Influence of Solar Wind on the Global Electric Circuit,and Inferred Effects on Cloud Microphysics,Temperature, and Dynamics in the Troposphere

There are at least three independent ways in which the solar wind modulates the flow of current density (Jz) in the global electric circuit. These are (A) changes in the galactic cosmic ray energy spectrum, (B) changes in the precipitation of relativistic electrons from the magnetosphere, and (C) changes in the ionospheric potential distribution in the polar caps due to magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling. The current density J _z flows between the ionosphere and the surface, and as it passes through conductivity gradients it generates space charge concentrations dependent on J _z and the conductivity gradient. The gradients are large at the surfaces of clouds and space charge concentrations of order 1000 to 10,000 elementary charges per cm³ can be generated at cloud tops. The charge transfers to droplets, many of which are evaporating at the cloud-clear air interface. The charge remains on the residual evaporation nuclei with a lifetime against leakage of order 1000 sec, and for a longer period the nuclei also retain coatings of sulfate and organic compounds adsorbed by the droplet while in the cloud.The charged evaporation nuclei become well mixed with more droplets in many types of clouds with penetrative mixing. The processes of entrainment and evaporation are also efficient for these clouds. The collection of such nuclei by nearby droplets is greatly increased by the electrical attraction between the charge on the particle and the image charge that it creates on the droplet. This process is called electroscavenging. Because the charge on the evaporation nuclei is derived from the original space charge, it depends on J _z, giving a rate of electroscavenging responsive to the solar wind inputs.There may be a number of ways in which the electroscavenging has consequences for weather and climate. One possibility is enhanced production of ice. The charged evaporation nuclei have been found to be good ice forming nuclei because of their coatings, and so in supercooled clouds droplet freezing can occur by contact ice nucleation, as the evaporation nuclei are electroscavenged. Although quantitative models for the all the cloud microphysical processes that may be involved have not yet been produced, we show that for many clouds, especially those with broad droplet size distributions, relatively high droplet concentrations, and cloud top temperatures just below freezing, this process is likely to dominate over other primary ice nucleation processes. In these cases there are likely to be effects on cloud albedo and rates of sedimentation of ice, and these will depend on J _z.For an increase in ice production in thin clouds such as altocumulus or stratocumulus the main effect is a decrease in albedo to incoming solar radiation, and in opacity to outgoing longwave radiation. At low latitudes the surface and troposphere heat, and at high latitudes in winter they cool. The change in meridional temperature gradient affects the rate of cyclogenesis, and the amplitude of planetary waves. For storm clouds, as in winter cyclones, the effect of increased ice formation is mainly to increase the rate of glaciation of lower level clouds by the seeder-feeder process. The increase in precipitation efficiency increases the rate of transfer of latent heat between the air mass and the surface. In most cyclones this is likely to result in intensification, producing changes in the vorticity area index as observed. Cyclone intensification also increases the amplitude of planetary waves, and shifts storm tracks, as observed.In this paper we first describe the production of space charge and the way in which it may influence the rate of ice nucleation. Then we review theory and observations of the solar wind modulation of J _z, and the correlated changes in atmospheric temperature and dynamics in the troposphere. The correlations are present for each input, (A, B, and C), and the detailed patterns of responses provide support for the inferred electrical effects on the physics of clouds, affecting precipitation, temperature and dynamics.     

Solar Wind Control of the Magnetospheric and Auroral Dynamics

A dependence of the polar cap magnetic flux on the interplanetary magnetic field and on the solar wind dynamic pressure is studied. The model calculations of the polar cap and auroral oval magnetic fluxes at the ionospheric level are presented. The obtained functions are based on the paraboloid magnetospheric model calculations. The scaling law for the polar cap diameter changing for different subsolar distances is demonstrated. Quiet conditions are used to compare theoretical results with the UV images of the Earth’s polar region obtained onboard the Polar and IMAGE spacecrafts. The model calculations enable finding not only the average polar cap magnetic flux but also the extreme values of the polar cap and auroral oval magnetic fluxes. These values can be attained in the course of the severe magnetic storm. Spectacular aurora often can be seen at midlatitude during severe magnetic storm. In particularly, the Bastille Day storm of July 15–16, 2000, was a severe magnetic storm when auroral displays were reported at midlatitudes. Enhancement of global magnetospheric current systems (ring current and tail current) and corresponding reconstruction of the magnetospheric structure is a reason for the equatorward displacement of the auroral zone. But at the start of the studied event the contracted polar cap and auroral oval were observed. In this case, the sudden solar wind pressure pulse was associated with a simultaneous northward IMF turning. Such IMF and solar wind pressure behavior is a cause of the observed aurora dynamics.     

Wind in the Solar Corona: Dynamics and Composition

The dynamics of the solar corona as observed during solar minimum with the Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer, UVCS, on SOHO is discussed. The large quiescent coronal streamers existing during this phase of the solar cycle are very likely composed by sub-streamers, formed by closed loops and separated by open field lines that are channelling a slow plasma that flows close to the heliospheric current sheet. The polar coronal holes, with magnetic topology significantly varying from their core to their edges, emit fast wind in their central region and slow wind close to the streamer boundary. The transition from fast to slow wind then appears to be gradual in the corona, in contrast with the sharp transition between the two wind regimes observed in the heliosphere. It is suggested that speed, abundance and kinetic energy of the wind are modulated by the topology of the coronal magnetic field. Energy deposition occurs both in the slow and fast wind but its effect on the kinetic temperature and expansion rate is different for the slow and fast wind.     

波音737NG飞机后机身涡流发生器断裂分析

介绍了X航波音737NG飞机后机身涡流发生器频繁发生的断裂以及在役丢失状况,并从涡流发生器的运行环境和安装参数等方面着手,对其断裂的原因和预防措施进行探讨。     

Prognostic Health Management of Aircraft Power Generators

In this paper, prognostic tools are developed to detect the onset of electrical failures in an aircraft power generator, and to predict the generator's remaining useful life (RUL). Focus is on the rotor circuit since failure mode, effects, and criticality analysis (FMECA) studies indicate that it is a high priority candidate for condition monitoring. A signature feature is developed and tested by seeded fault experiments to verify that the initial stages of rotor faults are observable under diverse generator load conditions. A tracking filter is used to assess the damage state and predict generator RUL. This information helps to avoid unexpected failures while reducing the overall life-cycle cost of the system.     

信息网络管理问题研究

从信息网络安全、网络知识产权和网络商业秘密保护几个方面阐述了信息网络管理上存在的若干问题，并提出自己的见解。     

超燃进气道分离流动的凸起物控制机理研究

双模态超燃冲压发动机由于压力扰动可能发生不起动现象,造成推力严重下降,对飞行稳定性与飞行安全具有很强的破坏性。不起动初始阶段主要受到激波与边界层相互作用引起的流动分离影响,采用5阶特征型WE-NO格式与3阶TVD型Runge-Kutta格式的高精度数值方法,求解三维Navier-Stokes方程,研究了利用凸起物作为涡发生器的被动控制方法,及其对高超声速流动分离现象的控制效果。结果表明高精度数值格式能够捕捉到复杂精细的流动分离结构,总结了摩阻、压力等在分离再附位置的变化规律;发现凸起物通过诱导形成局部流向涡进行流动控制,能够改变压力分布,减弱分离强度,影响分离结构。     

Analysis of Polyphase Commutator Generators for Wind-Power Applications

This paper describes the mathematical modeling of the ac polyphase hase commutator generator by means of Park's equations. For clarity, a two-phase, balanced-operation machine is analyzed. Equations ions of performance are developed in terms of familiar parameters. The machine is shown to have attractive characteristics for variablespeed peed constant-frequency power generation, with possible application to wind-power systems.     

Design of SIMO Excitation Controllers for Synchronous Generators

Stabilization of synchronous generator oscillations is investigatedby using a single-input multiple-output (SIMO) excitation controller.The feedback signals which are most effective for the damping ofelectromechanical oscillations are selected based on the participationfactors of various signals. In order to improve the dampings ofpoorly damped oscillation modes, the eigenvalues associated withthese modes are shifted to certain prespecified locations by adjustingthe parameters of the excitation controller. Time domain simulationresults are also presented to show the validity of the proposedmethod.     

基于边际效用理论的飞机维修模式的探讨

为提高飞机维修的经济性,采用经济学领域的边际效用理论对飞机维修效用、维修边际效用和维修总效用进行了定义,为量化飞机维修效用,建立了数学模型,对维修效用进行定量计算.所建立的边际维修理论对于维修经济性的提高和定量计算有一定的指导作用.     

B737-300/500飞机交流发电机结构与修理研究

对B737-300/500飞机交流发电机的原理与维修方法进行了研究。民航电气维修是基于可靠性技术对飞机电气设备设计功能的恢复与完善,要求理论成熟,技术可靠,在此基础上发挥先进性与创新能力。其先进性表现在保障安全和可靠性方面,在整体结构和组成特点方面,它可以抵抗短路与过载冲击,维修中体现在测试方法上就要实现这一功能。创新性表现在对电气理论与技术的理解与灵活运用,以提高效率,节约成本。对于发电机正常检修工作,按手册要求进行;对于故障维修,情况各不相同,则需要综合判断和创新。     

涡流器排对附面层热传输的影响

本文对平板附面层在有和没有涡流器情况下的传热性能进行了试验研究。测量了两种情况下的附面层速度分析和温度分布。结果表明，在涡流器排的近下游，传热性能有很大提高，附而层的速度分布有很大改变，壁面处的速度梯度大大增加，而温度梯度大大减少，原因是旋涡发生器产生的流向涡与附面层的相互作用。     

企业ERP的开发与利用

文章介绍了企业ERP的核心及构成以及ERP的支撑技术,即供应链技术,ERP与CRM的集成及企业ERP项目实施的过程.     

国外飞机电气技术的现状及对我国多电飞机技术发展的考虑

根据国外航空电气技术的最新发展,研究了多电飞机电气系统的发展需求,重点阐述了多电飞机的关键技术,结合我国航空技术发展现状提出了我国在多电飞机关键技术方面的发展思路和建议.     

AIAA风洞天平校准标准研究

简述了美国航空航天协会AIAA的《风洞试验内式应变天平校准和使用》推荐标准制订的目的、过程和主要涵盖的内容;分析了该标准所反映出的国外风洞天平校准技术发展的特点;阐述了该天平校准标准对我国天平技术发展的启示,为国内风洞天平技术的创新发展提供参考。     

基于ANSYS的机翼动力学分析

针对无人机在挂载导弹飞行和发射导弹时,无人机机翼由于受到多种载荷影响所产生的应力应变,应用ANSYS软件动力学分析,计算模拟了机翼在受到多种载荷影响时所产生的应力分布和应变量。分析结果表明,由于外挂物重量和机翼周围气动流场的影响,机翼会产生不同程度的颤振和扭转,其研究结果对合理设计机翼结构具有一定的参考意义。     

机载大功率超导发电机发展现状与展望

新一代飞机对电力的需求越来越大,尤其是定向能武器的使用,将需要兆瓦(MW)级的电源系统。由于超导发电机发电功率大、结构简单、重量轻,是机载大功率用电设备的理想电源。本文综述了机载超导发电机的类型、研究进展和关键技术,分析指出了其未来的发展前景。     

MPP蛀孔互联网的模拟研究

蛀孔交换技术的特性不同于存储转发交换技术的特性。该文分析了消息在重载蛀孔网络中传输的性能特性,指出了在典型的二维MESH网中应用蛀孔技术的障碍。在此基础上提出了二维MESH的一种改进结构,即间接二维MESH结构,并分析、模拟了该结构在各种网络负载及各种网络规模下的性能特性。分析及模拟都说明了该结构的高效性。