Electric Charging and Discharging Processes of Moving Projectiles

Every type of missle is electrically charged during free flight. The physical mechanism, leading to the electric charging and discharging effects, was investigated by measuring the electric field surrounding projectiles while leaving the muzzle region, during free flight, and on impact on targets. The electric charge on projectiles is 10-13 108C. Numerous experimental results were obtained with calibers 4-155 mm and velocities 50-120lm/ s. A physical model about the complex charging effects is derived.     

一种适用于曲面结构的机器人制孔误差在线补偿技术

针对工业机器人应用于飞机零部件自动钻孔时各项误差累积造成制孔精度差的问题，提出一种利用单应关系计算机器人驱动坐标三维偏差，以在线补偿机器人制孔精度的方法。首先利用外部测量设备建立机器人制孔系统中各坐标系关系；在标定阶段，通过以一定倾斜角度固联于机器人末端的相机拍摄一幅安装于制孔工作平面上与刀轴正对的平面标定板图像，并据此完成基于单应变换的手-眼关系标定；在实际制孔过程中，机器人在测距传感器及相机的辅助下，从基准孔理论坐标对应的姿态，不断调整至基准孔正上方理想位置，通过手-眼关系计算基准孔实际位置对应的机器人驱动坐标，然后根据一组基准孔的机器人三维驱动误差，计算三维驱动误差变换矩阵，据此获得这组基准孔邻域范围内各待钻孔的机器人驱动坐标补偿量，从而实现待钻孔定位误差补偿。以飞机结构实验件为对象进行了模拟制孔验证，实验结果表明，补偿前待钻孔三维综合定位误差和法向误差测量值范围分别为2.28~2.85 mm和2.09°~3.93°，平均为2.55 mm和3.30°，补偿后制孔最大误差分别不超过0.30 mm和0.21°，满足自动制孔位置精度要求。     

Electric Field Detection and Ranging of Aircraft

The electric field transported by charged aircraft during free flight can be observed quantitatively in distances of up to some 100 m. A system of three plane sensors arranged in the corners of a triangle or the Earth surface is described, by which the flight path of aircraft is detected in the range of 40 to 500 m with velocities of approximately 50 m/s. The theory and typical experimental results are discussed.     

亚毫米级弹丸光电探测技术

本文在片光遮挡式弹丸探测技术基础上发展了光电阵列探测亚毫米级弹丸技术,论述了光电阵列探测亚毫米弹丸的技术原理,详细介绍了光电阵列探测系统的探测光路和探测电路设计方案,研制了光电阵列探测系统的动态试验验证装置。在超高速碰撞靶上开展了动态验证试验,试验结果表明,采用光电阵列探测技术,大幅提高了弹丸信号的信噪比,能够可靠探测直径为0．6mm 的高速弹丸,通过分析表明该技术能可靠应用于直径为0．1mm高速弹丸的探测。     

电动飞机气动焦点辨识及飞行试验研究

电动飞机作为未来绿色航空的发展方向,引起了各国的广泛关注。电动飞机大多采用大展弦比气动布局,在飞行中机翼弹性变形较大,风洞试验测试的焦点结果不能较好地反映实际飞行要求。为了确定轻型电动飞机的重心范围以及得到飞行中准确的焦点位置,以某型碳纤维复合材料电动飞机为例,建立定常直线平飞和定常盘旋机动飞行的数学模型;基于盘旋机动飞行试验获得测试数据,采用物理解算法辨识得到实际飞行的焦点,并与风洞试验测得的焦点位置进行对比。结果表明：盘旋机动飞行试验辨识的飞机焦点位置要比风洞试验的结果靠前;对于展弦比较大且采用大量复合材料的电动飞机而言,在飞行过程中实际焦点位置与风洞试验结果有一定的差距,采用物理解算法辨识得到的焦点位置更接近于实际状态。     

The proximity fuze

The ballistic accuracy and range of guns in 1914 was adequate for shooting at aircraft, but the method of aiming had not evolved beyond 1871 and was incapable of dealing with the small size, high speed, and agility of the airplane. It was realized that direct hits by projectiles could not be expected except by machine gun and automatic cannon, so the high explosive shells of heavier guns would have to be detonated through the time fuzes used for shrapnel. Pointing the gun and cutting the fuze required accurate location of the target and calculation of where it would be when the shell completed its flight. Of the inaccuracies in causing a shell to explode near an airplane, that of the fuze, especially the accurate determination of the flight time, was by far the worst. The development of a solution to this problem, a fuze that felt the influence of the plane in some manner, is reviewed     

基于声震探测技术的靶场炸点坐标测量误差分析

针对靶场试验时需要精确确定弹丸落点（终点）坐标的问题,提出一种声震波联合定位方法,该方法具有监控范围大、不受自然条件影响、能发现未爆弹、性价比高、反应快等特点。该方法按照一定的阵形布设传感器,依据弹丸爆炸时产生的声波（或是未爆弹落地产生的震动波）到达各传感器的时间差,采用TDOA（TimeDifferenceofArrival,到达时间差）方法对弹丸落点坐标进行计算。具体阐述了TDOA方法的定位原理,并给出了整个测量系统的组成,简要叙述了整个测量系统的部署方案;采用GDOP（GeometricalDilutionofPrecision,几何稀释精度因子）方法分析了定位误差的主要影响因素,并对各种影响因素带来的误差量进行了详细分析与计算;最后采用本文设计的测量系统针对大口径火炮弹丸终点坐标的测量在靶场进行了试验,试验结果与理论分析的误差较一致,定位精度满足测量的要求。该方法满足靶场快速测量的要求。     

Impact point prediction guidance based on iterative process for dual-spin projectile with fixed canards

The fixed canards configuration of a dual-spin projectile makes it difficult to apply the traditional guidance law. In this study, a modified impact point prediction guidance strategy based on an iterative process was developed for a class of dual-spin projectiles with fixed canards, to reduce the impact point dispersion. The guidance strategy is dependent on the modified projectile linear theory to rapidly predict the flight states and the impact point. For projectiles with control applied to the trajectory, the modified projectile linear theory method is known to achieve poor impact point prediction. To improve the prediction accuracy, improvements were made to the modified projectile linear theory by considering the products of the yaw rate and other small quantities. The guidance strategy is based on the iterative process for the continuous adjustment of the expected output of the roll angle of the course correction fuze, to minimize the direction error between the predicted impact point and target location. Studies were conducted on a model dual-spin projectile configuration to demonstrate the guidance details. The numerical simulations indicate that the proposed guidance strategy can effectively reduce the projectile impact point dispersion.     

Millimeter Radar Instrumentation

Millimeter wavelength radars are used to study plasma effects associated with ionized flow fields of projectiles launched at hypersonic speeds into a free-flight ballistic range. Two CW Doppler radars, at frequencies of 35 and 70 Gc/s, measure the nose-on backscattering radar cross sections during flight. The design and performance of the two radars are described in detail. A signal simulator provides absolute calibration. The purpose is to measure changes that occur in the radar cross sections of hypersonic projectiles caused by highly ionized flow fields. Under certain conditions the nose-on backscattering radar cross section of a blunt-nosed metal projectile decreases drastically when a thin, shock-produced layer of ionized gas covers the projectile. A theoretical analysis of this effect is given. Comparisons between theoretical predictions and experimental data show good correlation.     

基于彩色编码的副油箱风洞模型位姿测量方法

高速飞行器副油箱分离位姿参数是飞行器以及副油箱设计的重要基础数据。位姿参数测量工作多在高度模拟飞行器飞行状态的风洞环境下进行,对缩比模型实施高速非接触测量。受风洞试验段观察视窗限制以及副油箱模型形状影响,副油箱模型位姿测量十分困难。首先针对风洞观察视窗以及风洞复杂环境对图像采集效果的影响,提出了基于自发光单元的副油箱运动序列图像采集方法,采用双目视觉系统高速采集获得目标物的清晰序列图像;其次,提出基于环绕式彩色编码的自发光标记点匹配方法,实现风洞复杂环境内标记点的高精度匹配;最后,根据副油箱表面合作标记点的三维坐标获取副油箱模型的位姿信息。试验结果表明:所提出的位姿测量方法满足测量要求,其最大位移误差不超过0.102mm、最大角度误差不超过0.201°。     

口径30mm空心弹真实条件下的气动特性研究

为了更深入细致地研究空心弹在各不同条件下的空气动力学特性及其影响因素,以口径30mm的空心弹为研究对象,通过Fluent软件数值仿真空心弹内外流场,以获得相关数据和气动力参数。对比了空心弹丸和实心弹丸的流场,结果表明：空心弹丸阻力系数比实心弹丸的要小很多。运用不同的控制方程对空心弹丸进行数值模拟,结果表明：采用单方程模型对于阻力系数的计算更精确,对流场的模拟也更接近实验结果。     

In-Flight Mass Measurement of Small Fragments and Projectiles

Penetration and cratering studies at hypervelocities make use, primarily, of light gas guns and explosive devices to accelerate projectiles for the impact study. The highest velocities achievable to date with other than micron-sized projectiles are obtained from explosive accelerators (shaped charge) or modified light gas guns incorporating a third stage. Such devices produce one or more randomly shaped particles of undetermined mass; and meaningful impact studies at very high velocities require a method of accurate measurement of the mass of a small fragment after acceleration but before impact. An experimental technique for mass measurement, which is simple in concept and operation, has been developed and demonstrated. A high-speed flash X-ray system is used to photograph the projectile or projectiles in flight. A theoretical treatment utilizing the X-ray mass absorption coefficient of the projectile material, and the linearity of the film density as a function of the logarithm of the exposure, is used to demonstrate that the density change over a finite area of the film is directly proportional to the mass in the path of the X-ray beam. The measurement is independent of ``blurring' due to the finite exposure time and tumbling of the projectile. Analysis of the exposed film can be conducted in a few minutes and requires only the measurement of average density at five or six positions on the film. Independent measurements of the masses of all projectiles in the field of view are possible. The demonstrated accuracy of the technique is better than ±5 percent.     

固定翼双旋弹动力学分岔特性分析

针对一种滚转稳定的固定翼双旋弹,对其非线性动力学进行了分岔特性分析,并在此基础上研究了各系统参数对其动力学分岔特性的影响。根据固定翼双旋弹非对称的特点,通过数值计算方法研究其飞行过程中平衡点随同向鸭翼安装角的变化规律,通过系统的分岔图得知系统具有三组稳定平衡点,其中只有一组平衡点为理想可行的稳定平衡点,因此需限定同向鸭翼安装角的范围以使固定翼双旋弹保持稳定飞行。在此基础上针对固定翼双旋弹弹道修正组件周期旋转和转角固定两种工作模式,通过各系统参数下的系统分岔图总结了固定翼双旋弹结构及气动力参数对其动力学系统分岔特性的影响。仿真结果表明,固定翼双旋弹的各气动力参数及飞行速度均对系统的分岔特性具有较大影响,应合理选定这些系统参数以使其具有良好的气动特性。     

基于Cardinals三次样条曲线的航迹生成算法实现

根据军用飞机飞行参数记录系统提供的飞行数据, 提出了一种利用Cardinals三次样条曲线进行航迹生成的算法。经过对离散点航迹误差修正及样条曲线的讨论, 给出了实时计算任意时间点飞机质心位置的公式, 为开发可在普通PC机上运行的军用战机飞行过程再现软件, 提供了条件。     

Wind detection in a microcosm: Ship/aircraft environment sensors

One of the most demanding aspects of a Navy helicopter pilot's job is landing his aircraft on the flight deck of a pitching, rolling, heaving and yawing ship. The complex airwake velocity field associated with the ship and aircraft interface directly affects the pilot's ability to control the aircraft during takeoff, approach, hover, landing, and deck operations. Dynamic Interface (DI) testing is performed to define safe aircraft operational envelopes; however, not all conditions can be realized within the limited test period and asset/condition availability. In addition, exact wind conditions that affect the aircraft cannot be measured with existing wind sensors. These sensors measure wind in the ship's mast area which does not represent the wind flow field encountered by the aircraft. A means of non-intrusively measuring the appropriate wind data is required. This paper presents an overview of the unique aspects of the ship/aircraft interface, the overall naval DI environment and the sensor requirements for measuring this complex environment     

Flight trajectory optimization of sun-tracking solar aircraft under the constraint of mission region

The optimal yawing angle of sun-tracking solar aircraft is tightly related to the solar azimuth angle, which results in a large arc flight path to dynamically track the sun position. However, the limited detection range of payload usually requires solar aircraft to loiter over areas of interest for persistent surveillance missions. The large arc sun-tracking flight may cause the target area on the ground to be outside the maximum coverage area of payload. The present study therefore develops an optimal flight control approach for planning the flight path of sun-tracking solar aircraft within a mission region. The proposed method enables sun-tracking solar aircraft to maintain the optimal yawing angle most of the time during daylight flight, except when the aircraft reverses its direction by turning flight. For a circular region with a mission radius of 50 km, the optimal flight trajectory and controls of an example Λ-shaped sun-tracking solar aircraft are investigated theoretically. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach to optimize the flight path of the sun-tracking aircraft under the given circular region while maximizing the battery input power. Furthermore, the effects of varying the mission radius on energy performance are explored numerically. It has been proved that both net energy and energy balance remain nearly constant as the radius constraint varies, which enables the solar aircraft to achieve perpetual flight at almost the same latitude as the large arc flight. The method and results presented in this paper can provide reference for the persistent operation of sun-tracking solar aircraft within specific mission areas.     

高速飞行弹箭目标表面动态热辐射

针对红外系统实时跟踪捕获高速飞行弹箭目标的关键问题,提出了一种用于求解其全弹道动态红外辐射（IR）特性的方法.以典型155mm口径无控弹箭为研究对象,基于Simulink建立了模块化的6自由度(DOF)刚体弹道仿真模型,数值计算并分析了弹道诸元的变化规律.应用热网络法建立了弹体表面耦合换热动态热辐射场的物理模型,推导了弹箭高速旋转飞行的气动加热计算模型,并利用蒙特卡洛(M-C)法考虑了环境热辐射的影响.运用Runge-Kutta法耦合求解节点热平衡方程组,得到了动态气动表面传热系数、温度场以及红外辐射场的分布规律,对比分析了目标在整个飞行过程、不同部位、不同波段内的红外辐射特征.结果表明:目标发射后,其表面温度迅速升高,越靠近弹头部,温度升高速率越快,峰值温度越高;在飞行前20s内,其红外辐射特征明显;随着飞行速度衰减,热量散失较快,辐射强度较弱,且主要集中于8～14μm波段.      

不同攻角条件下偏转头弹箭流场与气动特性

基于DES（detached eddy simulation,分离涡模拟）方法及AUSM（advection upstream splitting method,对流迎风分裂方法）格式,对不同偏角的偏转头弹箭在非零攻角下的超声速流场和气动特性进行了数值模拟.结果表明:在非零攻角情况下,与常规弹箭流场相比,偏转头弹箭头部迎风面激波更强;而当有效入射角相等时,即使弹箭的攻角不一样,其头部流场结构仍相同,且尾翼流场基本不受头部偏角影响.另外,由气动力系数变化曲线可知,偏转头弹箭具有良好的纵向静稳定性,且升力系数随攻角的增长率大于阻力系数,即升阻比大于常规弹箭,因此适当增大攻角可以提高偏转头弹箭的气动特性.      

飞机结构部件飞行载荷估算方法研究

介绍一种考虑飞机各部件间相互影响（干扰）的气动载荷估算方法。把该方法用于估算全动平尾的飞行载荷,并用它估算了Ｆ－７全动平尾在对称机动情况下的飞行载荷,且与飞行实侧载荷作了比较。结果表明,估算和实测载荷相差１０％左右。这种估算方法,在飞机设计阶段,可用于估算飞机其它部件（机翼、垂尾等）飞行载荷。     

“长空”超低空无人驾驶飞机的飞行控制系统

 本文介绍“长空”超低空无人驾驶飞机的飞行控制系统。这是我国首次将单片计算机应用到无人机的飞控系统。文中对方案选择,控制规律以及为满足超低空飞行高度精度的要求所采取的技术措施作了详细的阐述,通过试飞,鉴定、供靶,说明这一套数模混合式飞控系统的设计是完全成功的。