磨粒磨损对砂带磨削TC17表面完整性的影响研究

砂带磨粒磨损直接影响磨削表面质量进而影响构件综合服役性能.以表面完整性为评估指标,对砂带磨损前后钛合金的表面加工质量进行了试验研究,揭示了砂带磨粒磨损对磨削TC17表面粗糙度、残余应力和表面硬度的影响规律及机制.结果表明,磨粒磨损后由于高度均匀化、单位面积切削磨粒数增加、磨削深度减小,使得表面粗糙度减小、纹理均匀细腻,...     

Dimension Accuracy and Surface Integrity of Creep Feed Ground Titanium Alloy with Monolayer Brazed CBN Shaped Wheels

Titanium alloy tenon is creep feed ground with monolayer brazed cubic boron nitride (CBN) shaped wheels. The dimension accuracy of the tenon is assessed and the results indicate that it completely meets the requirement of blade tenon of aero-engine. Residual stresses, surface roughness, microstructure and microhardness are measured on ground surfaces of the specimen, which are all compared with that ground with vitrified CBN wheels. Under all the circumstances, compressive residual stress is obtained and the depth of the machining affected zone is found to be less than 40 μm. No phase transformation is observed at depths of up to 100 μm below the surface, though plastic deformation is visible in the process of grain refinement. The residual stress and microhardness of specimens ground with brazed CBN wheels are observed to be lower than those ground with vitrified ones. The arithmetic mean roughness (R_a) values obtained are all below 0.8 μm.     

磨粒建模方法与切削过程仿真研究

针对砂轮表面上磨粒形状不规则、尺寸不确定的几何特征,研究了模拟实际磨粒的几何建模方法。采用随机空间平面切分正六面体的方法构建了具有实际磨粒几何特征的不规则多面体结构磨粒。基于LS-DYNA软件,采用流固耦合有限元法模拟了不规则多面体结构磨粒的切削过程。分析切削过程中工件材料的应力分布规律与切削变形规律,得出结论:工件材料的加工应力主要集中在与磨粒切削刃及棱角接触的区域;切屑沿磨粒挤压前面向上流动,并于挤压面法向方向上流出;磨粒挤压前角的增大有利于切屑的形成。利用陶瓷立方氮化硼(CBN)砂块进行了磨粒划擦试验,试验结果证实了磨粒切削仿真结果的准确性。     

一种多晶石墨的拉伸蠕变行为

对一种多晶石墨材料进行了拉伸蠕变试验后,用ＲＡＭＡＮＯＲＵ１０００拉曼光谱仪对蠕变前后的试样作了分析,并用扫描电镜观察了蠕变前后试样纵向剖面的孔隙变化。结果表明：在１７００℃,０．７ＭＰａ的应力作用下多晶石墨材料不发生明显蠕变。蠕变初期可用ε－ε０＝Ａｔｎ进行描述,在不同温度和应力下ｎ值从０．４８５～０．８之间变化。在同一应力条件下,随温度提高,ｎ值增大。激光拉曼光谱仪和扫描电镜分析表明,多晶石墨蠕变后石墨化程度增加、孔隙增多、变大。     

Grindability and Surface Integrity of Cast Nickel-based Superalloy in Creep Feed Grinding with Brazed CBN Abrasive Wheels

The technique of creep feed grinding is most suitable for geometrical shaping, and therefore has been expected to improve effectively material removal rate and surface quality of components with complex profile. This article studies experimentally the effects of process parameters (i.e. wheel speed, workpiece speed and depth of cut) on the grindability and surface integrity of cast nickel-based superalloys, i.e. K424, during creep feed grinding with brazed cubic boron nitride (CBN) abrasive wheels. Some important factors, such as grinding force and temperature, specific grinding energy, size stability, surface topography, microhardness and microstructure alteration of the sub-surface, residual stresses, are investigated in detail. The results show that during creep feed grinding with brazed CBN wheels, low grinding temperature at about 100 °C is obtained though the specific grinding energy of nickel-based superalloys is high up to 200-300 J/mm³. A combination of wheel speed 22.5 m/s, workpiece speed 0.1 m/min, depth of cut 0.2 mm accomplishes the straight grooves with the expected dimensional accuracy. Moreover, the compressive residual stresses are formed in the burn-free and crack-free ground surface.     

超声ELID 复合磨削磨削力模型研究

以ELID 电解原理为基础,结合超声振动辅助磨削过程中单颗磨粒的运动学分析,建立了超声 ELID 复合磨削条件下的磨削力数学解析模型,并对模型进行了分析和仿真。对模型的分析表明:超声振动改 变了磨粒的运动轨迹,使同等条件下的未变形切屑厚度减小,砂轮的在线电解修整使磨粒始终处于锋锐状态, 而且影响砂轮的实际切削深度,进而对磨削力产生影响。磨削力随着超声振动频率、振幅、电解电压、脉冲比、 电解液电阻率的增大而减小;随着切削深度、工件速度的增大而增大。     

真空加压钎焊FGH96/DD6接头的组织和性能

采用Ni-Cr-B钎料分别在1120℃/10 min和1120℃/10 min/2 MPa的工艺下实现FGH96与DD6的钎焊连接。测试两种工艺下接头的抗拉强度,通过光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和电子探针(EPMA)分析接头的组织、成分和断口。结果表明:真空加压钎焊所得接头的室温平均抗拉强度达到1187 MPa,远高于真空钎焊接头621 MPa的强度;与不加压的真空钎焊相比,真空加压钎焊所得FGH96/DD6接头的钎缝中心没有平行于被焊面的晶界,而是单个晶粒贯穿整个钎缝,并与母材连接面发生韧性断裂;真空钎焊接头中存在Ni3B相,而真空加压钎焊钎缝中并没有残留的Ni3B相,主要由(Ni,Cr)固溶体组成。     

超声喷丸与传统喷丸对TC4 钛合金残余应力影响的仿真分析

为了预测喷丸TC4钛合金试件的残余压应力层深度及值的分布和冲击面凹坑的直径、深度特征曲线及表面形貌的变化,采用ABAQUS/Explicit软件建立2个3D模型。通过超声喷丸与传统喷丸2种工艺过程数值仿真对比了表面残余应力场差异,分析了TC4钛合金弹丸直径、速度和冲击次数等喷丸参数对残余应力分布的影响。结果表明:当动能相同时,2种强化过程表面所产生的残余压应力是可比较的,超声喷丸模型亚表层残余应力深度为0.16 mm,约为传统喷丸模型深度的2倍;传统喷丸产生的残余压应力最大值约-800 MPa,约为超声喷丸的1.6倍。与传统喷丸相比,超声喷丸具有较低的表面粗糙度以及较深的残余压应力层。残余压应力层深度与弹丸直径呈正相关,但过大的弹丸尺寸会引起薄壁件另一侧残余拉应力区域的增大。     

热障涂层残余应力的拉曼光谱测量及数值分析

 为了研究航空发动机热障涂层(TBCs)制备过程中残余应力的分布问题,采用大气等离子喷涂技术(APS)在镍基高温合金GH99上制备了热障涂层(CoCrAlY粘结层和ZrO₂陶瓷面层),对热障涂层进行了100~3 500 cm^-1激光拉曼光谱扫描,并采用有限元方法计算了与之对应的热障涂层有限元模型应力分布.分析了涂层系统内部轴向残余应力的分布情况并对比分析了激光拉曼光谱频移及有限元计算结果.激光拉曼分析结果表明:轴向陶瓷层内部呈现压应力,在陶瓷层/粘结层界面处应力达到最大值14.8 MPa,粘结层内呈现拉应力;数值分析应力变化趋势与激光拉曼测试分析结果相吻合.     

Grinding performance evaluation of porous composite-bonded CBN wheels for Inconel 718

For high-efficiency grinding of difficult-to-cut materials such as titanium and nickel alloys, a high porosity is expected and also a sufficient mechanical strength to satisfy the function.However, the porosity increase is a disadvantage to the mechanical strength. As a promising pore forming agent, alumina bubbles are firstly induced into the abrasive layer to fabricate porous cubic boron nitride（CBN） wheels. When the wheel porosity reaches 45%, the bending strength is still high up to 50 MPa with modified orderly pore distribution. A porous CBN wheel was fabricated with a total porosity around 30%. The grinding performance of the porous composite-bonded CBN wheel was evaluated in terms of specific force, specific grinding energy, and grinding temperature, which were better than those of the vitrified one under the same grinding conditions. Compared to the vitrified CBN wheel, clear straight cutting grooves and less chip adhesion are observed on the ground surface and there is also no extensive loading on the wheel surface after grinding.     

Prediction on grinding force during grinding powder metallurgy nickel-based superalloy FGH96 with electroplated CBN abrasive wheel

In this article, a grinding force model, which is on the basis of cutting process of single abrasive grains combined with the method of theoretical derivation and empirical formula by analyzing the formation mechanism of grinding force, was established. Three key factors have been taken into accounts in this model, such as the contact friction force between abrasive grains and materials, the plastic deformation of material in the process of abrasive plowing, and the shear strain effect of material during the process of cutting chips formation. The model was finally validated by the orthogonal grinding experiment of powder metallurgy nickel-based superalloy FGH96 by using the electroplated CBN abrasive wheel. Grinding force values of prediction and experiment were in good consistency. The errors of tangential grinding force and normal grinding force were 9.8% and 13.6%, respectively. The contributions of sliding force, plowing force and chip formation force were also analyzed. In addition, the tangential forces of sliding, plowing and chip formation are 14%, 19% and 11% of the normal forces on average, respectively. The pro-posed grinding force model is not only in favor of optimizing the grinding parameters and improving grinding efficiency, but also contributes to study some other grinding subjects (e.g. abrasive wheel wear, grinding heat, residual stress).     

Brazing diamond grits onto AA7075 aluminium alloy substrate with Ag–Cu–Ti filler alloy by laser heating

The brazing of diamond is a promising way to fabricate grinding wheels for efficient machining and precision grinding. This work investigated the feasibility of bonding diamond grits onto Aluminium Alloy 7075 (AA7075) substrate with a Ag–Cu–Ti filler alloy via laser fusion brazing. The interfacial microstructures and the strength of the brazed diamond joints were studied. The cross-section of the brazed diamond joint consists of a molten filler alloy layer, a molten pool, a heat effect zone, a columnar crystal zone and an equiaxed crystal zone. Within the interface of the filler alloy/substrate metal, microstructures observed possibly were Ag(s.s), Al(s.s), TixAl, Al2Cu and Mg intermetallic compounds. A layer of TiC with a thickness of about 30–50 nm was found at the bonding interface of the diamond/filler alloy. The averaged peak shear force of the brazed joints was found to be approximately 39.8 N. The abrasion grinding test indicated that the diamond/AA7075 brazed joint was adequate for grinding. However, the pulled-off of grit was found to be the primary failure of this type of brazed joint. This work broadened the brazing diamond technique and the range of applications of brazed diamond wheels for efficient grinding.     

Performance evaluation of creep feed grinding of γ-TiAl intermetallics with electroplated diamond wheels

This paper evaluates the performance of creep feed grinding γ-TiAl intermetallic (Ti-45Al-2Mn-2Nb) using electroplated diamond wheels. Firstly, a comparative analysis with the grinding results by using electroplated CBN wheels was conducted, mainly involving abrasive wheel wear behavior and maximum material removal rate below surface burn limit. It was found that the diamond wheel would produce much better grinding results including lower wheel wear rate and higher maximum material removal rate. Then the surface integrity obtained at different level of material removal rate was characterized with the utilization of the diamond wheel. The poor ductility of this γ-TiAl intermetallic material was found to have a marginal effect on the surface integrity, as no severe surface defects such as material pullout were generated during the stable wheel wear stage. For the involved operating parameters, a deformation layer was produced with ∼10 μm or more in thickness depending on the material removal rate used. Meanwhile, a work-hardened layer extending to more than 100 μm was produced with a maximum microhardness of above 520 HV_0.05 (bulk value 360 HV_0.05). The residual stress remained compressive, with a value of above −100 MPa and even up to −500 MPa for an elevated material removal rate. Shearing chip was the main chip type, indicating good wheel sharpness in the grinding process.     

Fracture behavior and self-sharpening mechanisms of polycrystalline cubic boron nitride in grinding based on cohesive element method

Unlike monocrystalline cubic boron nitride (CBN), polycrystalline CBN (PCBN) shows not only higher fracture resistance induced by tool-workpiece interaction but also better self-sharpening capability; therefore, efforts have been devoted to the study of PCBN applications in manufacturing engineering. Most of the studies, however, remain qualitative due to difficulties in experimental observations and theoretical modeling and provide limited in-depth understanding of the self-sharpening behavior/mechanism. To fill this research gap, the present study investigates the self-sharpening process of PCBN abrasives in grinding and analyzes the macro-scale fracture behavior and highly localized micro-scale crack propagation in detail. The widely employed finite element (FE) method, together with the classic Voronoi diagram and cohesive element technique, is used considering the pronounced success of FE applications in polycrystalline material modeling. Grinding trials with careful observation of the PCBN abrasive morphologies are performed to validate the proposed method. The self-sharpening details, including fracture morphology, grinding force, strain energy, and damage dissipation energy, are studied. The effects of maximum grain cut depths (MGCDs) and grinding speeds on the PCBN fracture behavior are discussed, and their optimum ranges for preferable PCBN self-sharpening performance are suggested.     

高温合金拉削残余应力及其机理研究

本文探讨了高温合金拉削残余应力产生的机理。分析了工件材料,拉削速度、齿升量、前角对拉削表面残余应力的影响。试验结果表明,沿拉削速度方向的表面残余应力为拉应力。最大残余应力在表面层下。     

大型铝合金框梁结构航空模锻件淬火残余应力分析

开展了新型7085铝合金材料高温拉伸试验,得到了其基本性能参数与力学模型,运用ABAQUS有限元软件对7085铝合金框梁结构航空模锻件淬火过程进行了数值仿真,研究了淬火工艺参数与方式对残余应力分布规律的影响.研究表明:框梁结构航空模锻件淬火残余应力主要集中于腹板与筋板交汇处,呈现外压内拉的分布特点;淬火温度对残余应力有显著影响,提高淬火温度可有效降低残余应力;固溶温度对淬火残余应力的影响较小,对于大尺寸框梁模锻件,入水方式及转移时间对淬火残余应力的影响甚微.     

氩气保护条件下钎焊单层金刚石砂轮的研究

 利用氩气作为保护气体,以 Ni-Cr合金粉末做钎料,适当控制钎焊温度、保温时间和冷却速度,实现了金刚石与钢基体的牢固的化学冶金结合。利用扫描电镜和 X射线能谱,结合 X射线衍射结构分析,发现在钎焊过程中 Ni-Cr合金中的 Cr元素分离在金刚石界面形成富 Cr层并与金刚石表面的 C元素反应生成Cr₃C₂ 和 Cr₇C₃,在钢基体结合界面上 Ni-Cr合金和钢基体中的元素相互扩散形成冶金结合,这是实现合金层与金刚石及钢基体之间都有较高结合强度的主要因素。并通过重负荷磨削实验进行验证取得较好的结果。     

激光冲击强化铝合金小孔构件的疲劳寿命研究

研究了激光冲击强化对7050-T7451铝合金小孔件疲劳寿命和断口形貌的影响。采用ABAQUS对峰值压力2.7GPa下小孔构件孔壁与表面上的应力分布进行了研究,并基于仿真结果对试样进行激光冲击强化试验和疲劳拉伸试验。结果显示,激光双面冲击强化在板料两侧形成一定深度的残余压应力影响层,而在中心形成一定范围的残余拉应力层,这也是导致疲劳源由孔角向孔壁中心转移的主要原因;在应力水平165.8MPa、195.0MPa和275.4MPa下,试样的疲劳寿命分别平均可增大451%、216%、116%;经激光冲击强化后,试样的疲劳源位置由孔角转移至孔壁内部,且疲劳裂纹扩展区面积明显增大。研究表明,激光冲击强化能明显改善铝合金小孔构件的疲劳性能,但强化效果随外加载荷的增加逐渐减小。     

冷挤压强化对GH4169合金孔结构室温低循环疲劳寿命影响

对GH4169合金中心孔板材试样进行冷挤压强化,测试了挤压前后GH4169中心孔板材试样在663 MPa/20℃条件下的低循环疲劳寿命;分别采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射残余应力仪、表面轮廓仪分析了疲劳断口、疲劳过程中残余应力场的演化以及表面形貌。结果表明:冷挤压强化后孔结构的疲劳寿命提高为原始试样的2.6倍。冷挤压强化对孔壁的强化效果使得冷挤压试样疲劳源萌生于倒角处单源,而原始试样萌生于孔壁多源。经过50000周次疲劳实验,冷挤压强化残余压应力有所松弛,但进口端与出口端的表面残余应力分别保持了55%和75%。冷挤压后孔壁表面粗糙度R_a由0.354μm减小到0.297μm。     

2D-C_f/SiC复合材料蠕变断裂及损伤机理研究

研究了2D-C_f/Si C复合材料在空气中,温度分别为700℃和900℃,蠕变应力分别为50MPa、75MPa和100MPa条件下的蠕变断裂及损伤机理。运用拉森-米勒参数法拟合材料的蠕变断裂时间,使用扫描电子显微镜分析其微观组织和断口形貌以进一步揭示其蠕变断裂机理。结果表明:2D-C_f/Si C复合材料的蠕变断裂寿命与温度和应力密切相关,较高温度或应力会降低材料的蠕变断裂寿命;在蠕变过程中,材料除发生应力损伤外,还会发生氧化损伤;2D-C_f/Si C复合材料的氧化损伤比应力损伤对蠕变断裂时间有更显著的影响。