to prevent a system failure on the satellite. Its precision depends on the number of snapshots and the input signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） with DOA estimation.     

Satellite fault diagnosis using a bank of interacting Kalman filters

The main objective of this work is development and testing of a detection, isolation, and diagnosis algorithm based on interacting multiple model (IMM) filters for both partial (soft) and total (hard) reaction wheels faults in a spacecraft. This is shown to be accomplished under a number of different faulty mode scenarios for these actuators associated with the attitude control system (ACS) of a satellite. Various operating and faulty conditions due to changes and anomalies in the temperature, the power supply line voltage, and the loss of effectiveness of the torque and the current are considered in each reaction wheel associated with the three axes of the satellite. Once a fault mode is detected and isolated the recovery procedure can subsequently be engaged by invoking appropriate switching control strategies for the ACS. The application of a bank of interacting multiple Kalman filters for detection and diagnosis of anticipated reaction wheel failures in the ACS is described and developed. Compared with other model-based fault detection, diagnosis and isolation(FDDI) strategies developed in the control systems literature, our FDDI strategy is shown, through extensive numerical simulations, to be more accurate and robust with potential for extension to a number of other application areas.     

机场不平度对小车式起落架前后机轮载荷分配影响

国内外对飞机地面载荷的研究主要是针对每个起落架的总载荷,鲜见对起落架各机轮载荷分配研究的文献,而工程上又迫切需要相关的针对飞机起落架机轮载荷分配的计算分析方法。在中国发展大飞机项目的背景下,以小车式起落架为例,探讨了机场跑道不平度对小车式起落架前后轮载荷分配的影响,提出了小车式起落架机轮载荷分配的分析思路,并通过计算波音707飞机的起落架机轮载荷分配比例证明了该方法的有效性和可行性。     

利用变速控制力矩陀螺的航天器集成能量与姿态控制

 利用变速控制力矩陀螺(VSCMG)的航天器姿态与能量一体化控制问题。针对以VSCMG为姿态控制执行机构的刚体航天器设计了全局渐近稳定的姿态跟踪控制律。将VSCMG的框架角速度和转子角加速度作为控制输入向量设计操纵律。利用加权的最小范数解得到VSCMG的姿态控制输入向量,并用与之正交的控制输入向量来以给定的功率存储/释放能量。提出了同时表征力矩陀螺模式构型奇异和转子轮速平衡的混合指标函数。对控制自由度有冗余的系统,在混合指标函数的基础上利用梯度法构建了VSCMG的空转运动,以回避力矩陀螺模式的构型奇异,并同时减小转子转速差过大引起的转速饱和以及VSCMG零奇异的可能性。利用反馈转子动能的方法规划日照期间的储能功率,以维持系统长时间工作的能量平衡。基于某太阳同步轨道卫星的数值仿真结果验证了系统的有效性。     

Performance evaluation of creep feed grinding of γ-TiAl intermetallics with electroplated diamond wheels

This paper evaluates the performance of creep feed grinding γ-TiAl intermetallic (Ti-45Al-2Mn-2Nb) using electroplated diamond wheels. Firstly, a comparative analysis with the grinding results by using electroplated CBN wheels was conducted, mainly involving abrasive wheel wear behavior and maximum material removal rate below surface burn limit. It was found that the diamond wheel would produce much better grinding results including lower wheel wear rate and higher maximum material removal rate. Then the surface integrity obtained at different level of material removal rate was characterized with the utilization of the diamond wheel. The poor ductility of this γ-TiAl intermetallic material was found to have a marginal effect on the surface integrity, as no severe surface defects such as material pullout were generated during the stable wheel wear stage. For the involved operating parameters, a deformation layer was produced with ∼10 μm or more in thickness depending on the material removal rate used. Meanwhile, a work-hardened layer extending to more than 100 μm was produced with a maximum microhardness of above 520 HV_0.05 (bulk value 360 HV_0.05). The residual stress remained compressive, with a value of above −100 MPa and even up to −500 MPa for an elevated material removal rate. Shearing chip was the main chip type, indicating good wheel sharpness in the grinding process.