阿里安S助推器回收系统

阿里安５是西欧正在研制的一种大型运载火箭，高度可靠和价廉是它的设计宗旨。发射以后，对助推器进行回收、修复并重复使用，是实现价廉目标的重要手段。文中对这种回收系统的技术要求、主要分系统及回收程序等作了简要介绍。     

两级运载火箭回收方案设想

文章通过对K—1运载火箭的回收方案进行分析研究,提出回收质量分别为10t和20t的两级运载火箭的回收方案设想。文章指出,根据现有的回收技术水平,对运载火箭的回收是完全可行的。     

航天器海上伞降回收技术发展与展望

对海上伞降回收的国外发展情况、关键技术以及我国开展海上伞降回收的研究基础和展望进行了介绍。目前,美国是采用海上伞降回收最多的国家,已经成功完成了多种型号飞船返回舱、航天飞机助推器以及整流罩的海上伞降回收。根据航天器海上伞降回收的方案,海上伞降回收的关键技术可分为降落伞气动减速、航天器着水冲击、航天器姿态调整、海上标位以及海上救援回收。基于我国现有的研究基础和技术储备,我国开展海上伞降回收已经具备一定的条件,可为我国未来海上伞降回收的开展提供较好的支撑。为建立完整的海上伞降回收体系,仍需解决航天器海上空投试验以及高海况海上综合试验、海上救援回收体系搭建、溅落海区的选择以及大质量航天器群伞减速技术等问题。     

伴随卫星的燃料-时间优化回收

伴随卫星回收是伴星应用中的一项主要技术。航天任务需求对伴星回收问题不仅提出了最省燃料要求，而且提出了最小时间要求。本文设计了一条稳定的燃料-时间优化回收轨道。从相对运动的Hill方程出发，给出伴星回收问题描述，阐述回收轨道设计思想及稳定回收条件，提出一种有效的螺旋式回收策略，探讨参数确定方法，并对回收轨道的特点和稳定性进行分析，最后研究了燃料消耗量与回收时间及初始相位的关系。仿真结果表明，利用螺旋回收策略，可以保证伴随卫星快速、稳定回收，且能在燃料消耗量与回收时间之间寻求最佳折衷。     

两级运载火箭回收方案设想

文章通过对Ｋ－１运载火箭的回收方案进行分析，提出回收质量分别为１０ｔ和２０ｔ的两级运载火箭的回收方案设想。文章指出，根据现有的回收技术水平，对运载火箭的回收是完全可行的。     

卫星的返回与回收

中国是世界上能够回收其卫星的少数国家之一。本文综述了中国的返回式卫星的返回和回收程序,介绍了返回舱防热系统、返回姿态控制及影响返回轨道精度的主要因素,着重说明返回系统的一个重要分系统——回收系统,其中包括回收系统的组成,回收控制及回收过程。     

“猎鹰”9火箭一子级海上回收试验成功及成本分析

正"猎鹰"9火箭一子级垂直回收方式分为两种,一是返回发射场回收,二是发射方向上落区回收。由于卡纳维拉尔角发射场位于美国东海岸,因此,其发射方向上落区回收又称海上回收,返回发射场回收又称陆上回收。一、火箭一子级海上回收试验过程北京时间4月9日4时43分,"猎鹰"9火箭从卡纳维拉尔角航天发射场发射升空,搭载"龙"     

运载火箭伞降回收着陆技术概述

随着可重复使用运载火箭成为航天领域的热点,运载火箭的回收着陆技术亦受到更大的关注。基于传统构型的运载火箭的回收一般可分为伞降回收着陆式、垂直返回式和带翼飞回式三种类型,每种类型的回收着陆技术均有其各自的优缺点。其中伞降回收着陆技术虽然落点精度较低,但是具有技术成熟度高、可靠性高、运载能力损失低的优势,长期以来世界各航天大国一直在开展相关的研究。文章针对运载火箭回收着陆中非常关键的基于伞降方式的回收着陆技术及系统开展研究,梳理了国内外运载火箭伞降回收着陆技术的发展情况。对于运载火箭的伞降回收着陆而言,中国主要开展了基于群伞-缓冲气囊的伞降回收着陆系统以及基于可控翼伞的伞降回收着陆系统两类方案的研究。文章对这两类伞降回收着陆系统进行了基本的方案论述,包括系统的组成、系统的工作程序以及涉及到的主要关键技术分析,并对两种伞降回收着陆系统进行了对比论述。最后给出了运载火箭伞降回收着陆技术的结论和相关建议。     

知识资料窗

知识资料窗航天器回收系统航天器上为回收而设置的各种装置的组合。回收系统是弹道式和半弹道式返回型航天器的必不可少的重要组成部分。降落伞回收技术是４０年代后期开始发展的，最初用于回收探空火箭的实验仪器，５０年代用于回收无人驾驶飞机、靶机等航空器和试验导弹...     

多媒体通信技术讲座 第六讲 多媒体通信系统

1多媒体电子邮件电子邮件（E－mail）是一种通过计算机网络与其他用户进行联系的快速、简便、高效、价廉的现代通信手段。在世界性的计算机网络Internet提供的全部服务中，E－mail被使用得最为广泛。绝大多数Internet用户对国际互联网熟识都是从收发电子邮件开始的。使用电子邮     

Cost Engineering – The new paradigm for space launch vehicle design

The paper describes the basic definition and application of 'Cost Engineering' which means to design a vehicle system for minimum development cost and/or for minimum operations cost. This is important now and for the future since space transportation has become primarily a commercial business in contrast to the past where it has been mainly a subject of military power and national prestige. Several examples are presented for minimum-cost space launch vehicle configurations, such as increasing vehicle size and/or the use of less efficient rocket engines in order to reduce development and operations cost. Further a cost comparison is presented on single-stage (SSTO)-vehicles vs. two-stage launchers which shows that SSTOs have lower development and operations cost although they are larger, respectively have a higher lift-off mass than two-stage vehicles with the same performance. The design of a space tourism-dedicated launch vehicle is an extreme challenge for a cost-engineered vehicle design in order to achieve cost per seat not higher than $50,000. Finally an outlook is presented on the different options for manned Earth-to-Moon transportation modes and vehicles – another most important application of 'cost engineering', taking into account the large cost of such a future venture.     

Cost reduction trends in space communications by larger satellites/platforms

The paper analyses first the satellite growth trend in the past and the specific characteristics of communication satellites, as there are specific mass per channel and payload share vs. spacecraft mass.

With assistance of a cost model (derived from actual spacecraft cost) it is shown that larger satellites are more cost effective. The same applies to the launch cost, also showing a reduction in specific cost (per kg or per channel-year) for larger payloads.

Finally different types of communication satellites/platforms are compared (two smaller satellites, one large satellite, modular docked assemblies) for the same total communication capacity of 72 000 dual telephone channels. It is shown that for each orbital communication capacity a certain optimum spacecraft size exists which leads to minimum space segment cost.     

机载相控阵雷达射频隐身时最优搜索性能研究

为提高机载相控阵雷达的生存能力,首次提出了一种基于射频隐身的雷达搜索方法。分析了影响雷达搜索性能的各个参数,将波束宽度、驻留时间和发射平均功率作为优化参数,将最小化能量消耗函数、最小化估计检测概率与期望检测概率的2范数作为目标,利用带精英策略的非支配排序遗传算法对雷达搜索模型进行优化。从最后Pareto解集中选取使两个目标函数乘积最小的解作为最优解。仿真结果表明,本文的算法与基于最大检测概率、最大起始跟踪距离的搜索方法相比,在具有较好检测性能的前提下,消耗较少的能量,具有较好的射频隐身能力。     

基于代价函数的传感器管理算法研究

针对多传感器目标跟踪的应用背景,研究了综合考虑系统性能与资源消耗的传感器管理问题.建立了基于代价函数的传感器分配优化模型,其中代价函数包括跟踪系统偏差代价和资源消耗代价两部分.采用协方差控制技术量化系统跟踪性能,将目标跟踪的实际协方差与其期望值之间的偏差作为系统性能偏差代价.传感器管理优化模型通过最小化当前时刻系统的总代价来分配传感器以维持目标跟踪.仿真结果表明,与传统的协方差控制传感器管理算法相比,该方法不仅能够获得理想的跟踪性能,而且能够更加有效地分配有限的传感器资源.     

Launch cost reduction by the reuse of the core stage of Ariane 5

The high cost of launching payloads into Earth orbit is a main limiting factor on the development of space. In order to reduce the high cost of launch, reuse of (parts of) the launch vehicle is needed. This study analyses the possibilities of recovering and reusing the core stage of Ariane 5. Recovery of the core stage sets demands on re-entry trajectory, attitude, stability, thermal protection, structural strength, terminal deceleration, salt water protection, recovery and refurbishment. All these subject areas require solutions to their individual problems. Added subsystems to the stage are defined and their mass is determined. These masses are used to determine the financial feasibility of the recovery concept, by weighing the payload demise and operational cost against the gains of reduced production cost. It is concluded that the recovery is technologically feasible, using a detachable ablative heat shield on the nose of the stage and a stabilisation device (an inflatable drag cone), a parachute system and an engine enclosure device. Total mass of these systems is 1320 kg, with financial savings amounting to $8.5 million per flight.     

The transcost-model for launch vehicle cost estimation and its application to future systems analysis

The first part of the paper describes the structure of the analytical cost estimation model (1982 edition) for launch vehicle development, fabrication and launch operations cost. Especially the new approach for a cost assessment of operations cost including refurbishment (in case of reusable vehicles), direct and indirect operations is presented for discussion and subsequent improvements by introduction of more reference values. The model uses the Man-Year (MY) as cost unit which is independent from inflation and currency exchange rate changes.

The second part of the paper deals with its application to future systems analysis and cost comparison with the example of a potential future European launcher (Post-Ariane-4) with 15 tons LEO payload capability: ten different two-stage launch vehicle concepts (expendable, semi-reusable and fully reusable) with storable and cryogenic propellants are analysed with respect to development cost and cost per launch.

The key problem for a future European launch vehicle is the optimum solution between the (limited) development effort and the desired minimum launch cost. More advanced (partially) reusable systems could provide an essential reduction in cost per launch, require, however, a higher development effort.

In such a case an analytical cost model based on realistic reference data can provide important data for the vehicle concept selection process.     

自由浮动空间机械臂的最优控制

自由浮动空间机械臂所满足的动量矩守恒方程是一个非完整约束条件。首先把铰关节角速度作为输入，建立起系统的状态方程。然后把输入表示成待定系数的Ｆｏｕｒｉｅｒ 基组合，从而将最优控制转化为对代数问题的求解。最后用非线性最小二乘法迭代求出同时使载体和铰关节达到预定位形，而且使输入能量最小的最优控制。仿真算例说明，本文的方法是有效的。     

液体火箭发动机故障诊断中的特征优选策略

针对液体火箭发动机故障诊断中的特征选择问题,提出了一类最小代价模糊决策模型。在应用中,该模型能够融合各个故障特征参数的先验信息、故障程度,并允许故障间的关联存在,从而比现有特征选择方法具有广泛的适用性,特征选择结果更贴近工程实际。同时,给出了基于贪婪算法的模型求解方法,并对某发动机的故障特征集进行了特征优选实验。实验证明了该方法的有效性。     

光学景象匹配基准图的滤波方法研究

对光学景象匹配制导的实时图与基准图的特点进行了对比，分析了前人提出的实时图常用的滤波方法，认为这些方法并不完全适用于基准图的波波处理。然后根据基准图的特点提出了和同态滤波及最小方差滤波的两步法对基闪图进行滤波，这一方法特别适用于因薄云覆盖而引入的低频噪声的处理，并同时兼顾了图像的增强与恢复。通过实验证明，该方法效果良好，对于光学景象匹配基准图的预处理具有一定的实用价值。     

Experimental and theoretical modeling of laser propulsion

Some schemes of laser propulsive systems are discussed. The question concerned with a body acceleration due to series of air blast waves generated by laser sparks is studied. For this purpose the numerical solutions of gasdynamic equations are found under appropriate initial conditions corresponding to the real ones. Radiative losses and spatial effects at the nozzle exit are taken into account. Theoretical results presented as coupling coefficients (equivalent to reciprocal thrust cost realizing under periodical pulse laser operation) are compared with the experiment. Using conical and parabolic nozzles irradiated by pulsed CO₂ laser the thrust cost about 2000 W/N is achieved which is close to the minimum possible one for the air blast wave-nozzle wall interaction. The main characteristics of laser propulsive jet are presented. Experimental results on recoil momentum transfered to solids under their evaporation by the pulsed CO₂-laser are presented as well. The question of plasma shielding effects on the momentum transfer under the vapour optical breakdown conditions is touched on.