基于伪谱法的空间绳系组合体最优燃耗离轨研究

为了优化空间绳系组合体轨道转移的燃耗,提出一种基于伪谱法求解的包含拖拽、平衡、甩摆三个阶段的绳系组合体最优燃耗离轨方案. 首先将全过程离轨的燃耗作为性能指标,采用简化的绳系组合体动力学模型,利用高斯伪谱法求解出拖拽阶段系统状态最优轨迹;其次考虑较复杂的绳系组合体动力学模型,使用模型预测控制方法跟踪拖拽阶段系统状态最优轨迹. 仿真结果表明该方法能实现主动星安全、高效,并以最低燃耗地将目标星转移到目标轨道.     

空间绳系拖拽系统摆动特性与平稳控制

考虑了任务星与废星的姿态运动以及系统组合体的面内外姿态运动,建立了绳系拖拽离轨系统动力学与控制模型,以切向常值推力下绳系拖拽轨道转移为任务过程,分析了任务星在喷气和零动量轮的限制姿态反馈控制条件下飞行时,废星姿态摆动、系统组合体面内外摆动和任务星姿态运动的规律及相互影响关系。采用留位和阻尼控制相结合的系绳张力复合控制方法,并结合任务星姿态控制,确保绳系拖拽转移安全平稳进行。仿真结果表明:常值推力下绳系拖拽轨道转移时,牵挂点偏置诱发的废星姿态周期性摆动会激发绳系组合体的面内外同频率高阶摆动,星体姿态运动是任务星姿态扰动力矩产生的主要因素;采用张力复合控制可有效消除废星姿态摆动并保持星间相对距离,结合任务星姿态控制,可实现离轨过程的平稳与安全,大幅减少任务星的姿控能耗。      

同步绳系卫星系统的设想

<正> 绳子,这个在日常生活中必不可少却又并不起眼的东西,如今却得到了航天工程师和空间科学家的特别青睐。独具慧眼的俄罗斯航天科学家Tsiolkovsky 早在1895年就设想用一根细的长绳连结空间两个大质量飞行体来探测微弱的重力梯度力。这个设想所依据的原理——     

考虑绳阻尼的绳系并联机器人动力学特性分析

针对应用于风洞试验模型支撑的绳系并联机器人的设计需求,采用实验和理论建模相结合的方法,研究绳阻尼对绳系并联机器人动力学特性的影响。首先,为了准确地定量描述绳阻尼,设计了一套测量绳阻尼的实验装置,通过实验得到了不同参数下的绳阻尼比;其次,考虑了绳阻尼,对绳张力进行建模,并提出了考虑绳阻尼的绳系并联机器人的动力学建模方法;最后,分析了绳阻尼对绳系并联机器人动力学特性的影响。结果表明:绳阻尼对绳系并联机器人动力学响应的影响主要体现在响应幅值上,绳直径越大,绳阻尼对绳系并联机器人动力学响应的减振作用越明显。当绳阻尼系数大于0.6 N·s/m时,不论绳直径粗细如何,绳阻尼对绳系并联机器人动力学特性的影响不能忽略。研究结果可为绳系并联机器人的设计提供理论指导。      

绳系卫星部署阶段的动力学分析

绳系卫星系统部署阶段末时刻状态决定着其编队飞行的初始状态,为了研究不同因素对绳系卫星系统部署阶段运动的影响,本文建立了一种简单的平面哑铃模型,将系绳视作有阻尼的弹簧,两个卫星视作刚体,考虑重力梯度力矩。通过仿真,发现系绳释放的速度和副星推力是影响绳系卫星系统部署阶段稳定性的主要因素。     

绳系卫星释放及工作态动力学分析

考虑绳系卫星系统绳索质量的影响,导出三维空间动力学方程,运用Pontryagin极小值理论求出释放过程中张力优化控制规律;得到最佳释放速度变化曲线.对子星工作阶段进行动力学分析,讨论系统质心沿椭圆轨道运动与姿态运动的耦合.文中附有算例.     

二体绳系卫星系统冲击效应动力学与试验研究

为了研究冲击效应对二体绳系卫星系统动力学特性的影响,开展了基于绝对节点坐标法的柔性绳索模型及绳系卫星系统运动特性分析研究。首先介绍了绝对节点坐标法柔索模型的建立过程,并进行了动力学仿真实验,在仿真时充分考虑了柔索的轴向刚度矩阵、弯曲刚度矩阵以及质量矩阵,可在不增加计算量的同时保留系绳真实特性。最后,搭建了三自由度的二体绳系卫星地面模拟试验系统,在规格为20 m×30 m的大型气浮平台上开展了试验验证,对末尾释放阶段和初始回收阶段系绳的张力以及子星的运动状态进行了分析。验证结果表明：地面模拟试验与仿真实验相比,系绳张力误差均在5%以内,验证了该建模方法的有效性和所搭建的试验系统的可靠性,同时为绳系卫星的未来发展和地面试验的进一步展开奠定了基础。     

基于里兹法的绳系卫星动力学仿真

同时考虑系绳质量、弹性、形变等因素的绳系卫星系统动力学仿真是复杂的非线性偏微分方程求解问题.为便于构造连续型模态函数,采用了基于牛顿定理及广义胡克定律建立的绳系卫星系统动力学模型.基于里兹法将位移函数构造为模态函数与待求系数的线性组合,进而将原本复杂的非线性偏微分方程转化为较常见的非线性常微分方程.仿真算例基于绳系系统从稳定平衡位置及面外角5.自由展开来进行,数值仿真印证了绳系系统的基本动力学特性,同时发现系绳自由展开及摆动过程中有微弱弯曲现象且计算效率不够高.     

绳系卫星横向振动的控制方法

研究绳系卫星绳索横向振动问题。首先建立绳索振动方程,由Pontrgasin方法求得抑制绳索横向振动的纵向优化控制力。实现方式为开启母星体内的电机控制绳长使星体产生加速度,星体惯性力导致绳轴向附加张力。     

Practical guidelines for electro-dynamic tethers to survive from orbital debris impacts

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has proposed an active debris removal using electro-dynamic tether to reduce large space debris in the low-Earth orbit. However, a tether strand is thin but long enough to have a large area so that it is vulnerable to small particles. This vulnerability might be the weakest point of a tether system against orbital debris. In order to overcome this weakest point, a double tether system, in which two tether strands are tied together at even intervals to form equally spaced loops, has been suggested as one of the promising candidates. This paper provides a mathematical approach to estimate the survival probability of a double tether system and then apply the approach to evaluate the mission success rate of the active debris removal using electro-dynamic tether that JAXA has proposed. It can be concluded the countermeasure to get enough success rate can be obtained. The result is simulated for Advanced Earth Observing Satellite II (ADEOS-II) re-entry from 800 km sun synchronized orbit to atmosphere. The simulation shows that mission success rate over 90% can be obtained with number of loops over 1000 and 10 mm clearance between two strands.     

Analysis of tape tether survival in LEO against orbital debris

The low earth orbit (LEO) environment contains a large number of artificial debris, of which a significant portion is due to dead satellites and fragments of satellites resulted from explosions and in-orbit collisions. Deorbiting defunct satellites at the end of their life can be achieved by a successful operation of an Electrodynamic Tether (EDT) system. The effectiveness of an EDT greatly depends on the survivability of the tether, which can become debris itself if cut by debris particles; a tether can be completely cut by debris having some minimal diameter. The objective of this paper is to develop an accurate model using power laws for debris-size ranges, in both ORDEM2000 and MASTER2009 debris flux models, to calculate tape tether survivability. The analytical model, which depends on tape dimensions (width, thickness) and orbital parameters (inclinations, altitudes) is then verified with fully numerical results to compare for different orbit inclinations, altitudes and tape width for both ORDEM2000 and MASTER2009 flux data.     

柔性系绳平衡状态临界绳长研究

为了确定柔性系绳系统在平衡状态下的临界绳长,在考虑大气阻力、系绳伸展性、系绳质量等因素的情况下,基于系绳系统轨道运动建立了系绳平衡状态方程.为确定求解系绳平衡方程所需初值条件,分析了载荷受力情况并建立其平衡状态方程,进而分析给出了系绳长度达到临界值的条件以及临界绳长的计算方法.仿真计算了不同载荷质量、系绳直径和载荷弹道系数这三种情况下系绳的临界绳长,分别拟合得到这三种情况下临界绳长的计算方程,并分析了不同载荷质量、系绳直径和载荷弹道系数对系绳临界绳长的影响.     

Estimation of flexible space tether state based on end measurement by finite element Kalman filter state estimator

This paper proposes a novel finite element Kalman filter to estimate the unmeasurable state of space tether systems based on the measured state at its ends only. The finite element method calculates the unmeasurable internal state as the virtual measurement based on the dynamic model of the system by imposing the input of measured state at the boundary to the model using the Lagrange multiplier method in the spatial space. Combining the real and virtual measurement into a hybrid measurement model of the system, the full state is reconstructed and propagated in the temporal space by the extended Kalman filter. Two state-space system models, the dynamics-based and kinematics-based state models, in the Kalman filter are explored. The observability and stability of the newly proposed finite element Kalman filter are examined and proved. The advantages of the proposed state estimator are (i) the singularity in the virtual measurement of state caused by the number of internal state greater than the number of state measured at the boundary is eliminated in the statistic meaning by the Kalman filter, and (ii) the effects of noises of the observation data and the uncertainties of model discretization are considered and minimized. The correctness and effectiveness of the proposed state estimator is demonstrated by the numerical analysis of a space tether system orbiting around the Earth. The results show the proposed state estimator with only measured state at the ends of the tether successfully provides an accurate time history estimation of geometric configuration and motion of the entire tether. Moreover, the results also show the difference caused by the dynamics-based and kinematics-based system models in the state estimator is negligible. The kinematics-based system model should be used in the state estimator due to its significantly low computational load. Finally, the proposed method can be easily applied for the state estimation process for other space tethered spacecraft systems.     

空间电动力绳系的磁弹性屈曲分析

电动力绳系具有强非线性且运动过程中存在复杂的多场耦合,其磁弹性屈曲问题一直是研究的热点.基于Kirchhoff方程,利用弹性杆模型建立了电动力绳系动力学方程.研究了空间地磁场环境对电动力绳系的影响,分别对电动力绳系的静态和动态稳定性进行深入分析,给出了系统出现分岔的磁场强度临界值.结果表明,随着系统相对角速度的增加,使系统发生分岔的磁场强度临界值逐渐减小.该磁场强度临界值可为电动力绳系电流及其他参数设计提供参考.     

结构偏差对二维连续地月载荷转移系统动力学影响

以驱动型动量交换绳系卫星系统(MMET)为载体,采用动量交换原理,考虑母星两端系绳长度偏差、两载荷质量偏差等结构偏差的前提下,应用拉格朗日(Lagrange)方法建立了连续地月载荷转移系统(CCPTS)的二维误差动力学模型.在不同的系绳长度偏差以及载荷质量偏差前提下,对所建立的误差动力学模型进行了数值仿真分析.仿真结果表明,系绳长度偏差以及载荷质量偏差对CCPTS的广义坐标、广义速度等动力学参数均产生了相似的影响,随着系绳长度偏差的增加(或载荷质量偏差的增加),CCPTS的广义坐标、广义速度偏差量的最大值均呈现相同的线性增加趋势,而对于广义加速度而言,则没有明显的线性关系.外力矩的存在能够在一定程度上削减因结构偏差所造成的对CCPTS动力学参数的影响程度.     

系绳辅助的行星际轨道捕获研究

针对深空探测中应用动量交换系绳辅助进行行星际轨道捕获时的系绳控制问题,首先对运行在目标行星双曲线飞越轨道上的探测器系统进行动力学建模,给出了一致性轨道捕获条件和系绳最佳切断点,并进行了动力学特性分析。考虑到子探测器捕获后的变轨需求及系绳收放速率的限制,提出了新的最优控制方法,并应用模拟退火算法进行了数值求解。仿真结果表明,系绳切断时指向恰当,子探测器距离目标行星最近,将有利于后续变轨;系绳最大收放速率约为30m/s,切实可行。     

Long term dynamics and optimal control of nano-satellite deorbit using a short electrodynamic tether

This paper studies the long term dynamics and optimal control of a nano-satellite deorbit by a short electrodynamic tether. The long term deorbit process is discretized into intervals and within each interval a two-phase optimal control law is proposed to achieve libration stability and fast deorbit simultaneously. The first-phase formulates an open-loop fast-deorbit control trajectory by a simplified model that assumes the slow-varying orbital elements of electrodynamic tethered system as constant and ignores perturbation forces other than the electrodynamic force. The second phase tracks the optimal trajectory derived in the first phase by a finite receding horizon control method while considering a full dynamic model of electrodynamic tether system. Both optimal control problems are solved by direct collocation method base on the Hermite–Simpson discretization schemes with coincident nodes. The resulting piecewise nonlinear programing problems in the sequential intervals reduces the problem size and improve the computational efficiency, which enable an on-orbit control application. Numerical results for deorbit control of a short electrodynamic tethered nano-satellite system in both equatorial and highly inclined orbits demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed control method. An optimal balance between the libration stability and a fast deorbit of satellite with minimum control efforts is achieved.     

Coordinated control of tethered space robot using mobile tether attachment point in approaching phase

Tethered space robots (TSRs) have wide applications in future on-orbit service owing to its flexibility and great workspace. However, the control problem is quite complex and difficult in the phase of approaching target, and the fuel consumption must also be taken into account. Hence, we present a novel scheme of achieving coordinated orbit and attitude control simultaneously for the TSR. Space tether, which can provide greater force compared with the thruster force, is used in the design of the orbit and attitude coordinated controller. A coordinated control mechanism is designed to provide attitude control torques of the pitch and yaw motions by adjusting the position of the mobile tether attachment point, while the roll motion is stabilized by the thruster. In order to guarantee this mechanism to work properly, constant tether tension strategies are utilized to plan an optimal approaching trajectory which is tracked by the coordinated controller of tether force and thruster force. Numerical simulation validates the feasibility of our proposed coordinated control scheme for TSR in the approaching phase. Furthermore, fuel consumption of the orbit and attitude control are both significantly reduced compared with traditional thruster control.     

一种阵列天线逐通道相关在线标校法

由于发送端和接收端时钟的不一致性,导致低信噪比下阵列天线卫星移动通信的逐通道相关标校有很大的难度。在考虑易实现性和简易性基础上,提出了一种可以解决低信噪比下通道校正的多周期长时累积方法。该校准信号为由地面标校站产生的BPSK调制扩频信号,可以减少卫星设计的复杂度,且在不中断用户数据传输的基础上实现在线标校。该方法通过对接收信号打标、速率匹配等措施来解决收发时钟不一致导致的码偏和频偏问题。研究结果可以为阵列天线卫星通信技术提供支持。