Influence of coupled boundary layer suction and bowed blade on flow field and performance of a diffusion cascade

Based on the investigation of mid-span local boundary layer suction and positive bowed cascade, a coupled local tailored boundary layer suction and positive bowed blade method is developed to improve the performance of a highly loaded diffusion cascade with less suction slot. The effectiveness of the coupled method under different inlet boundary layers is also investigated.Results show that mid-span local boundary layer suction can effectively remove trailing edge separation, but deteriorate the flow fields near the endwall. The positive bowed cascade is beneficial for reducing open corner separation, but is detrimental to mid-span flow fields. The coupled method can further improve the performance and flow field of the cascade. The mid-span trailing edge separation and open corner separation are eliminated. Compared with linear cascade with suction, the coupled method reduces overall loss of the cascade by 31.4% at most. The mid-span loss of the cascade decreases as the suction coefficient increases, but increases as bow angle increases. The endwall loss increases as the suction coefficient increases. By contrast, the endwall loss decreases significantly as the bow angle increases. The endwall loss of coupled controlled cascade is higher than that of bowed cascade with the same bow angle because of the spanwise inverse ‘‘C" shaped static pressure distribution. Under different inlet boundary layer conditions, the coupled method can also improve the cascade effectively.     

Numerical Investigation of Flow Separation Control on a Highly Loaded Compressor Cascade by Plasma Aerodynamic Actuation

To discover the characteristic of separated flows and mechanism of plasma flow control on a highly loaded compressor cascade, numerical investigation is conducted. The simulation method is validated by oil flow visualization and pressure distribution. The loss coefficients, streamline patterns, and topology structure as well as vortex structure are analyzed. Results show that the numbers of singular points increase and three pairs of additional singular points of topology structure on solid surface generate with the increase of angle of attack, and the total pressure loss increases greatly. There are several principal vortices inside the cascade passage. The pressure side leg of horse-shoe vortex coexists within a specific region together with passage vortex, but finally merges into the latter. Corner vortex exists independently and does not evolve from the suction side leg of horse-shoe vortex. One pair of radial coupling-vortex exists near blade trailing edge and becomes the main part of backflow on the suction surface. Passage vortex interacts with the concentrated shedding vortex and they evolve into a large-scale vortex rotating in the direction opposite to passage vortex. The singular points and separation lines represent the basic separation feature of cascade passage. Plasma actuation has better effect at low freestream velocity, and the relative reductions of pitch-averaged total pressure loss coefficient with different actuation layouts of five and two pairs of electrodes are up to 30.8% and 26.7% while the angle of attack is 2°. Plasma actuation changes the local topology structure, but does not change the number relation of singular points. One pair of additional singular point of topology structure generates with plasma actuation and one more reattachment line appears, both of which break the separation line on the suction surface.     

Comparison of aerodynamic characteristics between a novel highly loaded injected blade with curvature induced pressure-recovery concept and one with conventional design

This paper introduces a novel design method of highly loaded compressor blades with air injection.CFD methods were firstly validated with existing data and then used to develop and investigate the new method based on a compressor cascade.A compressor blade is designed with a curvature induced pressure-recovery concept.A rapid drop of the local curvature on the blade suction surface results in a sudden increase in the local pressure,which is referred to as a curvature induced ‘Shock'.An injection slot downstream from the ‘Shock' is used to prevent ‘Shock' induced separation,thus reducing the loss.As a result,the compressor blade achieves high loading with acceptable loss.First,the design concept based on a 2D compressor blade profile is introduced.Then,a 3D cascade model is investigated with uniform air injection along the span.The effects of the incidence are also investigated on emphasis in the current study.The mid-span flow field of the 3D injected cascade shows excellent agreement with the 2D designed flow field.For the highly loaded cascade without injection,the flow separates immediately downstream from the ‘Shock';the initial location of separation shows little change in a large incidence range.Thus air injection with the same injection configuration effectively removes the flow separation downstream from the curvature induced ‘Shock' and reduces the size of the separation zone at different incidences.Near the endwall,the flow within the incoming passage vortex mixes with the injected flow.As a result,the size of the passage vortex reduces significantly downstream from the injection slot.After air injection,the loss coefficient along spanwise reduces significantly and the flow turning angle increases.     

Aerodynamic shape optimization for alleviating dynamic stall characteristics of helicopter rotor airfoil

In order to alleviate the dynamic stall effects in helicopter rotor, the sequential quadratic programming(SQP) method is employed to optimize the characteristics of airfoil under dynamic stall conditions based on the SC1095 airfoil. The geometry of airfoil is parameterized by the class-shape-transformation(CST) method, and the C-topology body-fitted mesh is then automatically generated around the airfoil by solving the Poisson equations. Based on the grid generation technology, the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) equations are chosen as the governing equations for predicting airfoil flow field and the highly-efficient implicit scheme of lower–upper symmetric Gauss–Seidel(LU-SGS) is adopted for temporal discretization. To capture the dynamic stall phenomenon of the rotor more accurately, the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model is employed to close the RANS equations. The optimized airfoil with a larger leading edge radius and camber is obtained. The leading edge vortex and trailing edge separation of the optimized airfoil under unsteady conditions are obviously weakened, and the dynamic stall characteristics of optimized airfoil at different Mach numbers, reduced frequencies and angles of attack are also obviously improved compared with the baseline SC1095 airfoil. It is demonstrated that the optimized method is effective and the optimized airfoil is suitable as the helicopter rotor airfoil.     

Numerical Investigation of Inlet Distortion on an Axial Flow Compressor Rotor with Circumferential Groove Casing Treatment

On the base of an assumed steady inlet circumferential total pressure distortion, three-dimensional time-dependent numerical simulations are conducted on an axial flow subsonic compressor rotor. The performances and flow fields of a compressor rotor, either casing treated or untreated, are investigated in detail either with or without inlet pressure distortion. Results show that the circumferential groove casing treatment can expand the operating range of the compressor rotor either with or without inlet pressure distortion at the expense of a drop in peak isentropic efficiency. The casing treatment is capable of weakening or even removing the tip leakage vortex effectively either with or without inlet distortion. In clean inlet circumstances, the enhancement and forward movement of tip leakage vortex cause the untreated compressor rotor to stall. By contrast, with circumferential groove casing, the serious flow separation on the suction surface leads to aerodynamic stalling eventually. In the presence of inlet pressure distortion, the blade loading changes from passage to passage as the distorted inflow sector is traversed. Similar to the clean inlet circumstances, with a smooth wall casing, the enhancement and forward movement of tip leakage vortex are still the main factors which lead to the compressor rotor stalling eventually. When the rotor works trader near stall conditions, the blockage resulting from the tip leakage vortex in all the passages is very serious. Especially in several passages, flow-spillage is observed. Compared to the clean inlet circumstances, circumferential groove casing treatment can also eliminate the low energy zone in the outer end wall region effectively.     

Schemed Power-augmented Flow for Wing-in-ground Effect Craft in Cruise

To provide detailed insight into schemed power-augmented flow for wing-in-ground effect(WIG) craft in view of the concept of cruising with power assistance,this paper presents a numerical study.The engine installed before the wing for power-augmented flow is replaced by a simplified engine model in the simulations,and is considered to be equipped with a thrust vector nozzle.Flow features with different deflected nozzle angles are studied.Comparisons are made on aerodynamics to evaluate performance of power-augmented ram(PAR) modes in cruise.Considerable schemes of power-augmented flow in cruise are described.The air blown from the PAR engine accelerates the flow around wing and a high-speed attached flow near the trailing edge is recorded for certain deflected nozzle angles.This effect takes place and therefore the separation is prevented not only at the trailing edge but also on the whole upper side.The realization of suction varies with PAR modes.It is also found that scheme of blowing air under the wing for PAR engine is aerodynamically not efficient in cruise.The power-augmented flow is extremely complicated.The numerical results give clear depiction of the flow.Optimal scheme of power-augmented flow with respect to the craft in cruise depends on the specific engines and the flight regimes.     

Topological Studies of Three-dimensional Flows in a High Pressure Compressor Stator Blade Row without and with Boundary Layer Aspiration

This paper presents a numerical study of the flow topologies of three-dimensional (3D) flows in a high pressure compressor stator blade row without and with boundary layer aspiration on the hub wall. The stator blade is representative of the first stage operating under transonic inlet conditions and the blade design encourages development of highly complex 3D flows. The blade has a small tip clearance. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies show progressive increase of hub corner stall with the increase in incidence. Aspiration is implemented on the hub wall via a slot in the corner between the hub wall and the suction surface. The CFD studies show aspiration to be sensitive to the suction flow rate; lower rate leads to very complex flow structures and increased level of losses whereas higher rate renders aspiration effective for control of hub corner separation. The flow topologies are studied by trace of skin friction lines on the walls. The nature of flow can be explained by the topological rules of closed separation. Furthermore, a deeper analysis is done for a particular case with advanced criterion to test the non-degeneracy of critical points in the flow field.     

Numerical study of separation on the trailing edge of a symmetrical airfoil at a low Reynolds number

This study focuses on the trailing-edge separation of a symmetrical airfoil at a low Rey-nolds number. Finite volume method is adopted to solve the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation. Flow of the symmetrical airfoil SD8020 at a low Reynolds number has been simulated. Laminar separation bubble in the flow field of the airfoil is observed and process of unsteady bubble burst and vortex shedding from airfoil surfaces is investigated. The time-dependent lift coefficient is characteristic of periodic fluctuations and the lift curve varies nonlinearly with the attack of angle. Laminar separation occurs on both surfaces of airfoil at small angles of attack. With the increase of angle of attack, laminar separation occurs and then reattaches near the trailing edge on the upper surface of airfoil, which forms laminar separation bubble. When the attack of angle reaches certain value, the laminar separation bubble is unstable and produces two kinds of large scale vortex, i.e. primary vortex and secondary vortex. The periodic processes that include secondary vortex production, motion of secondary vortex and vortex shedding cause fluctuation of the lift coefficient. The periodic time varies with attack of angle. The secondary vortex is relatively stronger than the primary vortex, which means its influence is relatively stronger than the primary vortex.     

Transonic wing stall of a blended flying wing common research model based on DDES method

Numerical simulation of wing stall of a blended flying wing configuration at transonic speed was conducted using both delayed detached eddy simulation(DDES) and unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS) equations methods based on the shear stress transport(SST) turbulence model for a free-stream Mach number 0.9 and a Reynolds number 9.6 × 10~6. A joint time step/grid density study is performed based on power spectrum density(PSD) analysis of the frequency content of forces or moments, and medium mesh and the normalized time scale0.010 were suggested for this simulation. The simulation results show that the DDES methods perform more precisely than the URANS method and the aerodynamic coefficient results from DDES method compare very well with the experiment data. The angle of attack of nonlinear vortex lift and abrupt wing stall of DDES results compare well with the experimental data. The flow structure of the DDES computation shows that the wing stall is caused mainly by the leeward vortex breakdown which occurred at x/x_(cr)= 0.6 at angle of attack of 14°. The DDES methods show advantage in the simulation problem with separation flow. The computed result shows that a shock/vortex interaction is responsible for the wing stall caused by the vortex breakdown. The balance of the vortex strength and axial flow, and the shock strength, is examined to provide an explanation of the sensitivity of the breakdown location. Wing body thickness has a great influence on shock and shock/vortex interactions, which can make a significant difference to the vortex breakdown behavior and stall characteristic of the blended flying wing configuration.     

Tip-leakage flow loss reduction in a two-stage turbine using axisymmetric-casing contouring

In order to reduce the losses caused by tip-leakage flow, axisymmetric contouring is applied to the casing of a two-stage unshrouded high pressure turbine（HPT） of aero-engine in this paper. This investigation focuses on the effects of contoured axisymmetric-casing on the blade tipleakage flow. While the size of tip clearance remains the same as the original design, the rotor casing and the blade tip are obtained with the same contoured arc shape. Numerical calculation results show that a promotion of 0.14% to the overall efficiency is achieved. Detailed analysis indicates that it reduces the entropy generation rate caused by the complex vortex structure in the rotor tip region, especially in the tip-leakage vortex. The low velocity region in the leading edge（LE） part of the tip gap is enlarged and the pressure side/tip junction separation bubble extends much further away from the leading edge in the clearance. So the blocking effect of pressure side/tip junction separation bubble on clearance flow prevents more flow on the tip pressure side from leaking to the suction side, which results in weaker leakage vortex and less associated losses.     

端壁抽吸位置对压气机叶栅角区分离控制的影响

以某高负荷压气机叶栅为研究对象,应用数值模拟方法探索了叶栅端壁不同抽吸位置对角区流动结构、通道漩涡发展过程以及叶栅性能的影响规律,寻求控制角区分离的可行方法。研究结果表明:在叶栅前缘上游5%C(弦长)位置实施抽吸,延缓了通道涡的形成,但导致叶栅来流攻角发生改变,在角区形成角区分离涡,并且该漩涡与通道涡相互促进,进一步恶化叶栅流场,导致叶栅落后角增大,损失增加;在叶栅通道激波后25%C端壁抽吸,吸除了上游端壁积累的高熵低能气流,制约了通道涡的迅速发展,改善了叶栅通道的流场结构,降低了流动损失,但并未对上游流场产生较大影响,是一种可行的方案。然而25%C处抽吸后,未能完全消除分离,在端部与叶栅通道主流之间存在较高损失区域。     

单转子轴流压气机不同状态下进出口三维时均流场

用圆锥四孔高频压力探针测量了单转子轴流压气机不同流量状态下, 转子进出口三维时均流场。结果表明, 压气机转子进口流动沿周向呈现较强的周期性变化, 尤其在近失速状态, 叶片压力面侧总压和静压高, 吸力面侧总压和静压低, 而前缘附近轴向速度低、相对气流角大。      

压气机转子通道内尖区三维平均流场

在低速大尺寸压气机试验台上,借助旋转四坐标全电动探针位移机构,用锥形五孔压力探针分别测量压气机设计状态和近失速状态转子通道内尖区的三维平均流场,揭示压气机转子通道内尖部的流动结构及其变化     

基于端壁涡流发生器的压气机叶栅角区分离控制研究

为研究被动式涡流发生器抑制压气机叶栅横向二次流以控制角区分离的作用,设计了在叶栅内部端壁处加装涡流发生器的控制方案,采用数值模拟的方法,详细分析了叶栅流场特性。结果表明:涡流发生器可以有效地抑制叶栅内部横向二次流,改善角区流动,在最佳控制方案中,总压损失系数下降8.1%;放置于叶栅内部的涡流发生器能阻挡气流的横向流动,其尾部产生的流向涡与横向迁移的端壁附面层相互作用,抑制了通道涡向吸力面的发展,并将主流高能流体卷入角区,增加角区流体动量;涡流发生器的长度和高度都会影响流向涡的强度,流向涡的涡核高度与涡流发生器高度一致,最终的控制效果由涡流发生器的长度和高度共同决定,只有当它们被合理选择,控制方案才能获得最佳控制效果。     

通道前缘小叶片对轴流压气机叶栅气动性能的影响研究

为了更好地控制压气机静叶角区分离,结合翼刀和涡流发生器的流动控制思想,提出一种在叶栅通道前缘端壁设置小叶片的新型流动控制手段。以某高负荷轴流压气机叶栅为研究对象,基于数值方法深入分析了不同周向位置和安装角的小叶片对流场的影响。结果表明：小叶片存在提升叶栅气动性能的最佳周向位置和安装角范围。在近失速工况附近,小叶片可减缓角区分离,提高全叶高的扩压能力,但会不可避免地增加中间叶高位置处的流动分离和气动载荷;小叶片可减少角区分离损失和尾迹损失,提高各流向位置处的静压系数。小叶片能阻碍马蹄涡压力面分支发展,减缓叶栅前缘附近的横向二次流动。从小叶片叶顶泄漏的诱导涡可将马蹄涡压力面分支推向流向,带走端壁和角区附近的低能流体,从而削弱通道涡强度。     

跨声速轴流压气机径向涡现象与失稳机理

对NASA Rotor 37进行数值模拟并与实验结果对比,计算了堵塞点到失稳点的全部工况,详细探究了跨声速轴流压气机附面层分离规律与失稳机理.研究发现:激波后的吸力面附面层中存在一条径向涡,它增强了附面层分离,使部分靠近吸力面的主流向叶尖堆积.随着工况向失稳点推进,压气机转子叶尖出现两块堵塞区,由叶尖泄漏涡与激波作用引起的堵塞区位于压力面前端,由叶尖泄漏涡与径向附面层分离涡耦合作用引起的堵塞区位于吸力面50%弦长后,两块堵塞区的叠加作用最终引起压气机失稳.      

射流旋涡发生器控制大折转角扩压叶栅二次流

将射流旋涡发生器引入到某折转角为60°的扩压叶栅端壁二次流控制中,研究了射流方向和射流总压对扩压叶栅气动性能及栅内流动的影响.结果表明:当射流旋涡发生器侧向倾角为0°时,仅采用不足扩压叶栅进口流量0.5%的射流流量,即可显著减少栅内损失.射流旋涡有效阻碍和推迟了通道涡发展,在下洗侧将主流流体卷入端壁附面层内,而在上洗侧将低能流体带入主流中,从而减少了角区低能流体聚积,减弱了吸力面的分离流动.当射流进口总压采用与扩压叶栅进口相同的总压时,总压损失减小21.5%,且射流进口总压越大,其控制效果越明显.      

压气机二维动叶栅非定常流场的大涡模拟

对压气机二维动叶栅,采用单通道和多通道计算模型进行了大涡模拟(LES),研究了节流过程中内部流场的非定常波动特征,分析了旋涡结构和波动频率的变化规律.结果表明:大流量工况时,前缘绕流和叶片吸力面分离产生的两种非定常波动共存,波动频率随压气机节流基本保持不变,此时吸力面分离表现为小尺度旋涡结构;近失速工况时,吸力面发生大尺度的流动分离,波动频率明显下降,低于叶片通过频率.      

压气机转子内尖区近失速状态三维流场

在低速大尺寸压气机实验台上 ,借助于旋转四坐标探针位移机构 ,用锥形五孔探针测量了压气机近失速状态下 ,转子叶片通道后段尖区内的三维流场。测量结果表明 ,吸力面附面层径向潜移强烈 ,并出现气流分离 ,在尖区的近吸力面区域形成一个旋涡 ;压力面角区存在刮削涡 ;在叶尖槽道中部 ,吸力面角区附面层与压力面角区附面层气流掺混 ,造成高损失和高阻滞。所有这些构成了尖区的复杂流动     

静叶吸气对某轴流压气机裕度影响的研究

运用Numeca CFD对某大弯度叶栅和某轴流压气机流动进行数值模拟,为减小由于边界层分离而带来的损失,拓宽稳定工作范围,提出叶片吸力面表面开缝抽气方案.综合研究开缝位置、开缝长度、及吸气量大小对流动分离结构和裕度的影响.结果表明通过静子叶片上边界层抽气引出分离区域的低能量气流,可以明显的改善气动性能,分离得到很好的抑制,稳定工作裕度得到了提高.