Digital data over video channels: Techniques for Spacelab

Various techniques for transmitting digital data over a composite video channel are examined, with a view to transmitting data from experiments on the Space Shuttle orbiter. PSK (phase-shift keying), MPSK (m-ary PSK), or PAM (pulse-amplitude modulation), which can be transmitted on visible lines of a frame, unassigned lines of the VBI (vertical blanking interval), or during the HBI (horizontal blanking interval), are all found to be attractive under the proper conditions. However, PAM on visible lines or during the VBI should be relatively easy to implement, provide adequate average data rates, and give acceptable BERs (bit error rates)     

Some Effects of Phased-Array Dispersion on Digital Error Rates

Some calculations of the effect of phased-array dispersion on degrading phase-shift-keyed (PSK) error rates are presented. The results are given in the form of curves of the bit error rate versus the ratio of array "fill-time" (propagation time across the array) to signaling interval. Values of this ratio in the range 0.5 to 0.8 are required to degrade the error rate by a factor of 2. These results were obtained for both linear and square arrays, and for rectangularpulse signaling over single-pole and two-pole Butterworth equivalent low-pass channels, as well as for impulsive signaling over an idealized channel with a raised-cosine frequency response.     

Effect of Noncoherent FSK Versus PSK on Waveform Error in PCM Telemetry

In a recent paper [1] the authors presented an optimization strategy for the transmission of analog data over a PCM telemetry link. Constraints imposed included real-time operation and both average and peak power limitations on the transmitter. The selected strategy used Karhunen-Loeve (KL) sampling, unequal bit assignments, optimum uniform quantizing, the natural code, and PSK reception. In this paper, the performance of the above system will be compared to the same system using noncoherent FSK reception instead of PSK. The performance criterion used for the comparison is the mean integral squared error criterion.     

Turbo-TCM在AWGN和Rayleigh衰落信道下的性能研究

给出了一种简单的 Turbo-TCM解调译码方法 ,使用这种方法可较容易地把 Turbo码用于各种编码速率和 QPSK,8PSK,1 6QAM或 64QAM等各种调制方式下的 TCM系统中。研究了各种编码速率和调制方式的 Turbo-TCM在 AWGN和 Rayleigh衰落信道下的性能 ,并给出了仿真试验结果。     

涡轮叶盘加工技术

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Motion estimation for moving target detection

This paper describes a suite of techniques for the autonomous detection of moving targets by processing electro-optical sensor imagery (such as visible or infrared imagery). Specific application scenarios that require moving target detection capability are described, and solutions are developed under the constraints imposed by the scenarios. Performance evaluation results are presented using a test data set of over 300 images, consisting of real imagery (visible and infrared) representative of the application scenarios     

A suboptimal algorithm for modulation classification

In this paper we present a suboptimal algorithm for modulation classification to classify the general M-ary phase-shifted keying (MPSK) signal buried in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). We first derive the phase density functions of MPSK signals, then develop the required statistics for modulation classification and demonstrate a classifier for CW, binary phase-shifted keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shifted keying (QPSK), and 8PSK. The structure of the proposed classifier is flexible and is easy to expand. The performance of classifier is evaluated in terms of the probability of successful classification. An example (BPSK/QPSK case) is provided to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed classifier. The performance is evaluated through the theoretical approach and the Monte Carlo computer simulations and is compared with that previously published in 1992. It is shown that the performance of the proposed classifier is better. Further improvement in performance can be obtained by increasing the length of observation interval.     

An Optimum Phase Reference Detector for Fully Modulated Phase-Shift Keyed Signals

Many modern telemetry systems which use phase-shift keying (PSK) have receivers which derive a coherent reference from the fully modulated PSK signal itself and thus conserve the energy which otherwise would be allocated to a discrete reference signal. In this paper, an optimum receiver structure for estimating a phase reference from the PSK signal itself is derived and its realization discussed. It is shown that at low signal-to-noise ratios, the optimum detector can be realized with a Costas loop. Since a Costas loop and squaring loop exhibit identical performance, it follows that either of these simple devices gives optimum performance for low-input signal-to-noise ratios.     

2001 Mars Odyssey Mission Summary

The 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft, now in orbit at Mars, will observe the Martian surface at infrared and visible wavelengths to determine surface mineralogy and morphology, acquire global gamma ray and neutron observations for a full Martian year, and study the Mars radiation environment from orbit. The science objectives of this mission are to: (1) globally map the elemental composition of the surface, (2) determine the abundance of hydrogen in the shallow subsurface, (3) acquire high spatial and spectral resolution images of the surface mineralogy, (4) provide information on the morphology of the surface, and (5) characterize the Martian near-space radiation environment as related to radiation-induced risk to human explorers. To accomplish these objectives, the 2001 Mars Odyssey science payload includes a Gamma Ray Spectrometer (GRS), a multi-spectral Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS), and a radiation detector, the Martian Radiation Environment Experiment (MARIE). THEMIS and MARIE are mounted on the spacecraft with THEMIS pointed at nadir. GRS is a suite of three instruments: a Gamma Subsystem (GSS), a Neutron Spectrometer (NS) and a High-Energy Neutron Detector (HEND). The HEND and NS instruments are mounted on the spacecraft body while the GSS is on a 6-m boom. Some science data were collected during the cruise and aerobraking phases of the mission before the prime mission started. THEMIS acquired infrared and visible images of the Earth-Moon system and of the southern hemisphere of Mars. MARIE monitored the radiation environment during cruise. The GRS collected calibration data during cruise and aerobraking. Early GRS observations in Mars orbit indicated a hydrogen-rich layer in the upper meter of the subsurface in the Southern Hemisphere. Also, atmospheric densities, scale heights, temperatures, and pressures were observed by spacecraft accelerometers during aerobraking as the spacecraft skimmed the upper portions of the Martian atmosphere. This provided the first in-situ evidence of winter polar warming in the Mars upper atmosphere. The prime mission for 2001 Mars Odyssey began in February 2002 and will continue until August 2004. During this prime mission, the 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft will also provide radio relays for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and European landers in early 2004. Science data from 2001 Mars Odyssey instruments will be provided to the science community via NASA’s Planetary Data System (PDS). The first PDS release of Odyssey data was in October 2002; subsequent releases occur every 3 months.     

基于数字高速数据解调的Trellis-Coded MPSK与载波相位噪声

本文基于一种数字解调系统分析了在AWGN信道中载波相位噪声对Trellis-Coded MPSK的影响。同时利用存在载波相位噪声条件下的误码率上界公式，运用仿真工具simulink对未编码情况下的QPSK与Trellis-Coded MPSK及级联卷积编码情况下的QPSK与Trellis-Coded MPSK进行了蒙特卡罗仿真。分析结果表明：TCM-8PSK具有较强的载波相位噪声抑制能力。该结果对于进一步研究TCM-8PSK在卫星数传系统中的应用具有重要的参考价值。     

无缝钢管近净下料新工艺及实验研究

针对管材的近净下料问题,给出一种基于疲劳断裂机理的新型近净下料工艺。完成了近净下料机和控制系统的实验平台搭建,利用径向循环偏心加载和管材表面缺口的应力集中效应,通过变频调速改变下料模具加载速度,控制在不同下料阶段对管材的加载频率,实现管材的疲劳断裂,完成近净下料。实验结果表明,该近净下料方法切实可行,能满足工业生产中中小直径厚壁管的下料要求。     

Terrain intervisibility-believe it or not?

Computer generated digital maps with terrain intervisibility displays are becoming a common addition to aircraft cockpits. Also known as masking plots, these displays show dangerous regions exposed to threats, highlight terrain visible from the current (or future) aircraft location, and keep track of regions hidden from view during searches with various types of sensors. High resolution displays of semi-transparent intervisibility overlaid on sharp clear digital maps are very convincing but can they be believed? Not completely. Intervisibility displays serve a valuable function. But to build and use these systems wisely, it is good to understand the errors and limitations involved. At LMFS, we have integrated digital maps from other companies into avionics systems such as Army Special Operations Aircraft and MH-53J, and have analyzed the errors associated with the use of level 1 and level 2 terrain elevation data from the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA). We have also developed a number of real-time intervisibility and probabilistic intervisibility functions using a hybrid of multiresolution techniques and algorithms to obtain the best results possible for a given set of computer resources. This paper explores some of the problems, solutions, and human/machine interface considerations associated with the generation and use of intervisibility     

The Processing of Band-Limited Measurements; Filtering Techniques in the Least Squares Context and in the Presence of Data Gaps

This paper discusses the treatment of correlated measurements in the least squares context. We focus on the processing of band-limited measurements and on long time series with a constant sampling interval. Time domain as well as frequency domain approaches were discussed to offer different ways to integrate the filtering process into the optimization scheme as good as possible. The focus was on long equispaced data sets. The application of discrete filters in the space domain makes it possible to decorrelate the observations during data acquisition. This opens the way to a sequential adjustment procedure, where the design matrix is treated row-by-row. Huge systems with millions of observations can be solved by direct or iterative strategies, and both approaches benefit from well-tailored filter techniques. Because of the sequential access the computational effort of this giant task can be easily distributed to a cluster of parallel processors and offers, in addition, the possibility to treat data gaps in a straightforward way. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Digital Communication Systems in Impulsive Atmospheric Radio Noise

Analyses are presented of the performance of binary and M-ary coherent and noncoherent communication systems operating in the impulsive atmospheric radio noise environment. The receiver is usually a maximum likelihood detector for white Gaussian interference and therefore has the form of a parallel bank of matched filters followed by decision circuitry. By employing a Poisson or generalized Shot noise model for the impulsive noise with a suitable probability density function (pdf), closed-form expressions and bounds of error probabilities for M-ary noncoherent and coherent amplitude-shift keying (ASK), phase-shift keying (PSK), and frequency-shift keying (FSK) systems are obtained and the results discussed.     

Sidelobe blanking with integration and target fluctuation

In radar systems, sidelobe blanking (SLB) is used to mitigate impulsive interference that enters the radar through sidelobes of the main antenna. SLB employs an auxiliary antenna channel with the output being compared with that of the main antenna channel and a decision is then made as to whether or not to blank the main channel output. SLB performance determination involves the evaluation of several probability functions. Based on the classical Maisel SLB architecture, this work extends previous performance results, in which detection was limited to the case of a single radar pulse with either Marcum or Swerling I target fluctuation. Probability expressions have been generalized to include both an arbitrary number of integrated pulses and target fluctuation models based on the gamma distribution. The Swerling fluctuation models are all special cases of the gamma distribution. Results are derived in terms of two generalized probability functions, one for detection and the other for blanking. With these generalized probability functions, the SLB design and performance results can be determined. Examples are presented and discussed.     

基于参数化关联技术的冲裁模具设计研究

对于相似性零件冲压模具重复设计和零件更改造成的模具重新设计的问题,参数化关联技术是主要的解决途径之一.本文研究了参数关联的理论和方法,研究了参数的传递的方法,以冲裁模具的设计为例,介绍了冲裁模具参数化关联技术的具体实现,并应用CATIA二次开发方法进行基于参数化关联技术的冲裁模具设计.实现了冲裁模具的快速设计,在设计依据发生更改时模具设计能够随之进行快速更新,从而提高了设计效率.     

PSK communications systems using fully saturated power amplifiers

Quasiconstant envelope phase-shift keying (PSK) is analyzed to assess its ability to overcome nonlinearities caused by fully saturated RF power amplifiers in communications systems. These modulations can achieve bit error rate (BER) performance comparable to linear BPSK in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. Quasiconstant envelope offset quadrature PSK (OQPSK) is presented as a design example. At a BER = 10/sup -5/, the SNR degradation caused by fully saturated power amplifiers is 0.1 dB. The simulated BER matches analytically derived results. For a communications system employing the quasiconstant envelope OQPSK and a rate 1/2 convolutional code with K = 7, the demodulation performance is degraded by 0.25 dB at a BER = 10/sup -5/ when a fully saturated power amplifier is employed.     

VS-CMA盲均衡算法在短波数据通信中的应用研究

在美军标MIL-STD-188-110B基础上,改进短波（HF）数据通信发送端数据流结构,以便接收端对信号进行盲均衡处理。基于8PSK调制信号的峰度为恒定值的统计特性,提出采用均衡输出信号的峰度与理想信号的峰度差异,以调整恒模算法（CMA）的步长因子;并针对国际电联推荐的短波信道参数,进行了算法的性能仿真。仿真分析表明该算法对慢衰落的短波信道具有较好的均衡效果,对快衰落信道的均衡能力有限;应对快速衰落信道,算法还有待进一步改进。     

Efficient wideband signal parameter estimation using a radon-ambiguity transform slice

A novel efficient technique based on a single slice Radon-ambiguity transform (RAT) for time-delay and time-scale estimation is proposed. The proposed approach combines the narrowband cross-ambiguity function (NBCAF), the wideband cross-ambiguity function (WBCAF), and a single slice RAT to estimate multiple target parameters in noisy environments. The square modulus of Gaussian-enveloped linear frequency modulated (GLFM) signals has high-energy centrality in the ambiguity plane. Its peaks in the NBCAF fall along nearly straight lines whose slopes depend on the Doppler rates of the moving targets. These lines could be effectively detected by computing the entire Radon transform of the NBCAF for all possible angles; however, it is a computationally intensive procedure. It is shown that without calculating the entire RAT, it is possible to estimate target parameters using only a single slice of the RAT, i.e., using an appropriate projection of the NBCAF. It is demonstrated that the proposed method can successfully separate overlapping targets efficiently. The efficiency is achieved due to fast Fourier transform (FFT)-bascd processing, use of a single slice of RAT, and the use of only one-dimensional (1-D) searches.