Joint time-frequency transform for radar range-Doppler imaging

Conventional radar imaging uses the Fourier transform to retrieve Doppler information. However, due to the complex motion of a target, the Doppler frequency shifts are actually time-varying. By using the Fourier transform, the Doppler spectrum becomes smeared and the image is blurred. Without resorting to sophisticated motion compensation algorithms, the image blurring problem can be resolved with the joint time-frequency transform. High-resolution time-frequency transforms are investigated, and examples of applications to radar imaging of single and multiple targets with complex motion are given     

基于多普勒效应的激光微位移测量系统

介绍了一种可进行动态微位移测量的激光微位移测量系统。该系统以多普勒效应为理论基础，以He-Ne激光器为光源，配置了判向变频系统、CCD视频信号的高速动态采集系统、微机处理系统及干涉图像处理软件包等，较传统测量方法其精度、误差、灵敏度及稳定度都有较大提高，并实现了微位移的全自动测量。     

高速采样测量数据处理方法研究

探讨在新一代高精度测速体制下,外测数据原有处理方法应用到高采样率数据时的缺陷,提出将原始采样数据分段、分层进行多次处理,结合二步最小二乘、等距样条拟舍和区间长度自适应的时间多项式中心平滑技术,可降低每次处理的数据量,并逐步滤除周期噪声与色噪声,提高了处理结果的精度。     

406 MHz ELT signal spectra for SARSAT

The signal format and spectral properties of the 406-MHz emergency locator transmitter (ELT) used in the search and rescue satellite aided tracking (SARSAT) system are examined. The ELT improves location estimate accuracies and can relay information about the particular aircraft and its problem, by means of the digitally modulated message fields. It is shown that due to the RF signal frequency characteristics and the Doppler shift, processing must be performed over a frequency band of approximately 25 kHz. Through the use of the fast Fourier transformation (FFT), the frequency spectrum of the ELT is analyzed, taking account of effects due to noise, multiple simultaneously received signals, and Doppler shift. It is demonstrated that the FFT provides an effective means for detecting and recognizing the presence of one or more ELT signals over this 25-kHz frequency band. Some recommendations are made to improve the spectral characteristics and the performance of the ELT     

A new algorithm for the formation of ISAR images

A new technique for implementing the enhanced image processing (EIP) algorithm for the formation of inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) images is presented. The EIP algorithm is required when, during the formation of an image, scattering centers on a target move out of range and/or Doppler resolution cells. This phenomenon is common for high resolution imagery of practical-sized targets. The method presented is based entirely on the fast Fourier transform (FFT) and therefore does not require the interpolation schemes that are prevalent in the standard EIP implementation. A brief review of the theory of radar imaging is presented to establish the notation for the work. Following the presentation of the new algorithm, a simple example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new technique. In addition work is presented that demonstrates the processing required to reduce the sidelobes in imagery generated by the EIP technique     

Frequency-Agile Radar Signal Processing

Modern radars may incorporate pulse-to-pulse carrier frequency modulation to increase probability of detection, to reduce Vulnerability to jamming, and to reduce probability of interception. However, if coherent processing is used for clutter rejection, the frequency of N consecutive pulses must be held constant for N-pulse clutter cancellation or Doppler filtering. If M pulses are transmitted during the time the antenna illuminates a target, there are M/N coherently integrated echoes available for noncoherent integration in the computer or the operator's display to further improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, analytical and simulation methods are employed to determine the balance between coherent and noncoherent integration that yields the greatest SNR improvement. Attention is focused upon a model using peak selection of fast Fourier transform (FFT) Doppler channels and is compared to a reference model involving only a single Doppler channel. Curves of detectable SNR as a function of M and N are presented for both models.     

非等间距相关系数平稳序列分析方法

工程实际中由于数据缺损或受测试条件所限,常常得到非等间距的时间序列。而传统的时序分析方法只适用于等间距采样的数据,目前工程上对这类问题通常采用插值等近似处理方法,这往往导致较大误差。本文提出非等间距相关系数平稳序列的概念,建立了非等间距相关系数平稳序列自回归模型,给出了非等间距相关系数AR(p)序列的精确极大似然估计和条件极大似然估计,能够高精度地确定非等间距序列的均值函数、方差函数和相关系数函数。      

Signal processing of wide bandwidth and wide beamwidth P-3 SAR data

This research is concerned with multidimensional signal processing and image formation with FOliage PENetrating (FOPEN) airborne radar data which were collected by a Navy P-3 ultra wideband (UWB) radar in 1995. The digital signal processors that were developed for the P-3 data commonly used a radar beamwidth angle that was limited to 35 deg. Provided that the P-3 radar beamwidth angle (after slow-time FIR filtering and 6:1 decimation) was 35 deg, the P-3 signal aperture radar (SAR) system would approximately yield alias-free data in the slow-time Doppler domain. We provide an analysis here of the slow-time Doppler properties of the P-3 SAR system. This study indicates that the P-3 database possesses a 50 deg beamwidth angle within the entire [215, 730] MHz band of the P-3 radar. We show that the 50-degree beamwidth limit is imposed by the radar (radial) range swath gate; a larger beamwidth measurements would be possible with a larger range swath gate. The 50-degree beamwidth of the P-3 system results in slow-time Doppler aliasing within the frequency band of [444, 730] MHz. We outline a slow-time processing of the P-3 data to minimize the Doppler aliasing. The images which are formed via this method are shown to be superior in quality to the images which are formed via the conventional P-3 processor. In the presentation, we also introduce a method for converting the P-3 deramped (range-compressed) data into its alias-free baseband echoed data; the utility of this conversion for suppressing radio frequency interference signals is shown     

An efficient 3-D near-field ISAR algorithm

This paper presents a new three-dimensional (3-D) near-field inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging technique. A 3-D ISAR image can be obtained by processing coherently the backscattered fields as a function of the frequency and two rotation angles about axes which are mutually orthogonal. Most of the existing ISAR algorithms are based on the Fourier transform and as such can tolerate only small amounts of wavefront curvature. Wavefront curvature must be taken into account when imaging an object in the near-field. Near-field ISAR imaging of large objects using a direct Fourier inversion may result in images which are increasingly unfocused at points which are more distant from the center of rotation. An algorithm based on an azimuth convolution between a near-field focusing function and the frequency domain backscattered fields is discussed. This convolution is efficiently implemented by using fast Fourier transform (FFT) techniques. Furthermore, in order to further alleviate the computational load of the algorithm, the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of the focusing function is evaluated by means of the stationary phase method. Experimental results show that this technique is precise and virtually impulse invariant     

Efficient wideband signal parameter estimation using a radon-ambiguity transform slice

A novel efficient technique based on a single slice Radon-ambiguity transform (RAT) for time-delay and time-scale estimation is proposed. The proposed approach combines the narrowband cross-ambiguity function (NBCAF), the wideband cross-ambiguity function (WBCAF), and a single slice RAT to estimate multiple target parameters in noisy environments. The square modulus of Gaussian-enveloped linear frequency modulated (GLFM) signals has high-energy centrality in the ambiguity plane. Its peaks in the NBCAF fall along nearly straight lines whose slopes depend on the Doppler rates of the moving targets. These lines could be effectively detected by computing the entire Radon transform of the NBCAF for all possible angles; however, it is a computationally intensive procedure. It is shown that without calculating the entire RAT, it is possible to estimate target parameters using only a single slice of the RAT, i.e., using an appropriate projection of the NBCAF. It is demonstrated that the proposed method can successfully separate overlapping targets efficiently. The efficiency is achieved due to fast Fourier transform (FFT)-bascd processing, use of a single slice of RAT, and the use of only one-dimensional (1-D) searches.     

Monopulse DOA estimation of two unresolved Rayleigh targets

This paper provides for new approaches to the processing of unresolved measurements as two direction-of-arrival (DOA) measurements for tracking closely spaced targets rather than the conventional single DOA measurement of the centroid. The measurements of the two-closely spaced targets are merged when the target echoes are not resolved in angle, range, or radial velocity (i.e., Doppler processing). The conditional Cramer Rao lower bound (CRLB) is developed for the DOA estimation of two unresolved Rayleigh targets using a standard monopulse radar. Then the modified CRLB is used to give insight into the boresight pointing for monopulse DOA estimation of two unresolved targets. Monopulse processing is considered for DOA estimation of two unresolved Rayleigh targets with known or estimated relative radar cross section (RCS). The performance of the DOA estimator is studied via Monte Carlo simulations and compared with the modified CRLB     

Modified fast Fourier transform in FBMC for satellite communications

In this paper,a Doppler scaling fast Fourier transform (Doppler-FFT) algorithm for filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC) is proposed,which can efficiently eliminate the impact of the Doppler scaling in satellite communications.By introducing a Doppler scaling factor into the butterfly structure of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm,the proposed algorithm eliminates the differences between the Doppler shifts of the received subcarriers,and maintains the same order of computational complexity compared to that of the traditional FFT.In the process of using the new method,the Doppler scaling should be estimated by calculating the orbital data in advance.Thus,the inter-symbol interference (ISI) and the inter-carrier interference (ICI) can be completely eliminated,and the signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) will not be affected.Simulation results also show that the proposed algorithm can achieve a 0.4 dB performance gain compared to the frequency domain equalization (FDE) algorithm in satellite communications.     

一种高动态低信噪比下载波快速捕获跟踪方法

针对高动态、低信噪比的接收信号,首先对整个多普勒频率范围进行分段,并在每一段内利用本地产生的带有多普勒频率变化率的复信号来抵消接收信号中多普勒频率变化率的影响,然后在每一段内利用FFT（FastFourierTransform,快速傅里叶变换）进行载波频率并行捕获,从而同时完成载波多普勒频率及其变化率的初步估计。利用载波多普勒频率及其变化率估计信息辅助锁频环快速入锁,进而利用锁频环辅助三阶锁相环完成载波信号的锁频锁相跟踪。使用这种方法,可以快速获取信号的多普勒频率及其变化率信息,并且在极短时间内完成载波的稳定跟踪,使接收设备具备快速捕获跟踪大动态弱信号的能力。     

Radar receiver optimization for a continuously scanning antenna

The optimum coherent radar receiver configuration is derived for a continuously scanning antenna on the basis of maximizing the available energy for a given processor complexity. Included in the analysis are the length of the coherent dwell, the size of the discrete Fourier transform and the degree of weighting used for Doppler filtering, and the use of overlapped processing windows. Gaussian shapes for the processing window and antenna mainbeam are assumed in order to make the analysis tractable     

Measurement of Closely Spaced Point Targets

An algorithm for the measurement of closely spaced point targets is developed. The underlying concept is the method of moment estimation, in both the time and frequency domains. It is shown that Baum's algorithm is a special case of the results presented. The estimation techniques described herein do not assume that the separation of the point targets is greater than the waveform resolution. As a result, the distance between the point targets could be measured well below the Rayleigh limit. Since the results presented are based on the use of a single-pulse record, the outlined methodology is particularly suitable for real-time signal processing. Digital simulation is performed to demonstrate the feasibility of the working models.     

Adaptive Optical Target Detection Using Correlated Images

A method for target detection that achieves clutter rejection by the use of multiple observations of the same target scene is developed. Multiple scene observations can be obtained by processing separate frequency bands of the same target scene or by recursively processing sequential observations in time. Optimal detection algorithms are developed, based on the assumption that the image intensity can be modeled as a variable mean spatial Gaussian process. Several fast detection algorithms are derived which make use of the fact that the covariance matrices of many optical and infrared (IR) images can be accurately approximated by diagonal matrices. These algorithms provide efficient solutions to the problem of processing multiple correlated scenes or multiple sequential imaging. Computer simulations based on actual optical and IR image data were used for checking the theoretical results. The new detection algorithms achieved performance improvement in detection signal-to-noise ratio of up to 10 dB over conventional target correlation methods.     

基于数字补偿的快速频率合成方法的研究

基于I/Q调制的快速频率合成方法比目前采用的频率合成方法更易调试,而且使用灵活。其思路是将信号先通过单边带调制,将较低频率调制到需要的频率范围;然后采用对基带信号的数字预补偿方法来抑制镜像频率和载波泄漏,从而达到应用的目的。文章中还给出一种基于输出信号包络信息的补偿系数调整算法,其仿真结果说明该新补偿算法可以有效抑制镜像频率和载波泄漏。     

时分式平面—立体电视图像转换器

时分式平面－立体电视图像转换器是由视频图像信号处理电路、控制信号产生电路和液晶眼镜驱动电路三部分构成，根据其构成和工作原理，可采用多种具体电路来实现。     

基于脉组间频率步进的合成超宽带距离像及速度分析

 对脉组间频率步进信号进行信号处理可直接获得合成超宽带(UWB)距离像及目标速度信息,但由于多普勒色散引入的快速傅里叶变换(FFT)输出失配误差和距离多普勒耦合,导致距离像的失真。介绍消除多普勒色散的影响的方法,分析且补偿距离多普勒耦合对距离像的影响,进一步讨论由测速误差产生的补偿量化误差对距离像的影响,并推导由此导致的距离走动公式。提出的迭代二分逼近法使速度分辨提高 N 倍( N 为脉组个数),从而得到目标真实高分辨距离像。仿真实验结果表明多普勒色散得到消除且 N 的选取更加灵活。     

非等间距相关系数AR(p)序列预测方法

针对非等间距时间序列预测中存在误差较大的问题,本文建立了非等间距相关系数AR(p)序列预测方法,详细讨论了非等间距相关系数AR(1)序列和AR(2)序列的预测公式和误差估计。大量计算表明,本文方法与通过插值将非等间距序列变换为等间距序列进行预测的传统方法相比,具有更高的预测精度。