航天用FR4 材料的本征电导率测试

介质材料电导率是影响卫星充电过程的重要材料参数,它决定着航天器上电荷的分布状态以及电流平 衡建立的快慢。常规的电导率测量方法完全不考虑空间真实带电环境,其测试结果用于卫星带电防护设计将会产生 较大的误差。本文建立了用传统三电极法和电荷衰减法测试介质材料本征电导率的测试系统,对卫星常用的FR4 材 料进行了测试,测试结果与国外的结果相近。     

温度对不同厚度聚酰亚胺表面充电的影响

为了研究不同厚度聚酰亚胺在温度变化情况下的带电程度,利用自行研发的温度可控的航天器介质材料表面带电综合实验系统,对不同厚度的聚酰亚胺在不同温度情况下进行表面充电实验,设置电子能量为25ke V,电子束流密度分别为0.5,1,2n A/cm2。实验结果表明:温度不变的情况下,随着厚度的增大,试样表面充电平衡电位逐渐增大;厚度不变的情况下,随着温度的升高,试样表面充电平衡电位逐渐减小。当温度在273~363K时,聚酰亚胺试样厚度越大,温度变化对其表面充电平衡电位的变化影响越大。当温度在243~273K时,聚酰亚胺试样厚度越大,温度变化对其表面充电平衡电位的变化影响越小。     

航天器用聚合物介质抗内带电改性技术

采用对航天器聚合物介质进行非线性电导改性的方法消除或削弱材料的内带电现象,以期达到消除介质脉冲放电对航天器可靠性的威胁的目标.实验研究发现,采用具有非线性电导率特性的粉粒(添加剂)对航天器用PTFE和EP进行改性,该两种复合介质材料均可产生显著的非线性电导特性.而且,该种添加剂可以显著降低PTFE的非线性电导阈值,改变EP的非线性电导特性的陡度,而不会对两种材料的直流电气强度产生显著影响.     

18参数广播星历分析研究

针对18参数广播星历模型对混合星座（包含GEO（地球同步轨道）、IGSO（倾斜地球同步轨道）、MEO（中地球轨道））的拟合精度和稳定性问题,利用摄动理论中的分析方法研究18参数广播星历模型新增参数的物理意义,通过数值仿真比较分析18参数模型与16参数模型对混合星座的拟合精度和稳定性。分析研究表明,新增2个参数可以较好地逼近轨道变化的长周期项,相同拟合弧长的拟合精度比16参数提高了50%左右,但受短周期项影响,拟合不够平稳,同时由于轨道变化特征的差异,对GEO和IGSO卫星的拟合不如MEO卫星稳定。数值仿真结果表明,要保证稳定性必须增加拟合弧长,但拟合精度会有一定下降,18参数条件下,MEO卫星选用3h拟合弧长能保持很好的稳定性,GEO和IGSO卫星则需要选择5h拟合弧长。     

地球同步轨道薄膜太阳帆的姿态轨道控制方法

薄膜太阳帆（FSS）是集推进、发电和姿轨控功能于一体化的超大型挠性太阳帆式航天器,通过调整薄膜反射率产生可变推力和力矩,实现其姿态和轨道运动控制。结合薄膜太阳帆在地球同步轨道运行时的受力特性进行了轨道漂移分析。通过建立薄膜太阳帆动力学模型及受力模型,提出了调整帆面角度轨道修正方法以及基于薄膜光压力矩角动量卸载的长期在轨对日定向面内双轴动量轮稳定控制方法。通过系统仿真验证表明所提的轨道修正和对日定向控制方法是合理有效的,可使薄膜太阳帆长期在定点位置维持对日定向。     

航天测控资源统一分配的多维遗传算法

对于航天器测控资源分配这一类时间窗受限的约束满足问题,国内外已有许多应用遗传算法的研究并取得了较好的成果。目前的研究主要针对的是低轨道航天器这类可见弧段较短、全弧段跟踪的问题,对于地球同步以及高轨道航天器这一类长弧段可见、非全弧段跟踪的资源分配问题,相关的应用研究较少。针对高低轨航天器测控资源统一分配问题的特点,经过对标准遗传算法的扩展,设计了一种能够描述高、低轨道航天器资源分配问题的多维编码方法,定义了相应的交叉算子、变异算子等算法要素,从而建立了一种能够解决航天测控资源统一分配问题的多维遗传算法。仿真计算表明,该算法能够有效解决目前我国航天测控网面临的"一网多星"管理模式下,高低轨航天器统一管理、统一分配测控资源的问题。     

航天器空间辐射防护材料与防护结构

电子、质子、重离子、光子等空间辐射环境可在航天器材料或元器件中产生单粒子效应、总剂量效应、表面充放电效应、位移损伤效应、内带电效应等,因此,需要对航天器进行空间辐射防护。本文首先介绍空间辐射防护原理和防护有效性,进而从材料、分系统(或部组件)、航天器3个不同维度,对质量屏蔽防护材料、静电防护材料、抗辐射功能材料、航天器局部辐射防护结构和整星辐射防护结构进行了探讨,最后对未来发展的方向进行了讨论。     

月球导航星座轨道的地球GNSS可见性评估

随着月球探索进入一个新的时代,为确保未来月球任务的实时高精度定位,大幅提高登月航天器的自主性,且减少对地球基站的依赖,选取合适的轨道构建月球导航星座,并且实现月球导航星座与地球GNSS的通信链路同步尤为重要。为评估月球导航星座轨道中卫星接收GNSS信号的性能,首先对椭圆形月球冻结轨道(ELFO)、近直线晕轨道(NRHO)、顺行圆形轨道(PCO)和低月球轨道(LLO)4种轨道进行仿真。然后基于天线方向图等指标仿真了GNSS卫星信号,并依据主旁瓣波束宽度和载噪比等仿真结果评估了4种不同轨道卫星对GNSS的可见性。结果表明,NRHO和ELFO对GNSS星座有较好的可视效果,最高可见时间占比达99.57%,保障了绝大部分时间内能够稳定接收GNSS信号,有助于实现月球导航星座轨道卫星的轨道和时钟校正,并保证轨道的定位性能。     

月球探测器与地球轨道卫星测控通信干扰分析

对月球探测器的测控通信,通信距离遥远,信号空间损耗大,地面站接收机灵敏度高,因此更易受到外来信号干扰的影响。本文根据卫星网络间同频干扰计算方法,分析月球探测器测控通信下行链路受地球轨道卫星发射信号的干扰问题,主要包括月球探测器受地球静止轨道卫星（GEO）和地球非静止轨道卫星（NGSO）的干扰分析。在此基础上实现了仿真,计算其受干扰的可能性。     

多孔介质传热模型在多孔壁湍流中的适用性

为了考查不同的多孔介质传热模型在不同工况下的适用性,对带有高孔隙率多孔介质壁面槽道湍流及其传热进行了直接数值模拟研究。在多孔介质层外流体区域,通过有限差分方法求解不可压缩Navier-Stokes方程和温度对流扩散方程;在多孔介质层内,使用修正的Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer模型描述高孔隙率多孔介质阻力,以及分别采用局部热平衡（local thermal equilibrium, LTE）模型、局部非热平衡（local thermal non-equilibrium, LTNE）模型、理想金属（ideal metal foams, IMF）模型计算温度分布。通过对所得热场的统计特性的分析比较,探究了不同Biot数下水和空气两类流体介质的多孔介质传热模型的有效性。研究表明：LTE模型不足以准确预测金属泡沫多孔介质内传热问题,其等效导热系数因仅考虑孔隙率因素而低估了多孔介质层的传热能力;IMF模型在小比热容流体介质的算例中表现良好,可以代替LTNE描述多孔介质层内的传热,而在大比热容流体介质的算例中表现不佳,需要考虑比热容以及流固两相间的传热能力对预估的固体相温度分布...     

GEO卫星多层隔热组件充放电特性仿真

多层隔热组件包覆于卫星外表面,占据了整星表面的60%以上,既是必要的热控组件,也是抑制空间强电磁环境源的重要载体。相较于卫星内部组件,星表直接面临高能粒子的冲击与作用,导致其在轨面临的静电威胁极为严峻。其本质原因是高能电子穿透多层隔热组件的面膜,沉积于多层组件内部间隔层,进而在介质材料层形成了内建电场,造成静电放电效应。针对多层隔热组件的复合结构特点,建立了合理优化的内带电物理模型及其计算模型,模拟了GEO环境电子在典型多层隔热组件电子输运过程,进而计算明晰了间隔层涤纶网的电场分布特性。结果表明,在GEO恶劣电子辐射环境下,多层涤纶网充电电场强度可高达9.7×10⁸ V/m,存在放电风险;涤纶网接地边、角处的电场强度最高且电场畸变幅度巨大;多层充放电风险主要来自涤纶网与反射屏之间的非紧密接触而伴随的不良接地情况,建议通过加密棉线缝合间距以提升涤纶网与反射屏的接触效果,从而降低多层的充放电风险。     

The Engineering Radiation Monitor for the Radiation Belt Storm Probes Mission

An Engineering Radiation Monitor (ERM) has been developed as a supplementary spacecraft subsystem for NASA’s Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) mission. The ERM will monitor total dose and deep dielectric charging at each RBSP spacecraft in real time. Configured to take the place of spacecraft balance mass, the ERM contains an array of eight dosimeters and two buried conductive plates. The dosimeters are mounted under covers of varying shielding thickness to obtain a dose-depth curve and characterize the electron and proton contributions to total dose. A 3-min readout cadence coupled with an initial sensitivity of ～0.01 krad should enable dynamic measurements of dose rate throughout the 9-hr RBSP orbit. The dosimeters are Radiation-sensing Field Effect Transistors (RadFETs) and operate at zero bias to preserve their response even when powered off. The range of the RadFETs extends above 1000 krad to avoid saturation over the expected duration of the mission. Two large-area (～10 cm²) charge monitor plates set behind different thickness covers will measure the dynamic currents of weakly-penetrating electrons that can be potentially hazardous to sensitive electronic components within the spacecraft. The charge monitors can handle large events without saturating (～3000 fA/cm²) and provide sufficient sensitivity (～0.1 fA/cm²) to gauge quiescent conditions. High time-resolution (5 s) monitoring allows detection of rapid changes in flux and enables correlation of spacecraft anomalies with local space weather conditions. Although primarily intended as an engineering subsystem to monitor spacecraft radiation levels, real-time data from the ERM may also prove useful or interesting to a larger community.     

ACTIVE SPACECRAFT POTENTIAL CONTROL

Charging of the outer surface or of the entire structure of a spacecraft in orbit can have a severe impact on the scientific output of the instruments. Typical floating potentials for magnetospheric satellites (from +1 to several tens of volts in sunlight) make it practically impossible to measure the cold (several eV) component of the ambient plasma. Effects of spacecraft charging are reduced by an entirely conductive surface of the spacecraft and by active charge neutralisation, which in the case of Cluster only deals with a positive potential. The Cluster spacecraft are instrumented with ion emitters of the liquid-metal ion-source type, which will produce indium ions at 5 to 8 keV energy. The operating principle is field evaporation of indium in the apex field of a needle. The advantages are low power consumption, compactness and high mass efficiency. The ion current will be adjusted in a feedback loop with instruments measuring the spacecraft potential (EFW and PEACE). A stand-alone mode is also foreseen as a back-up. The design and principles of the operation of the active spacecraft potential control instrument (ASPOC) are presented in detail. Flight experience with a similar instrument on the Geotail spacecraft is outlined.     

POWOW: power without wires: a SEP concept for space exploration

Electric propulsion has emerged as a cost-effective solution to a wide range of satellite applications. Deep Space 1 successfully demonstrated electric propulsion as the primary propulsion source for a satellite. The POWOW concept is a solar-electric propelled spacecraft capable of significant cargo and short trip times for traveling to Mars. It would enter aerosynchronous orbit and from there, beam power to surface installations via lasers. The concept has been developed with industrial partner expertise in high efficiency solar cells, advanced concentrator modules, innovative arrays, and high power electric propulsion systems. The latest version of the spacecraft, the technologies used, and trip times to Mars are presented. The POWOW spacecraft is a general purpose solar electric propulsion system that uses new technologies that are directly applicable to commercial and government spacecraft with power levels ranging from a LEO power level of 4 kW up to GEO spacecraft about 1 MW. The system is modular, expandable, and amenable to learning curve cost projection methods     

雷电地面电场分布的3维 DBM模型仿真参数影响分析

采用荷电圆盘雷云解析模型作激励源,利用电介质击穿模型进行了地闪先导放电高分辨力3维数值模拟,得到了先导近地500 m时概率指数和击穿发展阈值对地面电场分布的影响。通过计算机模拟,得到了概率指数η和击穿阈值Ecrit对地面电场分布的影响,同时也验证了这2个参数对建立放电模型的重要性,为通过这一模型进行任意雷电发生时的地面电场分布模拟奠定了基础。     

航天器在轨全过程表面辐射热计算数值仿真研究

对在轨航天器表面辐射热计算进行了全过程数值仿真研究。航天器结构较复杂,针对不同结构进行区域分解,对几何模型进行相应的规则化,同时采用结构化网格和非结构化网格建立通用的计算网格自生成技术。仿真过程重点考虑了任意曲面的网格自动划分和任意形状交界面的数据传递,兼顾几何结构、物理过程、计算精度和计算速度。将有限元法和能束均匀分布法相结合计算角系数和辐射传递系数。将积分法和能束均匀分布法相结合计算外热流。由于在轨航天器表面多用多层隔热组件包裹,针对这部分结构采用节点网络法和控制容积法计算其表面温度,而未被包裹的结构采用有限元法计算其表面温度。对具有辐射换热关系的非连通区域温度场的有限元计算进行了分析和公式推导。最后,用Microsoft VC++6.0编程设计开发了近地轨道航天器表面辐射热计算仿真软件。     

Electromagnetic characteristics of carbon nanotube film materials

Carbon nanotube(CNT) possesses remarkable electrical conductivity, which shows great potential for the application as electromagnetic shielding material.This paper aims to characterize the electromagnetic parameters of a high CNT loading film by using waveguide method.The effects of layer number of CNT laminate, CNT alignment and resin impregnation on the electromagnetic characteristics were analyzed.It is shown that CNT film exhibits anisotropic electromagnetic characteristic.Pristine CNT film shows higher real part of complex permittivity, conductivity and shielding effectiveness when the polarized direction of incident wave is perpendicular to the winding direction of CNT film.For the CNT film laminates, complex permittivity increases with increasing layer number, and correspondingly, shielding effectiveness decreases.The five-layer CNT film shows extraordinary shielding performance with shielding effectiveness ranging from 67 d B to78 d B in X-band.Stretching process induces the alignment of CNTs.When aligned direction of CNTs is parallel to the electric field, CNT film shows negative permittivity and higher conductivity.Moreover, resin impregnation into CNT film leads to the decrease of conductivity and shielding effectiveness.This research will contribute to the structural design for the application of CNT film as electromagnetic shielding materials.     

高风速下介质阻挡放电等离子体气动激励抑制翼-身组合体失速分离的试验研究

在较高风速下研究介质阻挡放电等离子体气动激励对翼一身组合体绕流流动的控制效果。结果表明：在来流风速100m／s的情况下,介质阻挡放电等离子体气动激励能较好地抑制流动分离,失速迎角推迟约30％,升阻比最大提高80％。研究结果为等离子体流动控制技术的应用奠定重要基础。