翼型近尾迹流动的PIV研究—动力学机制

利用在线式互相关PIV(ParticleImageVelocimetry)系统,在低速风洞中对NACA0012翼型在雷诺数2.39×105,0°和4°攻角下的近尾迹流动进行了详细测量。实验结果表明,翼型近尾迹存在有序的涡街结构,涡街在尾缘处形成后,在向下游的迁移中,会经历一个发展壮大、失稳破碎的演化过程,流动从有序走向无序。翼型的近尾迹是一种以旋涡的运动学特性和动力学机制为主导的流动现象。本文着重探讨了翼型尾缘处的涡街形成机理,尾迹内的流动机制,以及近尾迹的流动稳定性。      

Effects of wing flexibility on aerodynamic performance of an aircraft model

The low-speed wind tunnel experiment is carried out on a simplified aircraft model to explore the influence of wing flexibility on the aircraft aerodynamic performance. The investigation involves the measurements of force, membrane deformation and velocity field at Reynolds number of 5.4 × 10⁴–1.1 × 10⁵. In the lift curves, two peaks are observed. The first peak, corresponding to the stall, is sensitive to the wing flexibility much more than the second peak, which nearly keeps constant. For the optimal case, in comparison with the rigid wing model, the delayed stall of nearly 5° is achieved, and the relative lift increment is about 90%. It is revealed that the lift enhanced region corresponds to the larger deformation and stronger vibration, which leads to stronger flow mixing near the flexible wing surface. Thereby, the leading-edge separation is suppressed, and the aerodynamic performance is improved significantly. Furthermore, the effects of sweep angle and Reynolds number on the aerodynamic characteristics of flexible wing are also presented.     

超音速细长梯形翼背风面流型

给出了前缘后掠６５°、双弧形剖面的细长梯形翼背风面流动显示结果。实验Ｍａｃｈ数为１．１０,１．５３,２．５３,３．０１和４．０１,攻角范围为５°～２５°。应用蒸汽屏、纹影和油流技术拍摄了空间和表面流型照片。蒸汽屏显示表明：在机翼背风面三角形区域的空间流型随法向攻角αＮ（在垂直于前缘的平面内流速与弦线间的夹角）和法向Ｍａｃｈ数ＭａＮ（来流Ｍａｃｈ数在垂直于前缘平面内的分量）变化,并可在αＮ和ＭａＮ为坐标的平面上划分出７种流型存在的区域。侧缘区有侧缘分离涡形成;后缘有尾涡拖出。从纹影照片与横截面上的蒸汽屏照片对照可获得机翼锥面激波位置随Ｍａｃｈ数的变化;以及激波－诱导分离线位置随Ｍａｃｈ数和攻角变化曲线。机翼表面油流谱显示出了主再附线、二次分离线、二次再附线和侧缘涡区。显示出的流型与其他有关实验和数值计算结果比较符合得很好     

沿流向微结构沟槽流场直接数值模拟

采用高阶格式对覆有V型对称沟槽表面的槽道湍流流动进行了直接数值模拟,数值方法采用有限差分法。为精确求解沟槽壁面的湍流流动,对流项的离散采用7阶WENO（Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory）格式;时间推进采用分数步时间推进与低耗散、低色散Runge-Kutta方法（LDDRK方法）结合的格式;黏性项的离散采用6阶中心格式。模拟的雷诺数为5 000（基于槽道高度的1/2）,计算的沟槽宽度范围为13~44,沟槽斜壁与水平面夹角为60°。数值模拟结果表明,与平板相比,沿流向沟槽表面的阻力最高降低了9%。数据分析发现出现减阻效果时,沟槽减少了近壁面处顺流向涡的数目,并且减阻机理与微沟槽阻碍大尺度流向涡与沟槽壁面的直接碰撞,使沟槽表面湍流脉动得到削弱有关。     

Vortex dynamics and entropy generation in separated transitional flow over a compressor blade at various incidence angles

The transition process within a Laminar Separation Bubble（LSB） that formed on a compressor blade surface was investigated using Large Eddy Simulations（LESs） at a Reynolds number of 1.5×10⁵ and incidence angles of 0°,+3°,and+5°.The vortex dynamics in the separated shear layers were compared at various incidence angles and its effects on the loss generation were clarified through entropy analysis.Results showed that transition onset,which was accurately identified by the Linear Stabilit...     

翼型近尾迹流动的PIV研究—运动学特性

利用在线式PIV系统(ParticleImageVelocimetry),在低速风洞中对NACA0012翼型在雷诺数2.39×105,0°和4°攻角下的近尾迹流动进行了实验研究。实验结果表明,在较高的雷诺数下翼型近尾迹流动是一种以旋涡的运动学和动力学特性为主导的湍流剪切流。在测量范围内,翼型的尾缘处是近尾迹涡街的形成区;尾缘后0.5倍弦长的区域存在类似于卡门涡街的有序结构,是旋涡发展区域,旋涡具有较好的稳定性;距翼型尾缘0.5倍弦长至1倍弦长的区域,是翼型近尾迹流动由有序走向无序区域,旋涡开始破裂。翼型表面边界层对翼型近尾迹湍流剪切流的演化有重要影响。实验结果还给出了近尾迹流动的平均速度、湍流强度和剪切应变变化率,以及速度脉动量的二阶关联量u'u',u'v'和v'v' 的分布。      

Study of riblet drag reduction for an infinite span wing with different sweep angles

This paper studies the riblet drag reduction effect for an infinite swept wing under a low Reynolds number using a large-eddy simulation. The results show that the drag reduction ratio is not linear under different sweep angles. The maximum drag reduction ratio in this study is 9.5% for a wing with a 45° sweep angle. The local surface streamline angle and turbulence quantities are calculated to analyze the drag reduction mechanism. The results demonstrate that the riblets considerably suppress the Reynolds stresses above the wing upper surface, while the turbulence kinetic energy in the near wake is increased. A possible relaminarization phenomenon is observed at the middle part of the wing. Quasi-two-dimensional flow structures are observed near the wall, and a peak frequency is considered as the dominant frequency of the region.     

带背鳍平板三角翼分离涡流场的显示与测量

对后掠角82.5°的平板三角翼和在其对称面分别加低、高背鳍后的组合体在低速风洞进行了烟粒子/激光片光流场显示与测量实验,实验迎角29°,侧滑角为0°.结果表明:对于单独平板三角翼和加高背鳍组合体,其流场是对称、锥型和稳定的;而加上低高度背鳍后,涡变得非对称、非锥型和不稳定.实验结果直接验证了前人关于细长锥体分离涡的稳定性理论,并给出了旋涡失稳后流场的具体表现特性.     

低雷诺数下二维翼型绕流的流场特性分析

采用高精度有限差分格式,对低雷诺数下二维翼型绕流进行了直接数值模拟,计算了雷诺数为1.0×104,NACA0012翼型0°,4°以及10°攻角下的流场。计算结果表明:在0°和4°攻角条件下,翼型绕流尾迹区的统计特性相似,0°攻角下的统计量值具有很好的对称性;在距翼型尾缘0.3弦长以后的尾迹区,旋涡排列成类似涡街的结构,涡量的极值、压力的极小值都位于旋涡中心,沿着流向,涡量极值的绝对值逐渐减小,压力的极小值逐渐增大。10°攻角下,翼型上表面从前缘开始分离,尾迹区统计分析结果所得图象与0°和4°完全不同,数值上较后者结果大;在翼型尾缘处,涡量的卷吸,高压力区域的形成,是旋涡脱落的条件,正向和反向旋涡的交替脱落,形成了类似涡街的结构。      

旋涡运动研究的某些进展

 本文简要介绍研究旋涡运动在以下问题上的某些结果:低速不同后掠角三角翼在各个迎角下的九种分离流类型及其边界;应用微分方程定性论与拓扑学对三维分离流与旋涡流的分析;旋涡破裂形态,对三角翼前缘涡破裂的实验研究与理论分析;受控分离与旋涡的干扰,二旋涡的位移、绕转与合并等。     

Experimental study of flow field distribution over a generic cranked double delta wing

The flow fields over a generic cranked double delta wing were investigated. Pressure and velocity distributions were obtained using a Pitot tube and a hot wire anemometer. Two different leading edge shapes, namely ‘‘sharp" and ‘‘round", were applied to the wing. The wing had two sweep angles of 55° and 30°. The experiments were conducted in a closed circuit wind tunnel at velocity 20 m/s and angles of attack of 5°–20° with the step of 5°. The Reynolds number of the model was about 2 ×10~5 according to the root chord. A dual vortex structure was formed above the wing surface. A pressure drop occurred at the vortex core and the root mean square of the measured velocity increased at the core of the vortices, reflecting the instability of the flow in that region. The magnitude of power spectral density increased strongly in spanwise direction and had the maximum value at the vortex core. By increasing the angle of attack, the pressure drop increased and the vortices became wider; the vortices moved inboard along the wing, and away from the surface; the flow separation was initiated from the outer portion of the wing and developed to its inner part. The vortices of the wing of the sharp leading edge were stronger than those of the round one.     

细长翼分离涡的布涡计算法

 细长翼在迎角稍大时,前缘卷起螺旋状分离涡,使上表面压力降低,升力增加。涡襟翼技术也是利用前缘涡的这一特性提高升阻比的。为计算有分离涡的机翼特性,须研究分离涡层的卷起和涡层之间相互干扰的计算方法。早期Brown和Michael,Smith等在锥形流假设下,应用细长体理论计算过三角翼的气动特性。Sack和尹协远等放弃锥形流假设,用离散涡代替脱体涡层,但仍用保角转绘法处理横流面内绕翼面流动。这类方法对横截面形状较复杂的细长翼（如带涡襟翼的机翼）,因转绘函数复杂,计算困难。本文为避免转绘带来的困难,采用直接布涡法计算有分离涡的机翼气动特性。     

平面埋入式进气道的口面参数选择与试验验证

为了提高飞行器的隐身性能和降低其迎风阻力,采用具有平面腹部的低雷达截面外形机身与埋入式进气道的组合是一种良好的解决方案。但迄今尚未有成熟的平面埋入式进气道设计方法可供借鉴,为此对平面埋入式进气道口面参数进行了组合对比研究,旨在通过口面参数的选择来改善进气道的气动性能。在此基础上,选择一组口面参数设计了一梯形进口的平面埋入式进气道方案,并进行了高速风洞试验验证。研究结果表明:(1)进口侧棱决定了所产生的卷吸涡的强度,而前唇口导流角决定了进口段的横向压力梯度,两者均是驱动主流进入进气道内部的关键因素,为此对进气道总压恢复系数和周向畸变指数均有着重要影响;后唇口型线特征参数对进气道出口总压高低压区的分布起着调节作用,为此可以作为控制周向畸变指数的一种辅助措施。(2)合适的口面参数能明显改善平面埋入式进气道的性能。选取23°导流角、4°侧棱角以及30°后唇口型线特征参数组合进行了方案设计和风洞试验验证,在Ma₀=0.7,α＝-2°~8°,β＝0°~2°的范围内,进气道的总压恢复系数在0.920~0.952之间,周向畸变指数在1.142%~2.237%之间,达到了实用水平。(3)研究范围内,攻角的增加有利于改善平面埋入式进气道的总压恢复系数和周向畸变指数,而小角度侧滑时对出口流场畸变的影响不大,不仅未下降,反而稍有增加。     

Behavior of wake vortices near the ground over a large range of Reynolds numbers

Numerical simulations based on the two-dimensional vorticity-stream function formulation are used to investigate the behavior of wake vortices near the ground over a wide Reynolds number range and to determine the maximum height the primary vortices reach far downstream of the lifting wing. All cases within the studied Reynolds number range (3 · 10² ≤ Re_Γ ≤ 3 · 10⁶) show the separation of boundary layer vorticity from the ground, the formation of vortices in the separation region and one or several rebounds of the primary vortex pair. The amount of circulation produced within the boundary layer shows only minor variations, while an increasing Reynolds number results in an increasing number of generated vortices with decreasing circulation. The minimum altitude of the primary vortex pair increases with a decreasing Reynolds number, while the maximum altitude far downstream does not show a regular dependence on the Reynolds number. For all Reynolds numbers the maximum altitude of the primary vortices far downstream is smaller than 3.1 times their initial spacing. This result is confirmed by theoretical deductions yielding an upper limit for the maximum altitude of the primary vortices after several rebounds.     

小展弦比机翼加装格尼襟翼的低雷诺数试验

通过风洞试验研究了在低雷诺数下加装格尼襟翼的小展弦比机翼气动特性,机翼展弦比为1.67,格尼襟翼为1%~4%弦长高度,试验雷诺数分别为2.0×105和5.0×105.天平测力和表面测压的试验结果表明:低雷诺数下小展弦比机翼加装一定高度的格尼襟翼后,升力系数明显提高,加装1%弦长高度的格尼襟翼还能够提高机翼的升阻比.这是因为在试验雷诺数下,合适高度的襟翼在提高了机翼升力的同时并未显著增大机翼阻力.对比不同试验雷诺数下格尼襟翼的作用效果,表明格尼襟翼能够减少低雷诺数气流分离的不利影响,并且在较小的雷诺数下这种作用更加显著.关于格尼襟翼对低雷诺数层流分离现象的影响,还需要通过细致的流场显示技术进行研究.      

钝前缘三角翼无人机气动特性研究

三角翼布局因其优良的气动特性在军用飞机和无人机上获得了广泛应用.为了研究钝前缘三角翼无人机的气动特性,首先采用求解雷诺平均N-S方程的方法对NASA钝前缘三角翼标模进行对比计算,以验证计算方法的可靠度;然后对无人机四个升降舵偏角的气动力和流场特性进行分析研究.结果表明:三角翼无人机在升力系数较小时具有较高的升阻比,当迎角小于1 5°时,钝前缘三角翼前缘气流附体、吸力较高,翼面的横向流动不明显,使飞机的升阻比提高;当迎角大于15°后,涡流特征起主导作用,使得飞机在直到40°迎角范围内没有出现大面积气流分离,具有良好的俯仰稳定性,升降舵效率较高.钝前缘三角翼气动布局在翼展受限、翼载较小的条件下具有一定的气动特性优势.     

Numerical investigation on flow mechanism in a supersonic fluidic oscillator

A type of supersonic fluidic oscillator is proposed and its ability to generate pulsating supersonic jet is proved in this paper. Unsteady two-dimensional numerical simulations reveal that the fluid transforms from subsonic to supersonic condition in the mixing chamber of oscillator after the supplied flow pressure increases from 1.1 × 10⁵ Pa to 5.0 × 10⁵ Pa. When the supersonic flow is formed inside the oscillator, the wall-attached flow represents expansion wave and compression wave alternately. The oscillating frequency will saturate to a certain value with the increase of supplied pressure. Examination of the internal fluid dynamics indicates that the flow direction inside the FeedBack Channel (FBC) is related to the change of the local pressure at the inlet and the outlet of the feedback channel. The vortices produced in the mixing chamber present different distribution characteristics with the change of the fluid’s direction in the FBC. The sweeping jet is divided into two jets with varying flow rate over time by the splitter. In the end of two channels, two jets are accelerated above sound speed by convergent-divergent nozzle. Therefore, pulsating supersonic jets are produced at two outlets for this type of fluidic oscillator.     

角度和孔间距对双向扩张型孔流量系数影响的实验

为了研究非常规扩张孔的流动特性,测量了一排7个双向扩张孔的平均流量系数.气膜孔的前倾角为20°,45°和90°,径向角为0°,30°和65°,孔间距与孔径比为2,3和4.动量比变化范围为1到8.结果表明,径向角为0°的流量系数随前倾角的增加显著增加.前倾角为20°的流量系数随径向角的增加略有减小.前倾角为90°的流量系数随孔间距的增加而增加.      

Effect of drag reducing riblet surface on coherent structure in turbulent boundary layer

The characteristics of turbulent boundary layer over streamwise aligned drag reducing riblet surface under zero-pressure gradient are investigated using particle image velocimetry. The formation and distribution of large-scale coherent structures and their effect on momentum partition are analyzed using two-point correlation and probability density function. Compared with smooth surface, the streamwise riblets reduce the friction velocity and Reynolds stress in the turbulent boundary layer, indicating the drag reduction effect. Strong correlation has been found between the occurrence of hairpin vortices and the momentum distribution. The number and streamwise length scale of hairpin vortices decrease over streamwise riblet surface. The correlation between number of uniform momentum zones and Reynolds number remains the same as smooth surface.     

Flow characteristics in a rotor-stator cavity with cooling air inlet at low radius

Experiments were conducted on a typical rotor-stator system where air entered through an annular slot at low radius and flowed out of the cavity axially through a rim seal between the rotor and the stator. For the seal in this rotor-stator system, the stationary shroud overlapped the rotating one. Pressure distributions at the stator surface and flow resistance coefficients of the rotor-stator cavity with a maximum gap of 67mm were measured under different dimensionless mass flow rates from 1.32×104 to 4.87×104 with a large range of rotational Reynolds numbers from 0.418×106 to 2.484×106. The results show that pressure on the stator surface decreases with the increase of rotational Reynolds number when the dimensionless mass flow rate is below 1.3×104; when the dimensionless mass flow rate is above 3.034×104, the trend reverses. This is the so-called "pressure inversion effect". However, dimensionless pressure does not show the same changes when rotational dynamic pressure is chosen as the denominator. The resistance coefficient of the rotor-stator cavity is determined by the dimensionless mass flow rate and rotational Reynolds number; for practical application, the resistance coefficient can also be estimated by the turbulent flow parameter in the range of turbulent parameter from 0.1 to 1.6.