纳米铝燃料研究进展

纳米铝代替传统微米铝作为固体火箭推进剂的金属燃料,有助于提高推进剂的燃速、比冲和降低特征信号等。综述了纳米铝燃料合成、活性保持、高温氧化反应机理和在含能材料体系中的分散性能等方面的研究进展,分析了关键技术的发展趋势。最后,给出了下一阶段纳米铝燃料的研究建议:探索各向异性纳米铝燃料合成途径,丰富纳米铝燃料类别;在不降低铝燃料能量的前提下,进行修饰、包覆,提高纳米铝燃料活性;弄清不同反应速率下纳米铝燃料氧化反应过程,明晰纳米铝燃料氧化反应机理;重视铝燃料在含能材料中的分散技术、表征手段,揭示分散状况对燃烧稳定性的影响规律。     

航天大尺寸铝蜂窝芯板切割机床设计和试验

基于铝蜂窝芯板的特点和需求,结合铝蜂窝芯板加工尺寸精度要求,设计了铝蜂窝芯板切割机床。简要介绍了铝蜂窝芯板切割机床结构,分析了铝蜂窝芯板切割机床的各参数影响几何误差。通过切割实验,验证了机床设计的合理性。通过对比实验的方法,分析了铝蜂窝芯板切割机床的刀具转速、进给率、铝蜂窝板层数、切削热对机床加工误差的影响,为进一步提升铝蜂窝板的加工精度提供了方向。高精度铝蜂窝芯板专用切割机床的研制对提高铝蜂窝芯板的综合性能具有重大意义。     

含钪的铝和铝锂合金

钪（SC）是稀土元素，又是过渡族金属，加入铝和铝锂合金中能有效地抑制再结晶，细化晶粒。本文介绍Sc对铝和铝锂合金力学性能、加工、热处理性能、抗热裂纹和焊接性能的重要影响和改善作用。     

单个铝颗粒及铝颗粒群点火燃烧研究进展

以铝为代表的金属颗粒燃料具有燃烧热值高、存储稳定性好、产物无毒等优点,在军用和民用领域具有广阔的应用前景。从单个铝颗粒点火燃烧和铝颗粒群点火燃烧两方面综述相关领域的研究进展,梳理了单个铝颗粒燃烧的理论研究和数值模拟方法发展历程和发展动态。从实验研究、理论模型和数值模拟三方面重点介绍了铝颗粒群燃烧的研究现状,指出建立能兼顾计算精度和计算成本的铝颗粒点火燃烧子模型是提高含铝颗粒燃烧室优化设计的关键。论文第三部分介绍了基于化学建表的固体颗粒燃料燃烧数值模拟方法及该方法在铝颗粒燃烧中的最新应用。最后,指出铝颗粒群燃烧研究中亟待解决的问题。     

铸造法制备颗粒增强铝基复合材料的研究进展

颗粒增强铝基复合材料是当前研究较多、比较成熟、应用较广泛的金属基复合材料。综述了颗粒增强铝基复合材料的制备方法、研究现状。对碳化硅颗粒增强铝基复合材料搅拌铸造工艺中的关键问题进行了分析,提出了今后的研究重点和发展方向。     

水蒸气气氛下铝锂合金反应特性及动力学分析

金属铝具有高的能量密度,为了研究铝的反应活化机制,利用热天平分别研究锂质量含量为0%、1%、2%、5%、10%、20%的铝样品在水蒸气气氛下的反应特性,采用单曲线积分法计算了铝、铝锂合金(锂质量分数分别为10%和20%)与水反应的动力学参数,并对铝锂合金与水蒸气的产物做XRD测试。结果表明,锂含量增大,样品最终增重也会提高;着火温度随锂含量增加而降低,当锂含量超过5%后,着火温度变化不大,约为380℃。通过以上实验计算得出,锂的添加降低了整体反应的表观活化能,促进了铝样品与水的反应。     

固体推进剂铝基燃料高效燃烧的研究进展

铝基燃料作为含能添加剂在固体推进剂中能大幅提升火焰温度,增大发动机比冲,提升推进剂的总体能量。然而,铝基燃料在燃烧过程中经常出现燃烧不完全、燃烧速率低、点火温度高及团聚等现象,严重影响了燃料的燃烧效率。从各个维度总结了铝基燃料燃烧的最新研究进展,指出了各因素的作用原理。介绍了铝基燃料在固体推进剂中的燃烧机理,评述了铝基燃料尺寸、高氯酸铵(AP)颗粒尺寸与级配、表面氟化物包,以及金属氧化物添加剂对铝基燃料燃烧效率的影响。结果表明:采用铝粉表面改性、调节颗粒尺寸与级配、添加多元氧化剂等能有效提高铝基燃料燃烧效率。     

垫板装配尺寸对铝蜂窝切割机精度的影响

铝蜂窝夹层板在航天航空领域有着广泛的应用,其芯子材料是铝蜂窝叠层块经切割并展开后得到的蜂窝铝芯,因此,蜂窝叠层块的切割尺寸精度直接影响蜂窝夹层结构的尺寸精度。本课题组设计了一台铝蜂窝叠层块切割机,本文通过调整铝蜂窝叠层块切割机前后垫板的装配尺寸,并进行铝蜂窝叠层块切割实验,得到调整前后切割铝蜂窝叠层块的宽度尺寸公差。实验表明,铝蜂窝宽度尺寸精度受前后垫板装配尺寸影响。     

铝锂合金的发展和应用

铝锂合金是继铝镁合金、铝铜合金之后的第三代轻合金结构材料，在研究和应用上我国与俄国、美国的差距甚大。文中介绍了国外铝锂合金的发展．特点和应用情况，以供有关人员参考。     

含铝推进剂的燃烧效率

为获得火箭顶级发动机所用推进剂的最优性能,本文就40种低燃速含铝推进剂配方的组分含量变化对其燃烧效率的影响进行了评价.所试验的推进剂由高氯酸铵、铝粉、环四甲撑四硝铵(HMX)和端羟基聚丁二烯组成.依据实验所得的铝凝聚尺寸、燃速和比冲数据可知,当燃速增加时,燃烧效率有增加的倾向;在低 L条件下,当铝凝聚尺寸减小时,比冲效率增加;铝凝聚的程度取决于口袋结构的特性,当口袋中的铝含量及铝与细 AP 质量比下降时,铝凝聚尺寸减小;口袋容积变小时,使用粗 HMX 具有减小铝凝聚尺寸的作用;HMX 的尺寸对燃速没有影响。     

An endogenous growth pattern of roots is revealed in seedlings grown in microgravity

In plants, sensitive and selective mechanisms have evolved to perceive and respond to light and gravity. We investigated the effects of microgravity on the growth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana (ecotype Landsberg) in a spaceflight experiment. These studies were performed with the Biological Research in Canisters (BRIC) hardware system in the middeck region of the space shuttle during mission STS-131 in April 2010. Seedlings were grown on nutrient agar in Petri dishes in BRIC hardware under dark conditions and then fixed in flight with paraformaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, or RNAlater. Although the long-term objective was to study the role of the actin cytoskeleton in gravity perception, in this article we focus on the analysis of morphology of seedlings that developed in microgravity. While previous spaceflight studies noted deleterious morphological effects due to the accumulation of ethylene gas, no such effects were observed in seedlings grown with the BRIC system. Seed germination was 89% in the spaceflight experiment and 91% in the ground control, and seedlings grew equally well in both conditions. However, roots of space-grown seedlings exhibited a significant difference (compared to the ground controls) in overall growth patterns in that they skewed to one direction. In addition, a greater number of adventitious roots formed from the axis of the hypocotyls in the flight-grown plants. Our hypothesis is that an endogenous response in plants causes the roots to skew and that this default growth response is largely masked by the normal 1?g conditions on Earth.     

Nemaline rod and degeneration of Z band of muscle cell in weightlessness at spaceflight

There are some studies demonstrating the skeletal muscle degeneration associated with the degeneration of Z band and appearance of nemaline rods in experimental animals of the simulation model for spaceflight but not in human heart tissues. In the present study, therefore, we investigated the pathological changes or degeneration in left auricular heart muscles obtained during operations of mitral valves replacement using both electron and light microscopies. The degeneration of Z band even in the myofibrils of comparatively little damaged cell was found. Furthermore, nemaline rods were detected in most of the heart muscle cells. These results suggest that the existence of nemaline rods is involved in the cell injury in the heart muscle of patients with heart disease without nemaline myopathy. Further study is necessary to know whether the similar pathological findings are observed not only in the skeletal muscle but also in the cardiac muscle in experimental animals of the simulation model for spaceflight or in a prolonged spaceflight.     

The Swedish Interplanetary Society (1950–1969) and the formation of IAF and IAA

With a growing interest for rocket technology and space travel after WW II a number of new “space societies” were formed in the period 1948–1951 in addition to the ones already existing in Germany, the UK and the US since before WW II. Soon came the need for a common international platform for exchange of information and experience, and the concept of an international federation of astronautical societies emerged.Sweden was one of the 8 countries to sign the original declaration to create an International Astronautical Federation on October 2, 1950 in Paris at the 1st International Astronautical Congress. The Swedish Society for Space Research (Svenska Sällskapet för Rymdforskning) was formed a few days after the historical event in Paris. The name was soon to be changed to the Swedish Interplanetary Society (Svenska Interplanetariska Sällskapet, SIS). Sweden was one of the 10 countries to sign the IAF foundation in 1951 in London and in the following year the first Constitution of IAF in Stuttgart.The SIS quickly grow to a membership of several hundred persons and its membership in IAF promoted an intensive exchange of journals, and the annual participation at the IAC gave growth to start study projects on spacecraft and sounding rockets, and the publication of astronautical journals in Swedish. In 1957 the first Swede was elected vice-president of IAF.Not too long after the IAF foundation the idea of an international body of distinguished individuals emerged, in addition to the body of "member societies" (IAF). Upon the initiative of Theodor von Karman, Eugen Sänger and Andrew Haley the IAF council approval of an International Academy of Astronautical was given on August 15, 1960 during the 11th IAC in Stockholm. This IAC in Stockholm gave a large publicity to space research and astronautics in Sweden, and put the activities of the SIS in the focus of the general public.This paper presents the Swedish involvement in the foundation of IAF and IAA. It also gives an overview on the positive influence of these two organisations on the work and progress of the Swedish Interplanetary Society and the diffusion of astronautics to the general public in Sweden.     

Variations of ionospheric fluctuations of phase delay depending on solar activity: Data of the COSMIC experiment

We present the results of processing and analysis of more than 4500 events of radio occultation sounding of the Earth’s atmosphere observed in the course of the COSMIC experiment on the limb path ‘satellite-ionosphere-satellite’. Events observed in December 2011 (when a number of solar flares occurred) and in January 2012 (when a strong solar proton event took place) were analyzed. It is shown that small-scale variations of electron density increase in polar latitudes, equatorial region, and midlatitudes of the southern hemisphere in January 2012. In the same period, an increase of large-scale variations of electron density is observed during daylight hours in the equatorial region and in the southern hemisphere. No noticeable distinctions in comparison with days of quiet Sun were observed in December 2011.     

SSO及GEO典型太阳质子事件单粒子翻转率估算

文章根据NOAA卫星和GOES卫星的测量数据,对太阳质子事件期间地球同步轨道（GEO）和太阳同步轨道（SSO）的质子辐射情况进行考察。采用Bendel双参数模型对GEO和SSO由质子引起的器件单粒子翻转率进行估算,并分析了影响翻转率的因素。在器件敏感度一定的情况下,单粒子翻转率与大于能量阈值的质子总通量以及质子能谱硬度呈正相关。SSO与GEO的质子辐射及单粒子翻转预测对比研究结果表明:由太阳质子事件引起的SSO质子能谱比GEO的要“软”。太阳质子事件对SSO卫星的影响与对GEO卫星的影响之间存在相关性。两轨道上DRAM型的D424100V器件和SRAM型的HM6516器件的翻转率比值接近,SSO翻转率约为GEO的13%～22%,而双极型93L422器件翻转率比值则在26%～57%之间。通过对比SSO与GEO翻转率的比值和两轨道辐射程度的比值发现,不同的器件对能谱硬度的反应各异,原因是每种器件产生SEU的能量阈值不同。     

Serotonin in individual hypothalamic nuclei of rats after space flight on biosatellite Cosmos 1129.

The experiment on Cosmos 1129 was based on our results obtained in rats exposed to single or repeated restrain stress in the laboratory. These results have convincingly demonstrated a significant increase of serotonin concentration (5-HT) in the hypothalamus in acutely stressed rats. This response, which was found also in the isolated hypothalamic nuclei, was diminished in repeatedly (40 times) immobilized rats. While the concentration of 5-HT was unchanged in the majority of the hypothalamic nuclei of animals subjected to cosmic flight, an increase was recorded only in the supraoptic nucleus (NSO) and a decrease in the periventricular nucleus. These findings demonstrate that only few areas of the hypothalamus respond to cosmic flight with changes of 5-HT concentration and suggest either that long-term cosmic flight cannot be an intensive stressor or that during the flight the rats became already adapted to its long-term effect. However, the exposure of flight rats to repeated immobilization stress resulted in a significant increase of 5-HT in the NSO, para-ventricular and dorsomedial (NDM) nuclei. It should be noted that we have never seen any changes of 5-HT concentration, tryptophan hydroxylase and monoamineoxidase activities in repeatedly (40 times) immobilized rats. On the other hand, the increase of 5-HT concentration in the NDM is a typical finding after seven exposures of rats to immobilization on Earth, daily for 150 min. In the experiment COSMOS 1129 such an increase of 5-HT concentration in the NDM was found not only in the flight group but also in the control group of rats subjected to five daily exposures of immobilization stress. With respect to these findings, the increased 5-HT concentrations observed in some isolated hypothalamic nuclei in the flight group of rats exposed after landing to repeated immobilization stress suggest that long-term space flight and the state of weightlessness do not represent a stressogenic factor with respect to the serotoninergic system in the hypothalamus.     

The human cardiovascular system during space flight

Purpose of the work is to analyze and to summarize the data of investigations into human hemodynamics performed over 20 years aboard orbital stations Salyut-7 and Mir with participation of 26 cosmonauts on space flights (SF) from 8 to 438 days in duration. The ultrasonic techniques and occlusive plethysmography demonstrated dynamics of changes in the cardiovascular system during SF of various durations. The parameters of general hemodynamics, the pumping function of the heart and arterial circulation in the brain remained stable in all the space flights; however, there were alterations in peripheral circulation associated with blood redistribution and hypovolemie in microgravity. The anti-gravity distribution of the vascular tone decayed gradually as unneeded. The most considerable changes were observed in leg vessels, equally in arteries (decrease in resistance) and veins (increase in maximum capacity). The lower body negative pressure test (LBNP) revealed deterioration of the gravity-dependent reactions that changed for the worse as SF duration extended. The cardiovascular deconditioning showed itself as loss of descent acceleration tolerance and orthostatic instability in the postflight period.     

A simulation model for the analysis of Space Station gas-phase trace contaminants.

A simulation model for the analysis of gas-phase trace contaminants in the cabin air of the NASA Space Station Reference Configuration was developed at the NASA Langley Research Center. The model predicts changes in trace contaminant concentrations from both physical and chemical sources an sinks as a function of time. Simulations were performed in which values for relative humidity, temperature radiation intensity, pressure, and initial species concentrations were constrained to values for the parameters measured and modeled in the continental tropics at the Earth's surface. Species concentrations simulated using the model compared favorable with concentrations in the continental tropics which demonstrated that the chemical mechanism in the trace contaminant model approximates changes atmospheric species concentrations. The sensitivity of initial species concentrations to producing change in additional species concentrations was also assessed. Results from the model indicated that chemical reactions will be important in determining the composition of cabin air in the Space Station. It is anticipated that the trace contaminant model will be useful in assessing the impact of experiments a commercial operations on the composition of the cabin air in the Space Station.     

Structure of the earth’s magnetosheath at small fluctuations in the interplanetary magnetic field direction

Spatial structure of the magnetosheath of the Earth was studied under the conditions when no sharp (more than 40° during 5 min) changes in the interplanetary magnetic field direction were observed. On the basis of 24 flights of the Interball-1 satellite through the magnetosheath, it is found that three regions differing from each other by parameters of the field and plasma can be observed in the magnetosheath under the above-indicated conditions. These regions also differ from the solar wind region before front of the Earth’s magnetospheric bow shock. Empirical distributions of parameters were studied in each region. Taking into account the influence of the interplanetary magnetic field direction on the processes in the magnetosheath, the cases of quasi-perpendicular and quasi-parallel shock waves were considered separately. The study showed that the distribution of parameters in the selected regions (in the solar wind before front of the bow shock, in the magnetosheath behind the bow shock (post-shock), in the region of the magnetosheath with minimal fluctuations in the field, and in the inner magnetosheath) differ from each other at any interplanetary magnetic field direction.     

Motion sickness susceptibility during rotation at 30 rpm in free-fall parabolic flight

Free fall per se whether in parabolic or orbital flight may be regarded as a "partial" motion environment with respect to eliciting motion sickness, requiring an additional component to render this environment "complete" or stressful. Parabolic flight in toto falls in the category of a "complete" motion environment in that some persons became motion sick with head fixed and eyes closed. In the present experiment we selected subjects who were symptom free or nearly symptom free in the KC-135 with head fixed. All tests were conducted with the subject rotating at 30 rpm in a rotating litter chair, and comparisons were made between head-fixed and head-moving conditions (right-left) in the free-fall phase of parabolic flight and under simulated free-fall phases in the laboratory. With head fixed most subjects were insusceptible; with head moving left-right susceptibility was slightly higher in the laboratory than aloft. An additional comparison was made correlating susceptibility in the free-fall phases of parabolic flight with susceptibility to experimental motion sickness in Skylab. In both situations cross-coupled angular accelerations were generated by executing head and body movements out of the plane of rotation. In parabolic flight 9 of 15 subjects reached an endpoint just short of frank motion sickness. In the Skylab workshop all eight of the astronauts tested were symptom free at the end of the test. The explanation for the difference in susceptibility rests in two factors: (1) Basic susceptibility in free fall is lower than on the ground, and (2) in Skylab the astronauts who needed to adapt had achieved this goal prior to the first test on Mission-Day 8.