飞行器爆炸螺栓分离冲击环境散布分析

爆炸螺栓分离装置是一种应用广泛且相对成熟的点式火工分离装置，在航天器分离中应用广泛。爆炸螺栓通过腔内炸药爆炸的拉伸、剪切力学效应，使螺栓特定部位断裂实现解锁。爆炸分离过程会产生时间短、频率高、峰值高的冲击波，对航天器结构产生冲击。分离过程中，爆炸螺栓断裂位置尺寸、炸药药量和螺栓预紧力等因素的偏差都会影响爆炸分离产生的冲击响应。通过不同设计尺寸偏差下的有限元分析计算，研究了不同因素对航天器关键位置冲击响应谱的影响。结果表明爆炸螺栓断裂位置的端面尺寸和炸药药量的变化对冲击响应谱有着显著影响。     

Low-velocity detonations in cast and pressed high explosives

A model of low velocity detonations in charges of cast and pressed high explosives confined in metal tubes with thin walls is suggested. An analytical solution is obtained and velocities and pressures of stationary LVD waves are calculated as functions of the parameters of the wall confinement. The fraction of the total chemical energy transferred to maintain the shock wave and the average rate of reaction in the wave are estimated and the dynamics of transient predetonation processes are analysed. An explanation of the causes of the secondary shock wave formation in the transition from deflagration to normal detonations is suggested and the delay of this secondary wave is calculated and compared with experimental data.     

液体推进剂爆炸冲击波的数值模拟

针对现有液体推进剂爆炸实验危险性高、耗费大以及实验条件严格及重复性差等缺点及难点,利用Autodyn软件分别对一维和二维两种情况下液体推进剂爆炸产生的冲击波进行数值模拟,并与经验预测及相关实验研究进行比较分析。研究结果表明:在距离大于10 m时,利用软件模拟计算的结果与经验公式一致性较好,两者偏差不超过5%。数值模拟不仅可以准确捕捉冲击波峰值压力,而且还能够较准确地得到液体推进剂在空气中爆炸时冲击波的衰减过程,为液体推进剂爆炸事故的毁伤评估和安全防护奠定了基础。     

Conceptual design of a hypervelocity asteroid intercept vehicle (HAIV) and its flight validation mission

An intercept mission with nuclear explosives is the most effective of the practical mitigation options against the impact threat of near-Earth objects (NEOs) with a short warning time (e.g., much less than 10 years). The existing penetrated subsurface nuclear explosion technology limits the intercept velocity to less than approximately 300 m/s. Consequently, an innovative concept of blending a hypervelocity kinetic impactor with a subsurface nuclear explosion has been developed for optimal penetration, fragmentation, and dispersion of the target NEO. A proposed hypervelocity asteroid intercept vehicle (HAIV) consists of a kinetic-impact leader spacecraft and a follower spacecraft carrying nuclear explosives. This paper describes the conceptual development and design of a baseline HAIV system and its flight validation mission architecture for three mission cost classifications (e.g., $500 M, $1 B, and $1.5 B).     

超高速撞击下PTFE/Al含能材料薄板的载荷特性分析

不同于传统惰性材料的空间碎片防护结构,含能材料防护结构在超高速撞击下的冲击起爆特性是其防护能力得以提高的根本原因。PTFE/Al含能材料防护结构的冲击起爆特性改变了弹丸强冲击载荷下的破碎机制,弹丸内部的冲击压力对于分析含能材料在超高速撞击下的防护机理具有重要意义。对超高速撞击试验中回收的PTFE/Al防护结构后板进行损伤特性分析,获得了对应速度条件下弹丸的破碎特性。基于一维冲击波理论,分析PTFE/Al靶板在超高速撞击条件下的冲击响应过程,结合考虑化学反应效率的热化学反应模型,获得了弹丸在碰撞与爆炸联合作用下的载荷特性,通过与试验结果对比验证,获得该材料完全反应的临界撞击速度约为1800 m/s,弹丸的临界破碎速度为2875 m/s,小于铝防护结构中对应的临界破碎速度。给出了弹丸在PTFE/Al、铝两种防护结构中产生相同冲击压力时对应的临界速度,分别为弹道段的800 m/s和破碎段的3580 m/s。     

柱形爆炸器故障原因分析

针对柱形爆炸器穿透钢柱试验故障,分别从聚能罩形状和材料、主装药炸药性能、装药结构、主装药浇注工艺、炸高、界面传爆可靠性、环境条件等方面,对柱形爆炸器穿透效果的影响进行了分析,开展了相关可靠性试验,复现了故障。此次故障是由于柱形爆炸器壳体壁厚较薄,不能满足力学环境试验过载所致。对故障进行了准确定位,并改进了设计结构。     

Shock sensitivity of nitromethane with well defined hot spots distribution

The behavior of nitromethane under the action of a plane shock wave presenting local overpressures is experimentally analysed. The role of hot spots and the successive activation of new reaction sites are clearly evidenced. The optical observations made during the build-up to detonation and the measured shock sensitivities support a model of initiation for heterogeneous explosives.     

Electromagnetic Pulse in the Magnetosphere Generated by Impulsive Current near the Lower Boundary of the Ionosphere

A solution to the problem of current spreading is constructed in the case of relaxation of electric charges, which have arisen in the mesosphere for one reason or other. These currents penetrate into the conductive region with anisotropic conductivity of the D- and E-layers of the ionosphere, being transformed to a MHD-wave that propagates into the magnetosphere. Based on this solution, the form and spectrum of the generated MHD signal are calculated for Alfvenic and magnetosonic modes coming out to the ionosphere and magnetosphere. Electric charges and currents can arise, for example, in the space between a thunderstorm cloud and the ionosphere, or between the shock wave from a ground explosion and the ionosphere. Some signal parameters accepted in the model are close to those expected for high-altitude electric discharges of the Red Sprite type. The conditions are determined under which the Alfven impulse with an amplitude of up to 100 nT propagates in the magnetosphere above high-altitude discharge of this type. Such an impulse was recorded by the AUREOL-3 satellite after the ground explosion MASSA-1. Recently, this impulse was hypothesized to originate as a result of a high-altitude electric discharge. The hypothesis on a similar MHD pulse allows one to explain in a semiquantitative way the short burst of electron field-aligned acceleration observed by the DE-2 satellite over the Debbie hurricane. The high-altitude atmospheric discharge of this type can be a powerful, though short-time and local, source of electrons with kiloelectronvolt energies at low and middle latitudes. One could expect that such an effect causes a modified character of the so-called Trimpi-effect (a short-term disturbance of propagation of VLF waves in the ionosphere), and thus, it can be observable.     

超音速流在正规反射激波系后的参数优化特性

研究了超音速气流中正规反射波加一正激波结构下的参数优化特性，给出了求解这种优化结构的方法，通过计算得到了优化条件存在的区域和优化解的特性，它用可于指导超音速飞行器的进气道及相关装置的设计。     

Some aspects of blast from fuel-air explosives

Numerical solutions of the blast wave flow from a spherical explosive charge were obtained using the artificial viscosity technique as employed by Oppenheim. The flow is treated as adiabatic and inviscid and ideal equations of state are used for reactants, products and the surrounding air environment. Differences are noted in the peak pressure, static impulse and dynamic impulse resulting from three representative types of idealized initiation: (1) centrally initiated, self-similar Chapman-Jouguet detonation, (2) edge initiated spherical implosion and (3) constant volume energy release followed by sudden venting to the environment. These are compared to the ideal point blast with counterpressure of the same total energy release. In addition, numerical solutions are presented for centrally initiated, stoichiometric hydrogen-oxygen mixtures surrounded by air for detonation and for deflagration according to an empirically determined, non-steady flame velocity. The greater energy transfer to the environment in the case of detonation is demonstrated.     

MAKING A TUNNEL THROUGH THE MOON

The pressure in the center of the moon is estimated to be 50,000 atm at a temperature of a few 10³ K. Under these conditions a tunnel to the center of the moon seems possible, if dug by a sequence of nuclear explosions, crushing the rocks through which the tunnel shall pass. The crushed rocks reduce the pressure gradient in the tunnel wall and permit the removal of heat by liquid metals. The number of required nuclear explosions, estimated to be several thousand, can be substantially reduced by thermonuclear shape charges.     

液体运载火箭爆炸冲击波近场危害性定量评估方法研究

嫦娥四号探测器首次采用了我国自主研制的同位素热源装置,为有效评估运载火箭发生爆炸后,爆炸冲击波对同位素热源装置的危害性,解决同位素热源装置安全设计指标确定难题,开展了液体运载火箭爆炸冲击波近场危害性的评估方法研究,提出了适用于液体运载火箭爆炸冲击波近场危害性评估的爆炸当量、爆炸冲击波峰值超压及作用时间的定量评估模型。     

金属膜片充压翻转的动态仿真方法研究

弧长法是目前膜片翻转仿真使用最普遍的方法,但该方法存在收敛性差、计算效率低等问题。基于理想气体状态方程,建立锥柱形金属膜片充压翻转的流固耦合有限元模型,提出膜片充压翻转的显式动态仿真法。通过与基于准静态分析的弧长法分析结果和实验结果的对比,验证了显式动态仿真结果的合理性。研究了充气速度对膜片翻转过程中压差曲线和偏心程度的影响。所提方法计算效率高,解决了目前仿真分析中存在的收敛性问题,为金属膜片设计提供了一种重要的仿真技术手段。     

TDICCD成像的速度同步分析和实验

模拟星载遥感器的成像条件对靶标进行动态成像 ,分析TDICCD相机的实验室动态成像性能 ,并通过改变运动像的速度 ,研究TDICCD与运动像不同步对成像质量的影响 ,考察相机在推扫成像过程中 ,因推扫速度失配而产生的像移现象对相机成像质量的影响 ,验证相机像移影响计算公式的推导结果。     

Boundary layer stripping of liquid drops fragmented by Taylor instability

A model is presented to describe the breakup of large ( 1 mm diameter) liquid drops by shock waves such as occurs in the heterogeneous detonation of liquid fuel sprays. After passage of a shock, high speed gas flow is established about the drops with large Reynolds number, large Weber number and large ratio of Weber number to the square root of the Reynolds number. Under these conditions, a thin liquid boundary layer is formed in the windward surface of a drop and is stripped from the drop at its equator. The rate of mass loss from the drop is small initially, but is increased an order of magnitude by fragmentation of the original drop. This fragmentation occurs because of Taylor instability of the windward surface of the accelerating drop. Calculations based on boundary layer stripping, which include the increase in liquid surface area due to fragmentation, give mass loss rates in general agreement with experimental observations.     

Experimental modeling of impact of space dust and debris on flying vehicles and their components

For modeling the space dust and debris effect on flying vehicles, an investigation of the low-velocity impact of corundum and tungsten powders, accelerated by explosion, with particle size up to 50 microns on steel and duralumin targets was carried out. Also studied was the impact of sewing needles against metal and dielectric barriers, antimeteor shield models, and duralumin containers with hard materials, gunpowder, and explosives. At impact of powders at velocities of up to 2 km/s and needles at a velocity of up to 0.5 km/s against metals, the channels arose with lengths greater than 100 and 50 diameters of a striker. At impact of needles, the containers with hard explosive materials were destroyed because of ignition of their contents, and containers with plastic explosive were punched through, and no burning occurred. The energy, released at destruction of plexiglas blocks and containers with hard materials, many times exceeded the impact energy due to release of the elastic energy stored in them.     

三维烧蚀内部热响应数值计算研究

对热解型碳化复合材料三维烧蚀内部热响应数值计算关键技术进行了研究。采用碳化层—热解面—原始材料层模型,将热解气体与碳化层之间的对流换热处理为源项,通过有限元法建立移动边界条件下温度场求解方程组,采用Gauss Seidel迭代法计算热解气体质量流量和温度场。同时,研究和分析了三维烧蚀移动边界处理方法以及动网格生成方法。由于每个时间步都需要网格重划,烧蚀热防护数值计算对存储效率和计算效率要求较高,本文研究了内部热响应计算中影响存储效率和计算效率的主要因素,并提出了相应的压缩存储方案和求解方案。计算结果表明,移动边界处理方法准确合理;存储方案的存储效率较高;保持刚度矩阵和形函数矩阵正定对称性可以加快温度场计算的收敛速度。     

单喷管火箭自由喷流噪声数值模拟

利用非定常燃气流场数值模拟方法，研究超声速喷流核心区及其外围亚声速区燃气流动态分布和流动特性，在此基础上利用欧拉方程条件的伽辽金有限元方法以及FWH方法，实现并完成喷流噪声传播特性、辐射特性数值模拟。喷流噪声数值模拟结果显示：燃气流推进初期，强喷流噪声区域紧随燃气流前锋；燃气流场相对稳定后，强喷流噪声区域主要位于燃气流等能区末稍，一些小尺度试验的燃气流激波系附近也存在较强喷流噪声。这些强喷流噪声主要由燃气流前锋带动的大涡动态卷吸、燃气流强湍流脉动以及激波扰动引起。受数值模拟网格分辨率影响，当前仅能保持中低频段声压级数值模拟结果与实测结果总体接近。     

半透明吸收、散射性介质内辐射传递系数的新型计算方法

为考虑半透明吸收、散射性介质内各向同性散射对辐射能量传递过程的影响，通过对辐射能量传递过程的分解，提出了一种基于辐射能量传递过程分解的射线踪迹法，该计算方法无需引入预设控制精度参数。经与其他计算方法的比较表明，该新型计算方法正确，计算精度高、计算时间短，可以用于研究介质内辐射能量传递过程的研究。     

计算尖锥迎面干扰的一种新方法

本文从运动气流的二维激波动力学方程组出发,提出了一种计算平面运动激波和尖锥头激波迎面干扰问题的新方法。该方法可以计算穿透激波的强度和形状,马赫反射时三波点的轨迹,马赫杆的强度和几何形状,以及锥面峰值压力的大小。计算结果与数值模拟、其它计算方法以及实验数据进行了比较,结果表明本方法不仅精度较高,而且保持了简捷,省机时的优点。