扑翼飞行器动力系统建模方法

为快速评估扑翼飞行器的航时,便于针对不同扑动翼进行动力系统设计与优化,逐步减少实物验证与试飞,加快扑翼飞行器的研制,基于实验数据参数辨识的方法建立了包含直流无刷电机、电调（ESC）、锂电池和扑动机构等扑翼飞行器动力系统组件的动态模型,其中电机模型相对误差小于10%,锂电池动态模型相对误差小于6%;提出了一种基于风洞试验气动数据和功率数据的扑动轴瞬时气动载荷半经验高精度建模方法,解决了气动载荷测量较为困难的问题,模型确定系数大于0.89;集成以上模型后的扑翼飞行器仿真系统还包含扑动翼周期平均气动模型、平尾气动模型和纵向控制模型,确保仿真在动态配平状态下进行,可进行全任务剖面航时仿真,航时仿真与实际试飞结果相比误差小于3%。集成的扑翼飞行器仿真系统采用模块化建模思想,各模型参数独立可调,能进一步应用于扑翼飞行器多学科优化等研究。     

基于时间约束集的多弹道式飞行器避撞发射时间规划

提出了通过调整发射时间解决多弹道式飞行器飞行避撞问题的算法框架,在该框架内针对多弹道式飞行器协同打击时是否发生飞行碰撞提出了检验算法,对于飞行器碰撞规避问题建立发射时间约束集模型,约束集由飞行器间发生碰撞的发射时间间隔约束构成。在该时间约束集的基础上建立以多弹道式飞行器同时打击为优化目标、含有不等于号表达式时间约束的优化问题,并通过"Big-M"法将该问题转化为非线性规划问题的标准形式,再利用序列二次规划(SQP)算法进行求解。该框架将发射时间调整问题转化为最优化规划问题,降低了传统遍历性发射时间调整算法的计算复杂度。基于MATLAB平台环境对所提模型及规划算法进行了仿真,验证了所提算法的合理性与有效性,同时具有较高的计算效率。     

地形跟踪/地形回避飞行器航迹优化

提出了一种新的地形跟踪／地形回避（ＴＦ／ＴＡ）飞行器透迹优化方法,该方法将地形、威胁和障碍综合在一起用特定的地形模型来描述,并通过将地形模型与飞行器运动方程有机结合,使有约束最优控制问题转化为无约束最优控制问题,最后利用极大值原理给出了航迹优化算法,算法生成的航透既能以给定的高度跟踪地形又能自动回避危险和障碍物。     

临近空间飞行器地面雷达组网优化仿真分析

简要介绍了临近空间飞行器的组成、作用及飞行特点。分析了临近空间飞行器测控面临的技术问题以及对地面雷达的需求。在未来地面雷达布站的基础上,着重对地面航区测控资源的优化利用进行仿真设计,目的是利用有限的资源获得满足临近空间目标飞行所需的测控精度信息。对多种布站方式进行优化仿真的结果表明,在以往测控方案的基础上通过合理优化布站,能够使雷达组网效率、资源开销等性能得到改善。     

动态环境下在线航迹规划的滚动优化方法

动态环境下飞行器在线航迹规划问题的难点在于规划方法需要适应飞行环境的动态变化,以及规划快速性与准确性之间的矛盾。在综合分析动态环境下航迹规划问题特点的基础上,提出了一种在线航迹规划的滚动优化方法。采用模型预测控制对指令航迹进行滚动优化。通过引入新的末端惩罚项,构建了一种更能反映未来段航迹偏离程度的性能指标,使飞行器能够对未来段参考航迹的航向变化提前作出反应。相比传统的固定时域的规划方法,规划的快速性和准确性同时得到了提高。仿真结果表明,该方法能够在动态环境下在线生成较精确的指令航迹,引导飞行器以较小的偏差沿参考航迹飞行。     

基于人工势场-人工鱼群算法的改航路径规划

航班路径规划是改航策略的一个关键问题。将人工势场和人工鱼群算法相结合,应用于航班路径规划问题中。建立了引力和斥力的人工势场模型,用于单条改航路径规划;构造了单个人工鱼和适应度函数,采用人工鱼群算法优化改航路径;通过对改航路径的评估和修正,获得满足要求的改航路径。算例仿真结果显示,与现行的改航相比,基于人工势场-人工鱼群算法生成的改航路径总长度缩短了7.6%,表明算法是可行的和有效的。     

基于物理规划的高超声速飞行器滑翔式再入轨迹优化

 轨迹优化是新型高超声速滑翔式再入飞行器方案设计的关键技术之一。物理规划方法能够以较低的计算代价获得设计者偏好的多目标优化问题的折中解。基于该方法研究滑翔式再入最优飞行轨迹。首先介绍物理规划方法求解多目标优化问题的数学模型,然后将考虑射程最大、热载最小、热流密度峰值最小和弹道最稳定4个目标的再入最优轨迹问题纳入物理规划的框架求解。以某带翼锥形再入飞行器为例,通过计算并分析单目标优化结果,确定具体的偏好结构,采用遗传算法求解了考虑热流、过载、动压和终端条件约束的多目标最优轨迹。优化计算结果验证了物理规划方法的有效性。分析了沿最优轨迹飞行的物理原因和基本迎角控制规律,可为滑翔式再入飞行器的最优轨迹方案设计提供依据。     

飞行器航迹规划算法综述

首先给出了飞行器航迹规划的概念和问题描述对航迹规划算法中的轨迹优化、路径规划和基于类比的航迹规划进行了分类介绍，其次对多飞行器编队航迹规划的两种控制方式进行了简单说明．最后指出了航迹规划中需要进一步研究的问题。     

基于凸优化的再入轨迹三维剖面规划方法

可重复使用飞行器一般采用大升阻比气动外形，再入轨迹三维剖面规划方法可充分发挥这类飞行器固有的机动能力。计算量大是制约三维剖面规划应用的难题，为提高计算效率，提出了一种基于凸优化的再入轨迹三维剖面规划方法。首先，分析运动方程特性，利用定义新的控制变量、约束松弛、连续线性化等技术，将原始非凸的三维剖面规划问题转化为一个凸优化问题。其次，将指令反解步骤嵌入至序列凸化算法中，通过迭代求解凸优化子问题，获得原问题的可行解。数值仿真结果表明所提方法具有较高的求解精度和确定的收敛性质，飞行器的机动能力得到充分发挥；与伪谱法的结果对比表明凸优化方法在轨迹规划问题上具有更高的求解效率。     

航班改航路径规划研究综述

航班改航飞行是空中交通流量管理的重要组成部分,在发生危险天气时可安全有效地为航班选择一条临时航路,提高了空域的利用率,具有广阔的应用前景。针对航班改航路径规划的研究现状做了系统、全面的分析,按改航实施时间的不同将改航路径规划方法分为两类,即飞行前改航路径规划和实时改航路径规划,并分别予以分析和总结。最后,指出了当前研究中存在的问题和未来改航研究领域的发展方向。     

Passive attitude stabilization of ionic-wind-powered micro air vehicles

The ionic-wind-powered Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs) can achieve a higher thrust-to-weight ratio than other MAVs. However, this kind of MAV has not yet achieved controlled flight because of the unstable thrust produced by the ionic wind and the dynamic instability related to the small size. In this paper, a passive attitude stabilization method of the ionic-wind-powered MAV using air dampers is introduced. The key factors that influence the performance of the air dampers, including the layout, position, and area of the air dampers, are theoretically studied. The appropriate optimal position of the air dampers is also obtained by Monte Carlo stochastic simulations. Then the proposed passive attitude stabilization method is applied to the ionic-wind-powered MAVs of different wingspan (2 cm and 6.3 cm). Finally, the experimental results show that using the proposed method, attitude stabilization is achieved for the first time for the ionic-wind-powered MAV. Moreover, the altitude control of an ionic-wind-powered MAV with a wingspan of 6.3 cm is also demonstrated.     

微型飞行器的优化设计研究

介绍了翼展为320mm的电动力微型飞机的一体化优化设计方法，优化设计的目标是飞机的留空时间。为求出全局最优解，选择遗传算法作为优化算子，同时采用了变复杂度的优化计算方法提高设计计算效率．然后进行了优化灵敏度分析．并根据分析结果提出了微型飞机的一般设计准则。     

微型扑翼飞行器的气动建模分析与试验

用计算流体力学的数值模拟方法研究了微扑翼飞行器的扑翼飞行的非定常空气动力学问题。在对昆虫扑翼飞行运动的仿生模拟基础上 ,对实际可飞的微扑翼飞行器的扑翼运动建立了三维翼型的运动学与空气动力学模型。利用任意拉格朗日欧拉 ( ALE)有限元方法求解出 N-S方程的数值解 ,证明简单扑翼布局所提供的升力足以克服微扑翼飞行器本身的重力使其飞行。在此基础上 ,分别计算并分析了拍动幅值、俯仰幅度以及扑翼频率等各种扑翼参数对升力的影响。最后 ,探索性的扑翼风洞试验与飞行试验结果在一定程度上验证了文中计算方法的可行性      

微小型飞行器惯性组合姿态确定与航路导航研究

构建了微小型飞行器(MAV)导航、制导与控制(GNC)系统。研究了微惯性导航测量单元零偏的温度建模及非正交误差的多位置标定补偿方法,提出微小型飞行器导航、制导与控制系统闭环条件下,利用导航、制导与控制回路的飞行状态特征信息的微惯性组合导航系统滤波算法,根据微小型飞行器飞行状态实时调整卡尔曼滤波器的观测噪声方差,有效提高了动态过程中姿态测量精度和微小型飞行器的飞行平稳度。完成了组合导航系统滤波算法验证飞行试验及自主姿态稳定和航路飞行试验。飞行试验表明:微小型飞行器实现了自主姿态稳定与长距离超视距航路点导航飞行,航路点导航误差小于30 m,惯性组合姿态确定与航路导航系统及算法满足微小型飞行器自主飞行对导航系统的需求。     

微型飞行器的设计原则和策略

为了探索微型飞行器(MAV)总体设计方法,在简要介绍微型飞行器的概念与技术难点的基础上,笔者根据多年的MAV研究和试验,提出了对微型飞行器设计原则的思考,阐述了研究性和实用性MAV以及固定翼、扑翼和旋翼等不同类型MAV的设计特点。通过MAV设计的矛盾与协调关系、设计方法和优化问题说明了MAV设计的特殊性。最后,展望了微型飞行器设计的发展方向,为微型飞行器总体设计研究提供了参考思路。     

Conceptual design and optimization of a tilt-rotor micro air vehicle

The conceptual design and optimization of a tilt-rotor Micro Air Vehicle(MAV) for a well-defined mission are performed. The objective of this design cycle is to decrease the design time in order to efficiently create a functional tilt-rotor drone. A flight mission is firstly defined for a tiltrotor MAV performing hovering and cruise flight scenarios. Secondly, a complex wing shape is chosen and modeled in order to determine the final shape. The initial shape is scaled in order to acquire an arbitrary wingspan of one meter. For the specific area and wingspan, the aspect ratio of the designed wing shape is found to be equal to 2.32. Thirdly, a constraint analysis of the MAV is performed by using an energy balance analysis for six different flight scenarios. This analysis yields the required power loading and wing loading. Fourthly, the weight of the vehicle is estimated using both statistical and computational methods. After estimating the total weight and the wing loading of the MAV, the surface of the wing is determined, yielding a final wingspan of 0.76 m. Subsequently, considering the total weight of the designed MAV, the needed lift coefficient is determined.Fifthly, using the lift coefficient in conjunction with XLFR5, a batch of airfoils is selected and analyzed to evaluate the aerodynamic coefficients of the wing with each airfoil. This analysis ultimately leads to the optimum airfoil being selected. Finally, design of the fuselage and tail, internal components selection, and servo-mechanisms design are carried out prior to a stability analysis. All these proposed steps are needed to design efficient and functional tilt-rotor MAVs.     

Unsteady aerodynamics and flow control for flapping wing flyers

The creation of micro air vehicles (MAVs) of the same general sizes and weight as natural fliers has spawned renewed interest in flapping wing flight. With a wingspan of approximately 15 cm and a flight speed of a few meters per second, MAVs experience the same low Reynolds number (10⁴–10⁵) flight conditions as their biological counterparts. In this flow regime, rigid fixed wings drop dramatically in aerodynamic performance while flexible flapping wings gain efficacy and are the preferred propulsion method for small natural fliers. Researchers have long realized that steady-state aerodynamics does not properly capture the physical phenomena or forces present in flapping flight at this scale. Hence, unsteady flow mechanisms must dominate this regime. Furthermore, due to the low flight speeds, any disturbance such as gusts or wind will dramatically change the aerodynamic conditions around the MAV. In response, a suitable feedback control system and actuation technology must be developed so that the wing can maintain its aerodynamic efficiency in this extremely dynamic situation; one where the unsteady separated flow field and wing structure are tightly coupled and interact nonlinearly. For instance, birds and bats control their flexible wings with muscle tissue to successfully deal with rapid changes in the flow environment. Drawing from their example, perhaps MAVs can use lightweight actuators in conjunction with adaptive feedback control to shape the wing and achieve active flow control. This article first reviews the scaling laws and unsteady flow regime constraining both biological and man-made fliers. Then a summary of vortex dominated unsteady aerodynamics follows. Next, aeroelastic coupling and its effect on lift and thrust are discussed. Afterwards, flow control strategies found in nature and devised by man to deal with separated flows are examined. Recent work is also presented in using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) actuators and angular speed variation to achieve active flow control for MAVs. Finally, an explanation for aerodynamic gains seen in flexible versus rigid membrane wings, derived from an unsteady three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model with an integrated distributed control algorithm, is presented.     

多螺旋桨太阳能无人机横航向操稳特性研究

首先分析了大型高空长航时太阳能无人机由于超大展弦比和高效多螺旋桨带来的航向阻尼增量和航向操纵导数,接着分析了由此带来的横航向动态特性变化,并结合多螺旋桨的操纵特性,提出了多桨航向控制方法,最后进行了仿真验证.结果表明,分布式多桨布局对提高该类无人机的横航向稳定性有较大作用,以多桨的转速变化量最小为目标的最优化航向控制分配方法对超长航时飞行很有利.     

微型飞行器的研究现状及其关键技术

微型飞行器(MAV)是新技术发展的必然产物，是目前国内外研究的一个前沿和热点问题。简述了目前国内外微型飞行器的发展现状，提出了发展微型飞行器亟待解决的几项关键技术问题，给出了解决这些关键技术问题的方法和途径，并对微型飞行器的发展趋势进行了展望。     

复杂环境下微小飞行器惯性/激光雷达Robust-SLAM方法

针对微小型飞行器在巡检、探测和地图构建等应用中关键的自主导航技术,提出了一种基于惯性辅助的激光雷达Robust-SLAM方法用于微小型飞行器自主导航。相对于传统的激光雷达SLAM方法,该方法在SLAM框架中引入了感知环境突变检测方法,并且加强了惯性与SLAM的组合程度,有效地解决了高程方向感知环境发生突变时激光雷达SLAM定位误差大的问题。室内车库实际飞行实验结果表明,该方法能够实现微小型飞行器在三维空间中实时可靠的自主导航,具有较好的工程应用价值。