翼型前缘变形对动态失速效应影响的数值计算

翼型或机翼的动态失速效应所引起的低头力矩和正气动阻尼限制了飞行器气动性能的提高,甚至可能诱导发生不稳定运动。应用于小尺寸机翼的前缘动态变形（DDLE）技术,通过实时改变前缘形状,能够改善翼型前缘区域的速度梯度,进而抑制动态失速效应。采用转捩剪切应力输运（SST）黏性模型结合分区混合动态网格技术,研究了这种前缘变形对机翼俯仰运动所引起的非定常流动的影响,得到通过小幅度前缘变形抑制和延迟动态失速的方法,从而提高翼型的气动性能。翼型NAC A0012的数值模拟结果与动态失速风洞试验结果比较表明：所使用的数值计算方法能够较为准确地模拟翼型在动态失速过程中升力系数与俯仰力矩系数的变化情况,可用于研究前缘变形对翼型俯仰运动所引起的非定常流动的影响。前缘动态变形翼型俯仰运动过程的非定常流场的数值模拟表明：在大迎角下不同幅度的前缘下垂运动能够抑制流动分离的发生,从而抑制动态失速,但在大迎角下小幅度高频率的前缘下垂变形能更高效地抑制动态失速;前缘变形幅度以及变形沿中弧线的分布对升力系数和俯仰力矩系数的影响并不明显。     

翼型动态失速等离子体流动控制试验

针对动态失速引起的翼型气动性能恶化的问题,利用小型化的激励电源和介质阻挡放电等离子体激励器,借助动态压力测量和外触发式粒子图像测速（PIV）等手段开展了翼型动态失速等离子体流动控制试验研究。结果表明,等离子体气动激励能够有效控制翼型动态失速,改善平均气动力,提高翼型气动效率,减小气动力随迎角变化的迟滞区域。等离子体诱导出前缘附近的贴体翼面涡,促进分离流再附;增加了上翼面0.2~0.4弦长区域的吸力,减小了升力系数功率谱密度（PSD）分布的二、三、四阶能量幅值,在研究工况下实现了平均升力系数增加7.1%、失速迎角推迟1.3°和迟滞区域减小4.5%的明显控制效果;4°~9°迎角段,等离子体使得翼型平均阻力系数减小40%。此外,振荡频率增加使翼型绕流的非定常性增强,较高雷诺数下的翼型动态分离涡更加难以被抑制,均需要增加等离子体激励强度才能达到较好的控制效果。     

Individual influence of pitching and plunging motions on flow structures over an airfoil during dynamic stall

The individual influence of pitching and plunging motions on flow structures is studied experimentally by changing the phase lag between the geometrical angle of attack and the plunging angle of attack. Five phase lags are chosen as the experimental parameters, while the Strouhal number, the reduced frequency and the Reynolds number are fixed. During the motion of the airfoil, the leading edge vortex, the reattached vortex and the secondary vortex are observed in the flow field. The leading edge vortex is found to be the main flow structure through the proper orthogonal decomposition. The increase of phase lag results in the increase of the leading edge velocity, which strongly influences the leading edge shear layer and the leading edge vortex. The plunging motion contributes to the development of the leading edge shear layer, while the pitching motion is the key reason for instability of the leading edge shear layer. It is also found that a certain increase of phase lag, around 34.15° in this research, can increase the airfoil lift.     

褶皱位置对蜻蜓滑翔翼气动性能的影响

改变昆虫翅膀的褶皱结构可以优化翼型的气动性能,有利于微型飞行器的气动设计。以蜻蜓翼作为参考,采用计算流体力学（CFD）的方法计算了攻角范围为0°~20°,雷诺数范围为700~2300时褶皱位于前缘、尾缘和中部位置时三种翼型的滑翔气动性能。结果表明:在不同攻角和雷诺数下,褶皱位于尾缘的翼型具有最大的升力系数和升阻比,滑翔气动性能最优;当雷诺数为1500,攻角为10°时,褶皱位于尾缘的翼型时均升力系数分别比位于前缘和中部的翼型提高了58%和82%,升阻比分别提高了49%和33%;这是由于尾缘褶皱中的涡起到了延缓前缘涡脱落的作用,使前缘涡更为集中,更贴近壁面。      

Separation control on NACA23012 using synthetic jet

A numerical study of separation control has been made to investigate aerodynamic characteristics of NACA23012 airfoil with synthetic jets. Computed results demonstrated that stall characteristics and control surface performance could be substantially improved by resizing separation vortices. The maximum lift was obtained when the separation point coincides with the synthetic jet location and the non-dimensional frequency is about 1. In addition, separation control effect was proportional to the peak velocity of the synthetic jet. It was observed that the actual flow control mechanism and flow structure is fundamentally different depending on the range of synthetic jet frequency. For low frequency range, small vortices due to synthetic jet penetrated to the large leading edge separation vortex, and as a result, the size of the leading edge vortex was remarkably reduced. For high frequency range, however, small vortex did not grow up enough to penetrate into the leading edge separation vortex. Instead, synthetic jet firmly attached the local flow and influenced the circulation of the virtual airfoil shape which is the combined shape of the main airfoil with the separation vortex. As a way to reduce the jet peak velocity, performance of a multi-array synthetic jet was investigated. Moreover, a high frequency multi-location synthetic jet was exploited to efficiently eliminate the unstable flow structure which was observed in low frequency range. Finally, by changing the phase angle in multi-location synthetic jets, highly controlled flow characteristics could be obtained with multi-array/multi-location synthetic jets. This shows efficiency of the current approach in separation control using synthetic jet.     

Numerical study of separation on the trailing edge of a symmetrical airfoil at a low Reynolds number

This study focuses on the trailing-edge separation of a symmetrical airfoil at a low Rey-nolds number. Finite volume method is adopted to solve the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation. Flow of the symmetrical airfoil SD8020 at a low Reynolds number has been simulated. Laminar separation bubble in the flow field of the airfoil is observed and process of unsteady bubble burst and vortex shedding from airfoil surfaces is investigated. The time-dependent lift coefficient is characteristic of periodic fluctuations and the lift curve varies nonlinearly with the attack of angle. Laminar separation occurs on both surfaces of airfoil at small angles of attack. With the increase of angle of attack, laminar separation occurs and then reattaches near the trailing edge on the upper surface of airfoil, which forms laminar separation bubble. When the attack of angle reaches certain value, the laminar separation bubble is unstable and produces two kinds of large scale vortex, i.e. primary vortex and secondary vortex. The periodic processes that include secondary vortex production, motion of secondary vortex and vortex shedding cause fluctuation of the lift coefficient. The periodic time varies with attack of angle. The secondary vortex is relatively stronger than the primary vortex, which means its influence is relatively stronger than the primary vortex.     

扇翼飞行器翼型附面层控制数值模拟

基于扇翼飞行器翼型特殊的几何形状及流场特性,在原有翼型的弧形槽下方和后缘加装控制阀门,通过调节阀门开启及开启尺寸的大小,利用弧形槽低压涡所产生的吸力对翼型后缘的附面层进行一定的控制,达到增升减阻的效果。通过采用计算流体力学的方法对其机理及阀门开启尺寸的影响进行了详细计算和分析,研究表明当阀门开启的尺寸为10 mm时,修改翼型的最大升力系数、失速迎角及相同迎角下的升力系数和推力系数均大于基本翼型;随着阀门开启尺寸的增大,修改翼型的最大升力系数和失速迎角均减小,但是在失速前,修改翼型在相同迎角下的升力系数大于基本翼型。此方法可以改变先前通过增大横流风扇的转速来提高其气动性能的做法,减小了能量的消耗,增大了整个飞行器的航程,为扇翼飞行器能够早日投入实际运用奠定了一定的理论基础。     

一种新型风机翼型设计思路的探索研究

提出了一种新型风机叶片的翼型设计思想。通过在翼型上表面后缘附近设计一个凹坑,形成了一种稳定的驻涡流动,利用该驻涡的影响,与传统的Gurney襟翼联合作用下,提高翼型的气动性能。通过将该方法在瑞士FFA-W3-301风机翼型上的初步运用,数值模拟结果表明:所提出的新型翼型设计思路,不但可以在相同迎角下提高翼型的升力系数,而且可以将原来翼型的失速迎角从12°提高到18°,极大地扩大了翼型的迎角工作范围。是一种具有一定探索潜力的新思想。     

Experimental study of ice accretion effects on aerodynamic performance of an NACA 23012 airfoil

In this paper,the effects of icing on an NACA 23012 airfoil have been studied.Experiments were applied on the clean airfoil,runback ice,horn ice,and spanwise ridge ice at a Reynolds number of 0.6 106 over angles of attack from 8° to 20°,and then results are compared.Generally,it is found that ice accretion on the airfoil can contribute to formation of a flow separation bubble on the upper surface downstream from the leading edge.In addition,it is made clear that spanwise ridge ice provides the greatest negative effect on the aerodynamic performance of the airfoil.In this case,the stall angle drops about 10° and the maximum lift coefficient reduces about50% which is hazardous for an airplane.While horn ice leads to a stall angle drop of about 4° and a maximum lift coefficient reduction to 21%,runback ice has the least effect on the flow pattern around the airfoil and the aerodynamic coefficients so as the stall angle decreases 2° and the maximum lift reduces about 8%.     

前缘下垂结合内吹式襟翼失速特性研究

内吹式襟翼具有高效的增升能力,但失速迎角在较高的吹气动量系数下下降明显,为改善其失速特性,研究内吹式襟翼加装前缘下垂后的失速特性。对前缘下垂结合无缝襟翼的亚声速翼型在环量控制作用下的流场进行数值模拟,研究吹气动量系数对失速特性的影响规律,前缘刚性偏转、弯度变化和厚度变化对失速特性的改善作用,以及改变襟翼偏角研究前缘下垂的作用效果。结果表明：随着吹气动量系数的增加,失速迎角先迅速下降再略微增加;前缘下垂装置减小了翼型上表面逆压梯度,延缓了翼型边界层动量厚度随迎角增加而增加的趋势,能有效提高失速迎角;通过逐渐改变前缘表面曲率,实现了前缘下垂设计对失速特性改善的最好效果。     

涡襟翼在不同雷诺数下的控制分离特性研究

受鸟类抬起羽毛控制分离流的启发,涡襟翼成为翼型大迎角分离流的控制措施之一。采用数值模拟方法研究不同雷诺数下涡襟翼在控制翼型大迎角分离流动时的气动特性及其物理机制。结果表明：涡襟翼在低雷诺数下能够极大地改善翼型的大迎角升力特性,其物理机理是涡襟翼将翼型主分离涡的涡心位置控制在离翼型更近的区域,且涡心位置的涡量得到大幅提升,使得涡心附近的低压特性影响到翼型上表面,而且涡襟翼能够将翼型上方前区的低压与下游的高压隔开;但是在高雷诺数（对应常规飞机雷诺数）下涡襟翼改善翼型大迎角气动特性的效果远不如低雷诺数情况,由此解释了为什么鸟类能够通过羽毛抬起提高升力特性,而常规飞机的涡襟翼只能作为阻力板使用的原因。     

Aerodynamic shape optimization for alleviating dynamic stall characteristics of helicopter rotor airfoil

In order to alleviate the dynamic stall effects in helicopter rotor, the sequential quadratic programming(SQP) method is employed to optimize the characteristics of airfoil under dynamic stall conditions based on the SC1095 airfoil. The geometry of airfoil is parameterized by the class-shape-transformation(CST) method, and the C-topology body-fitted mesh is then automatically generated around the airfoil by solving the Poisson equations. Based on the grid generation technology, the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) equations are chosen as the governing equations for predicting airfoil flow field and the highly-efficient implicit scheme of lower–upper symmetric Gauss–Seidel(LU-SGS) is adopted for temporal discretization. To capture the dynamic stall phenomenon of the rotor more accurately, the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model is employed to close the RANS equations. The optimized airfoil with a larger leading edge radius and camber is obtained. The leading edge vortex and trailing edge separation of the optimized airfoil under unsteady conditions are obviously weakened, and the dynamic stall characteristics of optimized airfoil at different Mach numbers, reduced frequencies and angles of attack are also obviously improved compared with the baseline SC1095 airfoil. It is demonstrated that the optimized method is effective and the optimized airfoil is suitable as the helicopter rotor airfoil.     

无限翼展后掠翼大迎角绕流和涡控制的数值模拟

通过数值求解Ｎａｖｉｅｒ－Ｓｔｏｋｅｓ方程,研究了无限翼展直后掠翼在不同后掠角下的大迎角粘性分离流,探讨了后掠角对流场结构和升阻力特性的影响。基于对流动特性的机理分析,文中进一步数值模拟了无限展长后掠惭带表面吹吸气的大迎角绕流,研究了以非定常质量引射作为外激发手段对后掠翼前缘涡形成、发展和脱泻、以及对提高机翼升力特性的影响。     

Numerical analysis of broadband noise reduction with wavy leading edge

Large Eddy Simulation(LES) is performed to investigate the airfoil broadband noise reduction with wavy leading edge under anisotropic incoming turbulence. The anisotropic incoming turbulence is generated by a rod with a diameter of 10 mm. The incoming flow velocity is 40 m/s and the corresponding Reynolds numbers based on airfoil chord and rod diameter are about 397000 and 26000, respectively. The far-field acoustic field is predicted using an acoustic analogy method which has been validated by the experiment. A straight leading edge airfoil and a wavy leading edge airfoil are simulated. The results show that wavy leading edge increases the airfoil lift and drag whereas the lift and drag fluctuations are substantially reduced. In addition, wavy leading edge can significantly change the flow pattern around the leading edge and a pair of counter-rotating streamwise vortices stemming from each wavy leading edge peak are observed.An averaged noise reduction of 9.5 dB is observed with the wavy leading edge at the azimuthal angle of 90°. Moreover, the wavy leading edge can mitigate noise radiation at all the azimuthal angles without significantly changing the noise directivity. The underlying noise reduction mechanisms are then analyzed in detail.     

Experiments on unsteady vortex flowfield of typical rotor airfoils under dynamic stall conditions

A new experiment for airfoil dynamic stall is conducted by employing the advanced particle image velocimetry(PIV) technology in an open-return wind tunnel. The aim of this experimental investigation is to demonstrate the influences of different motion parameters on the convection velocity, position and strength of leading edge vortex(LEV) of airfoil under different dynamic stall conditions. Two different typical rotor airfoils, OA209 and SC1095, are measured at different free stream velocities, oscillation frequencies, and angles of attack. It is demonstrated by the measured data that the airfoil with larger leading edge radius could notably decrease the strength of LEV. The angle of attack(Ao A) of airfoil can obviously influence the dynamic stall characteristics of airfoil,and the LEV would be effectively inhibited by decreasing the mean pitch angle. In addition, the convection velocity of LEV is estimated in this measurement, and the results demonstrate that the influence of airfoil shape on convection velocity of LEV is limited, but the convection velocity of LEV would be increased by enlarging the oscillation frequency. Meanwhile, the convection velocity of LEV is a time variant value, and this value would increase as the LEV convects to the trailing edge of airfoil.     

射频介质阻挡放电改善NACA 0015翼型气动性能的实验

介质阻挡放电(DBD)均匀稳定、易于敷设,是机翼/翼型等离子体流动控制(PFC)中最常用的激励方式。射频介质阻挡放电激励频率高、放电功率大,且能在流场中产生明显的加热,应用潜力大。采用射频电源驱动DBD激励器产生等离子体,分析放电的体积力、热特性和诱导流场特性,开展了射频介质阻挡放电改善NACA 0015翼型气动性能的实验,研究了占空比、调制频率、载波频率和电源功率等参数对流动控制效果的影响规律。结果表明:射频等离子体激励的体积力效应随激励电压的增大而增加;射频等离子体激励产生的热量在诱导的流场中进行传导,加速流场;当来流速度为20m/s,Re=3.36×10~5时,在翼型前缘施加激励,使翼型临界失速迎角推迟1°,最大升力系数增大6.43%,且在过失速迎角下仍具有流动控制效果,使升力下降变缓;调制频率越大,控制效果越好;存在最佳占空比、载波频率和功率,占空比对流场控制效果的影响最显著,最佳占空比、载波频率和功率分别为20%,460kHz和50W。射频等离子体激励以体积力效应、热效应和诱导壁面射流改善失速流场,使得NACA0015翼型气动性能极大改善,流动分离得到有效控制。     

仿生正弦前缘对翼面动态失速的影响

动态失速导致叶片气动载荷急剧变化，造成振动载荷激增，桨叶寿命大幅衰减。针对动态失速问题，从座头鲸胸鳍在动态倾转下取得良好的流动特性获得启示，据此模化出仿生正弦前缘翼面（包含3种波峰和2种波长），旨在实现动态失速控制。借助三维非定常数值模拟方法，采用运动网格技术，基于SC1095旋翼翼型，研究了仿生前缘动态失速流动控制机理及运动参数和来流速度的影响。结果表明：正弦前缘大幅度降低俯仰力矩系数峰值和阻力系数峰值；前缘波峰越大、波长越小，阻力系数峰值与俯仰力矩系数峰值的抑制效果越明显，虽然升力系数峰值减小，但其减小量远小于前两者，例如其中一种仿生翼使俯仰力矩系数峰值减小了47.7%，阻力系数峰值减小了36.4%，升力系数峰值减小14.1%；在最大迎角附近，正弦前缘能够缓和失速特性，使载荷变化更为平缓；在高平均迎角、低俯仰频率、低马赫数下，仿生翼动态失速控制效果更强，相比较而言迎角振幅的影响较小。     

双后掠鸭翼气动特性的数值模拟

首先针对具有中等前缘后掠角梯形鸭翼的缺点提出双后掠鸭翼概念,然后分别对安装梯形鸭翼和双后掠鸭翼的近距耦合鸭式布局的气动性能进行数值模拟研究,分析影响双后掠鸭翼气动性能的流动机理。研究表明：在大迎角时,对于双后掠鸭翼,具有较大前缘后掠角的外翼段可以使鸭翼涡在涡核破裂后仍能形成稳定集中涡并保持较高的强度,增加鸭翼本身的失速迎角,并通过诱导作用改善机翼外翼段流场,进而提高全机大迎角性能,但在小迎角时会破坏鸭翼附着流或前缘气泡涡的发展,造成略微的升力损失。拥有较大失速迎角的双后掠鸭翼在小迎角时具有较大的可用偏度,可以增强布局的抬头控制能力。双后掠鸭翼在满足隐身约束的前提下,超声速阻力较小,具有较好的超声速性能。     

仿生学翼型尾缘锯齿降噪机理

采用大涡模拟与声类比的方法研究了尾缘锯齿对翼型自噪声的影响。以SD2030翼型为研究对象,设计的尾缘锯齿幅值为10%弦长,周期为4%弦长。模拟了来流速度为31 m/s、0° 攻角下直尾缘翼型与锯齿尾缘翼型的流场,对应的基于弦长的雷诺数约为310 000。详细分析了尾缘锯齿对翼型尾缘湍流流场的影响,并通过FW-H方程计算大涡模拟提取的声源项,得到直尾缘翼型与锯齿尾缘翼型的声场。研究发现,锯齿尾缘可以明显降低翼型中低频范围内的噪声,在4 000 Hz以下,窄带噪声最多可降低约16 dB。但尾缘锯齿对翼型气动性能有着不利影响。进一步研究表明,该状态下翼型噪声主要由层流边界层引起的涡脱落噪声主导,尾缘锯齿可以抑制层流边界层引起的涡脱落现象,降低翼型升力脉动与尾缘附近的表面压力脉动,减弱尾缘处的低频湍流脉动与涡量,并有效降低尾缘附近涡的展向相关性,这些因素的综合作用使得翼型自噪声降低。     

等离子体气动激励改善增升装置气动性能的试验

针对流动分离导致飞机增升装置气动性能下降的问题,进行了脉冲等离子体气动激励抑制增升装置流动分离的试验。研究了等离子体气动激励的频率、占空比及激励位置等参数对流动控制效果的影响。研究结果表明：等离子体气动激励通过加速近壁面附面层,增强附面层内的能量掺混,可有效抑制主翼和襟翼表面的流动分离,改善增升装置气动性能。在主翼前缘施加激励,可有效控制主翼表面大迎角下的失速分离,最大升力系数增大18.1%、临界失速攻角提高4°;在襟翼前缘施加激励,可有效抑制襟翼表面的流动分离,显著减小阻力,在4°迎角下,将试验模型阻力系数减小了28.7%,升力系数提高了7.1%。占空比对控制效果有较大影响,当占空比为10%～30%时,激励的非定常性更强,控制效果最好;占空比为50%的控制效果次之,占空比为100%时的控制效果最差。来流速度越高,逆压梯度越大,流动分离更难被抑制,控制效果也变差。该研究为在增升装置上应用等离子体流动控制技术提供了理论和方法的基础。