Solidification of GeSi solid solution in near-zero-G conditions

In summary, it should be stated that the existing theories of segregation during directional crystallization which consider mass transport in melt due only to either concentration diffusion or convective stirring (or both) cannot account for solute segregation picture observed in solid solution crystals which have been obtained aboard Apollo-Soyuz orbital complex. To do this, some other, new models are required.     

A Controllable and Observable Protein Cystallization Facility.

A Controllable and Observable Protein Crystallization Facility (ACOP) was developed in 1999 for space experiment in the Get Away Special canister of Space Shuttle. To regulate the vapor diffusion rate, in a crystallization chamber, five cells each containing precipitant solution of different concentrations, exposed to one protein cell in turn. Five layers of chambers were overlapped coaxially. The crystallization process was observed and recorded by digital cameras. Structure of facility and result of image sequence were given.     

THE SPACE EXPERIMENT OF PROTEIN CRYSTALLIZATION ABOARD THE CHINESE SPACECRAFT SZ-3

Using a new flight hardware, a Chinese mission of space protein crystallization has been performed on the Chinese spacecraft SZ-3 for seven days from March 25 to Apr. 1, 2002. The rate of yielding crystals in the 60 samples is 75%, a little higher than the ground control experiment. Preliminary analysis of the experimental results have shown that among the 16 proteins involved in the mission, about 4 kinds of better diffraction-quality protein crystals were produced in space. At least one kind of protein crystals, i.e. crystals of cytochrome b5 mutant could diffract X ray beyond the highest resolution reported so far. In addition, some rules derived from our numerical studies of the liquid/liquid diffusion protein crystallization were proved by the crystallization of lysozyme as model protein in this space experiment,which also clearly showed the advantages and disadvantages of the gelled protein solution used in microgravity growth of protein crystals. In order to exploit this mission, more diffraction work with the grown crystals and detailed analysis of data to be obtained will be done in the next few months.     

用国产装置进行的空间蛋白质结晶实验

使用国内研制的管式汽相扩散结晶装置,在我国返回式卫星上,成功地完成了两次空间蛋白质晶体生长实验,10种不同种类的蛋白质配制的48个样品在空间的出晶率分别达52%和80%,其中少数蛋白质生长出了较高质量的蛋白质晶体。结果表明,空间的微重力环境利于改善蛋白质晶体的生长,而且在结晶条件优化足够好的条件下,在空间里能生长出比地面晶体尺寸较大、形态较好和内部有序性较高的蛋白质晶体。本文还就微重力对蛋白质晶体生长的具体作用及其开发利用做了讨论。      

BRIEF REPORT OF ACTIVE CONTROLLED AND OBSERVABLE PROTEIN CRYSTALLIZATION FACILITY

There are two tendency of development on space protein crystal growth facility.Increase the number of samples, for commercial purpose, or observe and control the crystallization process, for study of crystallization process.     

空间毛细管式蛋白质结晶室样品加载技术研究

采用X-elax射线衍射技术研究蛋白质分子结构与功能的必要前提是获得高质量的蛋白质晶体.空间微重力环境是生长优质蛋白质晶体的理想场所.蛋白质样品的加载工艺对于空间蛋白质结晶实验的成效具有重要影响.针对为神舟八号飞船空间实验新研制的毛细管式空间蛋白质结晶室,结合样品加载基本流程,对加载工艺和伴随的气泡缺陷问题进行了系统和深入分析,确定了针头形状、毛细管封口质量和硅化效果、样品加载工具以及毛细管夹持方式等影响因素,并获得了实验测试验证.在此基础上,通过改进毛细管烧制工艺和样品加载工具,研制和使用专用毛细管夹具等措施,简化了蛋白质样品加载工艺,消除了气泡缺陷,提高了加载效率.新工艺的实施保证了空间实验任务的顺利完成.      

Boundary-layer analysis for the convection/diffusion transition in dendritic growth

Earlier ground-based studies have shown that a sharp transition occurs in the dominant mode of heat transport during dendritic solidifcation. Specifically, convective heat transport dominates below the transition supercooling and diffusive heat transport dominates above. Thus the influence of gravitational acceleration on dendritic crystallization depends critically on the overall thermodynamic driving force. Since many practical solidification processes occur at relatively small supercoolings, understanding the nature of the transition in transport mode is essential for both terrestrial and space processing. A boundary-layer analysis has been carried out wherein the diffusion boundary-layer thickness (Stefan length) is compared with the thermal boundary layer thickness determined from the fluid mechanics of natural convection. Our analysis shows that the Stefan length δ_S decreases rapidly with supercooling (ΔT^?2.5) whereas the thermal boundary layer thickness δ_T decreases slowly (ΔT^?.25). The transition supercooling at which the transport mode switches from convective to diffusive occurs where δ_T = δ_S. The influence of gravitational acceleration, and the thermo-physical properties of the molten phase will be discussed, along with avenues for conducting future research.     

Crystal growth from the melt by capillary shaping techniques

A method based on the Lyapunov stability theory has been developed for studying the stability of crystallization by capillary shaping techniques (including Czochralski, Stepanov, EFG, Verneuil and floating zone methods). The preliminary results of the analysis of stability shows that the crystallization by capillary shaping technique under microgravitation conditions is more stable in some cases than under the action of gravitation. To get deeper into details of the capillary shaping technique under microgravitation conditions, we have carried out model experiments using two immiscible liquids of equal density and crystallization of sapphire in terrestrial conditions with small Bond number. The experiments on the copper crystallization were realized in the high-altitude rockets. Our experiments on indium crystallization carried out in the orbital space probe “Salyut” yielded cylindrical specimens.     

Non-linear diffusion of cosmic rays

The propagation of cosmic rays in the interstellar medium after their release from the sources – supernova remnants – can be attended by the development of streaming instability. The instability creates MHD turbulence that changes the conditions of particle transport and leads to a non-linear diffusion of cosmic rays. We present a self-similar solution of the equation of non-linear diffusion for particles ejected from a SNR and discuss how obtained results may change the physical picture of cosmic ray propagation in the Galaxy.     

左旋寻常的极光千米波与辐射带高能电子相互作用的参数化研究

参数化研究了在L=4.5外辐射带区域左旋寻常（Left-hand Ordinary mode, L-O模）的极光千米波与高能电子的相互作用，定量计算了左旋寻常的极光千米波在不同峰值频率、传播角分布和纬度分布条件下的弹跳平均投掷角扩散系数、动量扩散系数和投掷角–动量交叉扩散系数。计算结果表明，动量扩散系数一般比投掷角扩散系数大100倍左右，说明动量扩散在L-O模与电子间的相互作用中起主导作用。随着传播角范围的改变，扩散系数均未发生明显变化，这说明L-O模与电子相互作用的扩散系数对传播角范围的依赖性很小。此外，扩散系数会因为L-O模纬度分布的改变而发生剧烈变化，该结果与之前得到的纬度分布对右旋奇异的极光千米波的影响是一致的。通过参数化研究结果表明，适当条件下，L-O模可能会显著影响外辐射带高能电子的动力学过程。      

稀土元素对Al-Ni-Gd-Y合金晶化行为的影响

利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)研究了稀土元素(RE)对Al-Ni-Gd-Y非晶合金晶化行为的影响.Al-Ni-Gd-Y非晶合金的初始晶化温度随着稀土元素含量的增加而升高.在Al_(88-x)Ni₆Gd₆Y _x ( x =1,2,3,4)系中,随着Y含量的增加,初始晶化产物由面心立方Al(fcc-Al)变成为fcc-Al+Al₃Gd/Al₃Y+未知相.研究了热处理工艺对Al₈₆Ni₈Gd₃Y₃合金力学性能的影响,其中,当Al₈₆Ni₈Gd₃Y₃在568K下保温10min时,其显微硬度及韧性较高,析出尺寸为1~3nm的fcc-Al纳米晶颗粒.     

气体在矿物油中扩散现象的可视化研究

介绍了利用马赫-泽德干涉仪法实现气体-矿物油扩散过程的可视化测量的原理、作用与意义。由于运用马赫-泽德干涉仪法获得的图像干涉条纹数及其图像的形状变化与折射率n直接与液体介质折射率相关,用马赫-泽德干涉仪法可获得十分清晰的影像。在N2,O2-矿物油扩散过程中,干涉条纹式样并未发生显著的紊乱变化,表明N2与O2气体在矿物油中发生扩散后,所引起的矿物油折射率变化过程较为缓慢。在CO2-矿物油扩散过程中,由于溶解的作用,矿物油近表面层中的气体溶解度增加,导致自然对流的出现。通过可视化测量,成功地观测到这一重要实验现象。同时,利用可视化技术,还可很好地判明对流出现的时间,从而确保扩散研究的有效性。     

Cahn-Hilliard-Schlgl反应-扩散方程分叉问题

本文利用Lyapunov-Schmidt约化方法、奇异性理论及摄动方法,对服从Cahn-Hilliard广义扩散定律的带有Schlgl反应项的Cahn-Hilliard-Schlgl反应-扩散方程的分叉情况进行了研究。研究结果表明,C-H-S方程可以产生单模态的空间周期一次和二次分叉。特别地,经小扰动的退化的C-H-S方程,在不同条件下,还可能产生不同形式的更为复杂的双模态混合的二次分叉。本文还给出了分叉类型和一次分叉解的近似表达式。     

混合与扩散同时进行的环形引射系统引射性能实验研究

本文设计了“混合与扩散同时进行”的环形引射系统,并结合其驱动引射式风洞,实验探讨了该系统的参数影响规律及混合特性,结果表明,引射器系统采取“同时混合扩散”方式可达到与传统的“等截面混合后再扩散”的方式相当的性能,但新方式下则大大缩短了系统结构尺寸,因而具有重要的实用意义。实验表明“同时混合扩散”方式只宜于应用在具有周向喷流特点的系统中,同时混合扩散角应与常规扩散角相当(β=6°)。研究表明,讨论喷流马赫数Ma_j对性能的影响应与面积比A_2/A_*的变化独立开来,Mα_j变化对性能的影响不超过10％,而面积比变化对性能的影响十分显著,在面积比与膨胀比适当的配合下,可获得较高的系统效率。     

Nb/α-Ti3Al体系的互扩散行为

采用反应扩散偶的方法,研究了Nb元素在α-Ti₃Al中的扩散行为.反应扩散偶经过120 h扩散退火,在高温(1 573 K)下生成了均匀的β-(Ti,Nb)扩散层;低温(1 273,1 423 K)下生成不均匀的扩散区,相组成为Ti₃Al(Nb),β-(Ti,Nb)及Nb₂Al.采用Dayananda方法计算了体系的扩散系数,即根据一个扩散偶的浓度分布曲线计算体系的扩散系数.采用平均扩散系数来表征体系的扩散系数,得出扩散模型和相关扩散机理.结果表明:Ti和Al的主扩散系数比Nb的主扩散系数大5个数量级;Ti的主扩散系数约是Al的2倍.Nb通过占据Ti的空位进行扩散,Nb的掺入阻碍了Ti元素扩散,从而提高了α-Ti₃Al体系的高温抗氧化性能.     

Strong magnetic field effect on the dissolution process of tetragonal lysozyme crystals.

Either a homogeneous or inhomogeneous magnetic field has been known to dampen the protein crystal growth. To date the mechanism is not clear. However, it was generally proposed that the magnetic field may dampen the convection in the solution, resulting in a reduced crystal growth rate and possibly a good crystal quality, similar to the case of protein crystal growth in space. To understand the mechanism of the magnetic field effect on protein crystal growth, further explorations on the magnetic field effect on protein solution, on the processes of crystal growth and dissolution, and on different crystallization (solution) systems, should be valuable. In this paper we present our recent efforts to study magnetic field effects on the dissolution processes of tetragonal lysozyme crystals under a strong magnetic field. A layer of oriented tetragonal lysozyme crystals was prepared under a temperature gradient and magnetic field, after that the crystals were dissolved by increasing the temperature of the solution. The lysozyme molecules will diffuse upwards due to the steep concentration gradient at the lower side of the cell caused by the dissolution. The evolution of the concentration in the solution was measured in-situ using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The results confirmed that the dissolution process of the crystals was slowed by the magnetic field. Judging from the concentration evolution versus time at different positions in the solution, we concluded that the apparent diffusion coefficient of lysozyme molecules was decreased by the magnetic field. The results were discussed using a suspended crystal model in the initial dissolution stage.     

薄膜热电偶热氧化可靠性及结构优化

航空发动机涡轮叶片处于发动机温度最高的部位，将薄膜材料制备于待测物表面形成热电偶传感器，可及时有效的对涡轮叶片进行测温。薄膜热电偶多层膜间的热氧化界面扩散失效是导致薄膜可靠性不高的主要原因之一，基于Fick第二定律提出多层膜扩散可靠性模型，定量描述薄膜热电偶扩散失效机理，通过仿真计算，结合粒子群算法，以薄膜寿命最大为目标，寻优得到各膜层对应的最佳结构，为结构工艺上提高薄膜热电偶寿命的研究提供了一定的借鉴。     

微颗粒表面磁控溅射镀金属膜实验

采用磁控溅射方法,成功地在微颗粒表面沉积了金属铜膜和金属镍膜.利用光学显微镜(OM)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、多功能扫描探针显微镜(SPM)、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)和光电子能谱仪(XPS)等测试仪器对其表面形貌、膜厚和组份进行了表征.重点讨论了不同的沉积条件对薄膜结晶的影响,并用X射线衍射仪(XRD)对其进行了表征.结果表明,溅射镀膜时,通过控制微颗粒的运动方式,可以在微颗粒表面镀上均匀性好、附着力强和致密性好的金属膜.溅射时间越长或溅射功率越大或装载量越少,都有利于薄膜结晶.      

基于ACE飞船观测的银河宇宙线与太阳风变化的统计研究

基于ACE飞船的资料,通过时序迭加方法统计分析了最近两个太阳活动极小年时期（2007.0-2009.0和2016.5-2019.0年）的宇宙线计数与太阳风参数的关系.结果表明,宇宙线的计数受太阳风共转流相互作用区的强烈影响,宇宙线计数变化与快慢太阳风流界面的位置密切相关,例如流界面的穿越通常伴随着宇宙线计数的下降.分析表明,第一时段的具有“雪犁”效应的宇宙线计数下降对应于流界面附近的扩散系数急剧下降,而第二时段的非“雪犁”效应的计数下降可能是由穿越流界面后的扩散系数增大引起的.日球层电流片也与宇宙线计数变化存在一定的相关性,宇宙线粒子在日球层电流片附近存在一定程度的堆积.太阳风对宇宙线的作用机制表明,宇宙线的漂移和扩散效应决定了其在1AU附近的分布变化.