即将建成的“宇宙城堡”——国际空间站

经过十多年的建造,世界上投入资金最大、参与国家最多、建造周期最长、技术水平最高、应用范围最广的国际空间站于2011年2月基本建成。它包含13个增压舱,其中8个是用于科学实验和航天员居住,1个为空间站提供初始推进、姿控、通信和储存,4个用于对接。另外,还装有7段桁架结构、4对巨型太阳能电池阵、1个移动服务系统、舱外仪器设     

Contributions of the International Space Station towards future exploration missions

When the idea of a large space station in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) was conceived in the 1980s, it was primarily planned as an orbiting laboratory for microgravity research. Some even thought of it as an industrial plant in space. Whereas the latter did not materialize because of various reasons, the former is absolutely true when you talk about the International Space Station (ISS). Since the transition to a six astronaut crew in 2009 and the completion of its assembly in 2011, it has been intensively used as laboratory in a wide field of scientific topics. Experiments conducted on ISS have yielded first class results in biology, physiology, material science, basic physics, and many more. While its role as a laboratory in space is widely recognized, the awareness for its potential for preparing future exploration missions beyond LEO is just increasing. This paper provides information on how the ISS programme contributes to future exploration efforts, both manned and unmanned. It highlights the work that has been done or is currently underway in the fields of technology, operations, and science. Further potentials and future projects for exploration preparation are also shown. A special focus lies on experiments and projects primarily funded by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) or with strong German participation in the science team.     

亚特兰蒂斯号执行空间站任务

美国东部时间５月１９日晨６时１１分１０秒，亚特兰蒂斯号航天飞机在晨曦中离开了肯尼迪航天中心的发射台，开始执行国际空间站的维修和后勤补给任务。这次编号ＳＴＳ—１０１的飞行是美国航天飞机历史上的第９８次飞行，也是航天飞机第３次飞往国际空间站。航天飞机上次升空执行国际空间站任务是在去年的５月２７日，至今已有将近一年时间。 此次飞行是亚特兰蒂斯号的第２１次飞行，也是它１９９７年９月以来的首次飞行。当时亚特兰蒂斯号执行了编号ＳＴＳ—８６的第７次航天飞机－和平号空间站对接任务。此后，这架航天飞机到波音公司的…     

The intergovernmental agreement on the International Space Station

After Russia joined the ISS programme in 1994 it was realized that a new intergovernmental agreement would be needed in order to clarify the roles and responsibilities of all the partners. The Head of the Russian delegation to the negotations on the agreement between 1994 and 1998 here describes the various steps taken to reach it. As well as requiring legislation on new areas such as national criminal jurisdiction, the negotiations had to take account of the differing legal norms and cultures in all the various countries party to the agreement, but principally Russia and the USA. The final part of the article presents an up-to-date overview of the vital statistics and capabilities of, and type of work expected to be performed on, the ISS.     

Commercializing the International Space Station: current US thinking

This article provides an overview of NASA's plans to encourage commercial use of the International Space Station (ISS). It examines the reasons driving such commercialization and highlights those private companies currently most interested in undertaking profit-making operations on the station, as well as discussing those activities most likely to be seen as commercial possibilities. The steps NASA is taking to stimulate private interest are enumerated. Various unresolved issues are raised, such as the legal issues associated with commercial research, charging policy for in-orbit operations and ‘metering’ of in-orbit resources. It is noted that the international dimension of the ISS has thus far received little consideration in the USA.     

The Mode of Gravitational Orientation for the International Space Station

The results of the determination of the uncontrolled attitude motion of the International Space Station during its unmanned flight in 1999 are presented. The data of onboard measurements of three components of the angular velocity are used for this determination. These data covering an interval of slightly less than one orbit were jointly processed by the least squares method, by integrating the equations of motion of the station relative to its center of mass. As a result of this processing, the initial conditions of the motion and the parameters of the mathematical model used were estimated. The actual motion of the station has been determined for 20 such intervals during April–November. Throughout these intervals, the station rotated about the axis of the minimum moment of inertia, the latter executing small oscillations relative to the local vertical. Such a mode, known as the mode of gravitational orientation of a rotating satellite or the mode of generalized gravitational orientation, was planned before the flight. The measurements were made to verify it. The quasistatic component of the microaccelerations aboard the station is estimated for this mode.     

Solar particle events and the International Space Station

The high inclination orbit for the International Space Station poses a risk to astronauts on EVA during occasional periods of enhanced high energy particle flux from the sun known as Solar Particle Events. We are currently unable to predict these events within the few-hour lead time required for evasive action. Compounding the threat is the fact that station construction occurs during increasing solar activity and through the peak of the solar cycle. In this paper we present an overview of the risk, the current methods to provide forecasts of SPEs, and potential risk mitigation options.     

国际空间站上使用的两种计算机

欧空局为国际空间站研制了两个新型的计算机 :容错计算机 ( FTC)和标准有效载荷计算机 ( SPLC) ,它们可以满足空间站对计算机的需要 ,可以方便地构成各分种布式数据管理结构。文中介绍这两种不同类型的计算机设计     

Microdisturbances on the International Space Station during dynamic operations

The results of analysis of microdisturbances on the International Space Station (ISS) at performing various dynamic operations are presented. Docking of transfer manned and cargo vehicles Progress and Soyuz to various docking modules of the ISS, docking of the Space Shuttle Discovery, the ISS orbit correction and, also, disturbances at “EVA” (Extra Vehicular Activity) operations during astronauts working on the external ISS surface are considered. The results of measuring microaccelerations by sensors of both Russian and American segments are analyzed.     

International Cooperation on the Chinese Space Station Officially Initiated

正The announcement of the opportunity for international cooperation on the Chinese Space Station(CSS)was made at a ceremony hosted by the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs(UNOOSA)and the Permanent Mission of China to the United Nations and Other International Organizations in Vienna on 28 May.China officially initiated     

ELITE-S2: the multifactorial movement analysis facility for the International Space Station

Experimental observations of adaptation processes of the motor control system to altered gravity conditions can provide useful elements to the investigations on the mechanisms underlying motor control of human subject. The microgravity environment obtained on orbital flights represents a unique experimental condition for the monitoring of motor adaptation. The research in motor control exploits the changes caused by microgravity on the overall sensorimotor process, due to the impairment of the sensory systems whose function depends upon the presence of the gravity vector. Motor control in microgravity has been investigated during parabolic flights and short-term space missions, in particular for analysis of movement-posture co-ordination when equilibrium is no longer a constraint. Analysis of long-term adaptation would also be very interesting, calling for long-term body motion observations during the process of complete motor adaptation to the weightlessness environment. ELITE-S2 is an innovative facility for quantitative human movement analysis in weightless conditions onboard the International Space Station (ISS). ELITE-S2 is being developed by the Italian Space Agency, ASI is to be delivering the flight models to NASA to be included in an expressed rack in US Lab Module in February 2004. First mission is currently planned for summer 2004 (increment 10 ULF 2 ISS).     

“国际空间站”系统特点分析

介绍了＂国际空间站＂的总体设计;分析了＂国际空间站＂系统设计的特点和不足,其中包括重视成熟技术和冗余设计,众多系统故障暴露出技术薄弱性,机器人系统自动化水平有待提高,以及许多先进技术规划未能实施;提出了发展中国空间站的启示与建议,如借鉴国外协力合作系统先进设计经验和科学评估安全性方法,权衡技术继承性与先进性,注重空间站系统设备的设计、维修、机器人开发和延寿问题。     

Research progress and accomplishments on International Space Station

The first research payloads reached the International Space Station (ISS) more than two years ago, with research operating continuously since March 2001. Seven research racks are currently on-orbit, with three more arriving soon to expand science capabilities. Through the first five expeditions, 60 unique NASA-managed investigations from 11 nations have been supported, many continuing into later missions. More than 90,000 experiment hours have been completed, and more than 1,000 hours of crew time have been dedicated to research, numbers that grow daily. The multidisciplinary program includes research in life sciences, physical sciences, biotechnology, Earth sciences, technology demonstrations as well as commercial endeavors and educational activities. The Payload Operations and Integration Center monitors the onboard activities around the clock, working with numerous Principal Investigators and Payload Developers at their remote sites. Future years will see expansion of the station with research modules provided by the European Space Agency and Japan, which will be outfitted with additional research racks.     

The Second Stage of BTN Neutron Space Experiment onboard the Russian Section of the International Space Station: the BTN-M2 Instrument

Cosmic Research - As recent studies onboard various spacecraft have shown, one unresolved technical problem of manned interplanetary flights at the moment is the high radiation background of...     

Determination of the Microacceleration Quasisteady Component onboard the International Space Station

A comparison of two methods of determination of the microacceleration quasisteady component arising onboard the International Space Station was performed. In the first method the acceleration was calculated using the relative motion of the station reconstructed on the basis of telemetry data. The second method was a direct measurement of the microacceleration by a low-frequency accelerometer and a smoothing of the data obtained. The used measurements were made by the American accelerometer MAMS. The above comparison can theoretically be used to refine the position of the station center of mass relative to its body.     

国际空间站内部主动热控系统

阐述了国际空间站内部主动热控系统工作原理.给出了命运号实验舱内部主动热控系统双回路系统的构成,以及内部主动热控系统的泵组、泵旁路组件、管路、三路混合阀、系统流量控制组件、机柜流量控制组件、手动流量控制阀、冷板、有效载荷/再生换热器、温度传感器、维修检测单元换热器、多路复用器/信号分离器等主要组件的功能.国际空间站内部主动热控系统集成度高,相互冗余,维护和更换易,其设计理念对空间流体回路设计有参考意义.     

Integration of multiple research disciplines on the International Space Station.

The International Space Station will provide an extremely high-quality, long-duration microgravity environment for the conduct of research. In addition, the ISS offers a platform for performing observations of Earth and Space from a high-inclination orbit, outside of the Earth's atmosphere. This unique environment and observational capability offers the opportunity for advancement in a diverse set of research fields. Many of these disciplines do not relate to one another, and present widely differing approaches to study, as well as different resource and operational requirements. Significant challenges exist to ensure the highest quality research return for each investigation. Requirements from different investigations must be identified, clarified, integrated and communicated to ISS personnel in a consistent manner. Resources such as power, crew time, etc. must be apportioned to allow the conduct of each investigation. Decisions affecting research must be made at the strategic level as well as at a very detailed execution level. The timing of the decisions can range from years before an investigation to real-time operations. The international nature of the Space Station program adds to the complexity. Each participating country must be assured that their interests are represented during the entire planning and operations process. A process for making decisions regarding research planning, operations, and real-time replanning is discussed. This process ensures adequate representation of all research investigators. It provides a means for timely decisions, and it includes a means to ensure that all ISS International Partners have their programmatic interests represented.     

Space traffic control: a view of the future

This paper provides an overview of a system for providing reliable, ongoing, timely situational awareness services to satellite operators. Such services would include close approach warnings, warnings of potential radio frequency interference, and other offerings designed to help make operators aware of possible threats to the safe operation of their spacecraft and measures they can take to lessen these threats. The paper discusses current trends, proposes operational requirements, and speculates on the type of organization that may emerge to provide space traffic control services. It highlights how the detailed information required for such services may affect the evolution of the use of space.     

国际空间站日本舱信息系统早期设计分析

文章基于国际空间站日本实验舱早期总体定义阶段的活动研究成果,概述了日本实验舱信息系统的结构、通信链路环境、系统基本组成要素,并详细介绍了信息系统的需求、功能、子系统、硬件架构、软件结构以及与美国舱信息接口等关键点。最后总结分析了日本实验舱信息系统的典型特点,包括通信链路备份、核心网络与有效栽荷网络相互独立、数据传输线路优化、分层控制体系、光技术应用、CCSDS标准应用、软件分层模块化设计等。