空间交会最优控制理论和方法的研究进展

本文概述了国内外最优交会控制理论和方法,着重论述了近几年国内的进展。介绍了有限推力作用下邻近的近圆轨道最优交会,一般共面椭圆轨道全局最优交会,多冲量推力线性化和非线性交会轨道最优制导和水平冲量推力最优交会控制理论和方法的研究成果。     

邻近近圆轨道两个飞行器的最优交会

邻近近圆轨道上两个飞行器的相对运动可以用线性化Ｃ—Ｗ方程描述。本文利用线性化Ｃ—Ｗ方程研究了常推力作用下两个飞行器的固定时间最省燃料交会问题，给出了最优推力作用的开关函数和最优推力方向的计算方法。     

再入飞行器离轨制动在线规划方法

研究了再入飞行器离轨阶段的轨道规划方法。基于轨道飞行原理,建立了冲量模型下离轨制动参数和再入点参数的关系,分析了最优离轨的推力施加原则。在考虑地球自转的前提下,针对约束再入点特定经纬度的问题,利用非线性规划的优化方法,研究了有限推力模型下离轨点位置的确定策略,同时给出了符合燃料最优目标的离轨制动参数。     

基于非线性约束的参数估计方法及其在轨道确定中的应用

基于非线性约束条件研究了一类不能求解析解的微分方程系统模型的参数估计方法.通过非线性系统模型和观测模型的线性化,用线性模型理论推导了非线性约束条件下的参数估计方法,设计了全局最优解的高斯牛顿迭代算法.某卫星轨道确定算例表明:该参数估计法的卫星轨道确定精度较传统最小二乘法提高约50%.     

空间飞行器动力学模型的动态反馈线性化

本文研究了空间飞行器非线性动力学模型的线性化问题，利用微分几何方法和反馈线性化理论，本文证明了推力方向相对体系不变，即受有“常方向推力”作用限制的空间飞行器的轨道－姿态耦合非线性动力学模型可用二阶动态补偿器／增广状态反馈／增广状态微分同胚变换实现精确线性化，提出了飞行器动态反馈线性化的分步算法，并给出了实现线性化的状态反馈／微分同胚的具体形式，从而将飞行器控制系统设计问题转化为线性系统问题。     

应用非线性规划求解异面最优轨道转移问题

研究了一种应用非线性规化求解有限推力作用下异面最优轨道转移问题的方法。采用改进春分点根素形式的高斯行星方程，从庞德里亚金极小值原理出发，将有限推力作用下异面最优轨道转移问题转化为两点边值问题；在考虑边界条件、横截条件及开关函数的前提下，将两点边值问题转化为针对协状态初值等的参数优化问题；最后应用非线性规划方法求解形成的参数优化问题。本方法特点是能得到开关函数从而得到最优发动机开关机逻辑。文章最后通过一个仿真计算，演示了完整的求解过程，验证了方法的有效性。     

基于凸优化理论的含约束月球定点着陆轨道优化

针对月球精确定点软着陆问题,考虑导航及障碍检测敏感器视场约束及制动发动机推力大小约束,对月球动力下降段轨道优化方法进行了研究。首先建立了含约束条件的三维定点软着陆轨道优化问题模型,根据庞德亚金极小值原理推导了最优推力开关方程,并给出了推力奇异区间不存在的证明。针对优化模型中的复杂非线性约束,引入凸优化理论将问题转化为二阶锥优化问题,并采用内点法求解了最优标称轨迹。最后给出了月球软着陆制动段、接近段的仿真结果,验证了该着陆轨道优化方法的有效性。     

一种离散非线性末制导律

在空间拦截中，导弹产生饱和梯形波推力和三角形脉冲推力。用非线性精确线性化理论获得的制导律是连续制导律，它适用于导弹在大气层内飞行，不适于导弹在大气层外飞行。本文研究了非线性末制导律离散实现的解析法，用该方法获得的离散末制导律适用于导弹在大气层外飞行。     

航天器四冲量固定时间最优交会

本文研究了航天器的四冲量固定时间最优交会问题及仿真，在两航天器相对运动线性化方程组和最优交会基本方程组基础上，利用特征矢量的对称性。求得了最优点火时间、最优推力和速度增量的计算方法，仿真结果表明，该方法是可行的。     

机动目标的空间交会微分对策制导方法

针对目标机动情况,利用定量微分对策方法分析连续推力作用下的空间交会追逃微分对问题,提出用非线性规划求解该微分对策问题的方法,建立空间交会追逃微分对策的非线性规划模型,有效解决了机动目标空间交会微分对策模型高度非线性且难于利用经典最优控制理论进行求解的问题,实现了最优控制与对策论的结合,并通过数值仿真校验了该方法的有效性。     

随机激励下非线性振动系统特性的定性分析

求解李雅普诺夫方程,可直接获得平稳随机振动响应协方差矩阵。用等效线性化方法处理非线性系统,通过多次迭代求解李雅普诺夫方程可得到稳定的等效线性系统参数,从而获得一种多自由度非线性系统特性定性分析方法,为实际的非线性动力学系统建模提供了理论依据。对几个实例进行了仿真分析,结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

运载火箭推力故障不确定性下轨迹可达包络分析

针对运载火箭突发推力故障且故障存在不确定性的轨迹设计问题,提出了一种基于状态转移张量法(STT)的故障火箭轨迹可达包络分析方法。首先,建立了推力故障火箭的运动模型,通过构建故障火箭轨迹重规划问题,基于序列二次规划法获得了不考虑故障不确定性的重规划轨迹; 其次,基于线性协方差对非线性系统的不确定性传播进行建模,并对模型进行线性化,在此基础上提出了基于SST的运载火箭轨迹可达包络分析方法; 最后,通过与多次蒙特卡洛仿真对比验证所提方法在运载火箭轨迹可达包络定量分析中的有效性。     

High order optimal feedback control of space trajectories with bounded control

Optimal feedback control is classically based on linear approximations, whose accuracy drops off rapidly in highly nonlinear dynamics. Several nonlinear optimal feedback control strategies have appeared in recent years. Among them, differential algebraic techniques have been used to tackle nonlinearities by expanding the solution of the optimal control problem about a reference trajectory and reducing the computation of optimal feedback control laws to the evaluation of high order polynomials. However, the resulting high order method could not handle control saturation constraints, which remain a critical facet of nonlinear optimal feedback control. This work introduces the management of saturating actuators in the differential algebraic method. More specifically, the constraints are included in the optimal control problem formulation and differential algebra is used to expand the associated optimal bang–bang solution with respect to the initial and terminal conditions. Optimal feedback control laws for thrust direction and switching times are again computed by evaluating the resulting polynomials. Illustrative applications are presented in the frame of the optimal low-thrust transfer to asteroid 1996 FG₃.     

A procedure for calculating the damping in multi-element space structures

A procedure is outlined for estimating the damping in a multi-element space structure by incorporating distributed material damping and discrete nonlinear joint properties into a linear analysis. Tests have been conducted in which the transient response of a truss member is measured in free fall in a vacuum in order to obtain precise material damping characteristics. The force-state mapping technique is then used to identify the localized nonlinearities in joints by mapping the force transmitted through the joint as a function of the full mechanical state of the joint. The identified nonlinear joint parameters are then linearized using an equivalent energy approach which finds the equivalent linear stiffness and linear viscous damping by equating the integrated work done and energy dissipated by the nonlinearity to those of a spring and damper undergoing sinusoidal motion. The distributed material damping and localized nonlinear effects are then incorporated to form a linearized damped finite element model. Finally, an eigenvalue perturbation analysis is developed to explore the effect of introducing damping at the joints on the overall dynamics of the truss, and to obtain design guidance on where supplemental joint damping might optimally be added.     

Robust stationkeeping and reconfiguration of underactuated spacecraft formations

Feasibility of achieving reliable control for spacecraft formation keeping and reconfiguration without the need for thrust in either the radial or along-track direction is explored in this paper. Analysis of the linearized dynamics without along-track input indicates the presence of an uncontrollable eigenvalue at the origin. A nonlinear controller is designed to indirectly stabilize the uncontrollable modes to a stable manifold around the equilibrium. Conditions for robustness against unmatched uncertainties and disturbances are derived to establish the regions of asymptotic stabilization. The benefits of the proposed control method are also validated via numerical simulations to show that precise formation maintenance can be achieved by dealing with the issues of system nonlinearities, variations in initial conditions, and external disturbances, concurrently.     

大气层外多拦截器协同跟踪与制导算法

针对大气层外多弹头多诱饵的进攻场景,采用多拦截器全拦截策略,提出了带故障诊断的协同跟踪算法、时间协同中制导律以及消除脱靶量的末制导律。首先,基于最小二乘算法以及误差传播理论,实现了局部信息融合以及测量方程的线性化,简化了非线性跟踪滤波算法的设计;并依托滤波算法,设计了传感器故障诊断算法,以排除其对跟踪效果的影响。然后,基于对拦截器和目标受力的合理简化,给出了相对运动解析解,设计了有限推力下的多拦截器时间协同中制导律以及末制导律,实现对多个目标的同时击毁。仿真结果显示,本文设计的协同跟踪与制导算法,可以有效估计目标的状态并排除故障传感器的干扰,实施对多个目标的时间协同拦截。     

Constant-thrust glideslope guidance algorithm for time-fixed rendezvous in real halo orbit

This paper presents a fixed-time glideslope guidance algorithm that is capable of guiding the spacecraft approaching a target vehicle on a quasi-periodic halo orbit in real Earth–Moon system. To guarantee the flight time is fixed, a novel strategy for designing the parameters of the algorithm is given. Based on the numerical solution of the linearized relative dynamics of the Restricted Three-Body Problem (expressed in inertial coordinates with a time-variant nature), the proposed algorithm breaks down the whole rendezvous trajectory into several arcs. For each arc, a two-impulse transfer is employed to obtain the velocity increment (delta-v) at the joint between arcs. Here we respect the fact that instantaneous delta-v cannot be implemented by any real engine, since the thrust magnitude is always finite. To diminish its effect on the control, a thrust duration as well as a thrust direction are translated from the delta-v in the context of a constant thrust engine (the most robust type in real applications). Furthermore, the ignition and cutoff delays of the thruster are considered as well. With this high-fidelity thrust model, the relative state is then propagated to the next arc by numerical integration using a complete Solar System model. In the end, final corrective control is applied to insure the rendezvous velocity accuracy. To fully validate the proposed guidance algorithm, Monte Carlo simulation is done by incorporating the navigational error and the thrust direction error. Results show that our algorithm can effectively maintain control over the time-fixed rendezvous transfer, with satisfactory final position and velocity accuracies for the near-range guided phase.     

On the stability of spinning satellites

We study the directional stability of rigid and deformable spinning satellites in terms of two attitude angles. The linearized attitude motion of a free system about an assumed uniform-spin reference solution leads to a generic MGK system when the satellite is rigid or deformable. In terms of Lyapunov’s stability theory, we investigate the stability with respect to a subset of the variables. For a rigid body, the MGK system is 6-dimensional, i.e., 3 rotational and 3 translational variables. When flexible parts are present the system can have any arbitrary dimension. The 2×2 McIntyre–Myiagi stability matrix gives sufficient conditions for the attitude stability. A further development of this method has led to the Equivalent Rigid Body method. We propose an alternative practical method to establish sufficiency conditions for directional stability by using the Frobenius–Schur reduction formula. As practical applications we discuss a spinning satellite augmented with a spring–mass system and a rigid body appended with two cables and tip masses. In practice, the attitude stability must also be investigated when the spinning satellite is subject to a constant axial thrust. The generic format becomes MGKN as the thrust is a follower force. For a perfectly aligned thrust along the spin axis, Lyapunov’s indirect method remains valid also when deformable parts are present. We illustrate this case with an apogee motor burn in the presence of slag. When the thrust is not on the spin axis or not pointing parallel to the spin axis, the uniform-spin reference motion does not exist and none of the previous methods is applicable. In this case, the linearization may be performed about the initial state. Even when the linearized system has bounded solutions, the non-linear system can be unstable in general. We illustrate this situation by an instability that actually happened in-flight during a station-keeping maneuver of ESA’s GEOS-I satellite in 1979.     

空间最优交会

在相对体制下,本文讨论了混合指标下的最优交会问题。除给出了最优交会体制导律的结构形式外,还提供了求解最优交会制导律的参数方程组。该方程具有迭代求解形式,给数字求解带来极大方便。