The Effects of Gaussian Interference on Communication Systemswith Adaptive Arrays

The performance of a bandlimited binary phase-shift-keyed (BPSK) communication system is examined when the received BPSK signal is corrupted by both thermal noise and a directional Gaussian noise interfering signal. The system uses an LMS adaptive array to suppress this interference. The effects of signal power levels, arrival angles, bandwidths, and the array bandwidth are examined. The performance of a system that uses tapped delay lines for the array weights is also examined. It is shown that the performance of a system with tapped delay lines is not affected by the interference bandwidth for a single interferer.     

Adaptive Array Behavior with Periodic Envelope Modulated Interference

A method is presented for determining the effects of envelope modulated interference on a least mean square (LMS) adaptive array. The interference is assumed to have periodic envelope modulation with a bandwidth that is small compared with the carrier frequency. For such interference, the method allows one to calculate the periodic steady-state behavior of the array weights and the resulting array performance. As an example, we compute the effects of an ordinary amplitude modulated (AM) interference signal on the array. It is shown that such interference causes the array to modulate the desired signal envelope but not its phase. With a differential phase-shift-keyed (DPSK) desired signal, AM interference is found to have about the same effect on bit error probability as CW interference.     

Angle measurement in the presence of mainbeam interference

The problem of reducing interference impinging on an antenna array when the sources lie in the main beam is addressed. Adaptive antenna arrays are incorporated to form adapted sum and difference beams in which the interference signals are suppressed. Monopulse error curves are then obtained, providing the necessary distortion correction curves across the entire mainbeam tracking angle region. New Cramer-Rao (C-R) bounds on the angle estimation error are derived with generalized assumptions on the signal amplitude and phase. The bounds previously derived by others are valid under different conditions. With these generalized assumptions on the signal characteristics, a Monte Carlo simulation is performed, based on the estimation procedure presented, to determine the angle estimation error. These errors are compared with the C-R bounds. Good performance is shown for sufficient S/N₀ and angular separation between the target and the interference sources     

The Effect of a Pulsed Interference Signal on an Adaptive Array

The performance of a least mean square (LMS) adaptive array in the presence of a pulsed interference signal is examined. It is shown that a pulsed interference signal has two effects. First, it causes the array to modulate the desired signal envelope (but not its phase). Second, it causes the array output signal-to-interferenceplus-noise ratio (SINR) to vary with time. The desired signal modulation is evaluated as a function of signal arrival angles, powers and interference pulse-repetition frequency (PRF) and pulsewidth. It is shown that the signal modulation is small except when the interference arrives close to the desired signal. To evaluate the effect of the time-varying SINR, it is assumed that the array is used in a differential phase-shift keyed (DPSK) communication system. It is shown that the SINR variation causes a noticeable but not disastrous increase in the bit error probability.     

Performance of Digital Implementations of an Adaptive Processor

The performance of a digital implementation of an Applebaum-Howells type adaptive processor is analyzed for both a limiter and nonlimiter configuration. The performance is evaluated in terms of steady-state residue power, using either a single-pole filter or a perfect integrator to smooth the output of the correlation mixer. The latter filter is the more commonly used for digital implementations. It is shown that when using the perfect integrator filter for both the limiter and linear digital implementations, the steady-state average weight vector equals the optimum weight vector. Thus, for this filter, the steady-state residue power is the minimum possible for either implementation. When using the single-pole filter, neither implementation achieves the minimum possible steady-state residue power. The relative performance of the two implementations depends upon the relative gain settings. When the gains are adjusted to give comparable servo stability for the design maximum jammer power, a reasonable criterion for digital implementations because of analog to digital saturation, the limiter configuration always has smaller steady-state residue power.     

On adaptive multiband signal detection with the SMI algorithm

In a nonstationary and/or nonhomogeneous interference environment, an adaptive system for target detection may suffer a severe performance degradation due to the lack of a sufficient amount of data from which the system can learn (estimate) the statistics of the environment. The detection performance of an adaptive system, which employs a frequency diversity (multiband) signaling waveform and a multiband sample matrix inversion algorithm (SMI), is analyzed. By comparison with the corresponding single-band system under the chosen system constraint, it is shown that the multiband system can significantly outperform the single band when the amount of data available from a single frequency band is severely limited by the environment     

Some Effects of Hard Limiting in Adaptive Antenna Systems

Adaptive antennas are often implemented with the Applebaum-Howells-type adaptive processor usually include a hard limiter between each antenna port and its correlation mixer, primarily for dynamic range compression. Brennan and Reed [3] analyzed the effects of hard limiting, and their conclusions suggest that it does not degrade the steady-state performance of the adaptive processor. Standard and hard-limited processors are compared and it is shown that when the two types of processor have the same sensitivity threshold, the hard-limited one can fail to provide sufficient interference cancellation when the correlation matrix of input signals has two or more eigenvalues of differing magnitudes. The consequence of hard limiting is that (depending on the processor design parameters) the larger of two or more signals can capture the hard limiter, allowing the smaller signals to pass through the processor essentially unattenuated. It is also shown that when a hard-limited processor is designed to provide the same cancellation as a standard one, it must have essentially as large a dynamic range as the standard, processor; therefore, it offers no advantage of dynamic range compression. Moreover, the hard-limited processor lacks a constant sensitivity threshold, which can be a desirable feature of a standard processor. Specific examples are presented for identical-element array antennas and for multiple-beam antennas.     

Rapid Aquisition Signal Design in a Multiple-Access Environment

Acquisition in a communication receiver is the operation of determining the arrival time of a transmitted periodic timing marker. This is generally accomplished by sending a known acquisition waveform to aid in the arrival time measurement. Certain classes of waveforms are called rapid acquisition waveforms and are advantageous for reducing the time to acquire when sequential methods are used. A multiple-access acquisition environment occurs when a multiplicity of transmitter-receivers are attempting to each individually perform an acquisition operation, each pair interfering with all others. In this paper, a study is made of the interference effects when rapid acquisition techniques are used in a multiple-access environment. The prime object is to determine the manner in which the actual acquisition waveform structure effects the overall system performance. When interference variance is used as a criterion, it is shown that rapid acquisition waveforms made up of component waveforms having disjoint, flat, wideband spectra produce minimal interference. The result suggests the use of coded tone acquisition waveforms. The results have primary application to ranging, surveillance, or navigation operations performed in a many-user situation.     

连续时间系统的定常状态估计器

 对于线性定常的连续时间系统,当系统和测量噪声为平稳白噪声过程时,研究了定常的状态估计器的设计方法。为了改进传统的Kalman-Bucy滤波器的瞬态性能,提出了两种新的性能函数的定义,从而给出了两种便于工程应用的修正的Kalman-Bucy滤波器。     

民航地空通信干扰抑制系统的设计与实现

在中国民航空管地空通信经常受到无线电干扰,无法保障正常通信。从根本上解决民航地空通信干扰问题,对于有效保障民航安全具有重要的意义。结合民航VHF通信干扰源的特点,将基于恒模阵列的自适应信号处理技术应用于地空通信干扰抑制中,设计并实现了自适应干扰抑制实时系统,取得了很好的干扰抑制效果。     

Median cascaded canceller for robust adaptive array processing

A median cascaded canceller (MCC) is introduced as a robust multichannel adaptive array processor. Compared with sample matrix inversion (SMI) methods, it is shown to significantly reduce the deleterious effects of impulsive noise spikes (outliers) on convergence performance of metrics; such as (normalized) output residue power and signal to interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR). For the case of no outliers, the MCC convergence performance remains commensurate with SMI methods for several practical interference scenarios. It is shown that the MCC offers natural protection against desired signal (target) cancellation when weight training data contains strong target components. In addition, results are shown for a high-fidelity, simulated, barrage jamming and nonhomogenous clutter environment. Here the MCC is used in a space-time adaptive processing (STAP) configuration for airborne radar interference mitigation. Results indicate the MCC produces a marked SINR performance improvement over SMI methods.     

Instrumental variable adaptive array processing

An instrumental variable (IV) approach is presented for estimating the weights of an adaptive antenna array. Theoretical analysis of the IV method shows that the antenna gain weights are independent of finitely correlated noise, so that unbiased estimation of signal arrival angles is possible. Only matrix inversions are required to compute the weight estimates. In this sense, the IV method provides performance comparable with eigenvector techniques but with lower computational burden. Both minimal and overdetermined IV estimators are derived. The overdetermined estimators give the same theoretical array weights as minimal estimators, but yield more accurate weight estimates in real data situations. Simulation results are presented to compare these IV methods with one another and with conventional matrix inversion weight estimators. In these examples it is seen that IV methods are able to resolve closely spaced interference sources when conventional matrix inversion techniques cannot. It is also shown that overdetermined methods are capable of providing weight estimates with lower variances than those of minimal methods     

Interference Immunity Effects in CPSK Systems with Hard-Limiting Transponders

Transmission characteristics are described for M-ary coherent phase-shift keyed (CPSK) systems with N-stage hard-limiting transponders where noise and multiple continuous wave (CW) interference sources are additively combined in each link. A general expression for the probability density function of the composite phase at the final link is derived; the overall error probability is then obtained from this general expression. Comparisons with N-cascaded linear amplifier systems clearly show the noise and interference immunity that result from the use of bandpass hard limiters (BPHLs). The BPHL system's error probability improvement versus interference sources is shown to be much larger than the improvement versus noise.     

GPS信号FFT自适应抗干扰技术的FPGA工程实现

针对自适应抗干扰技术展开研究,提出了易于FPGA实现的FFT自适应窄带抗干扰技术.这种方法减小了数字信号处理部分的计算量,提高了系统处理的实时性,降低了系统的复杂程度.实验表明在有宽带干扰存在的情况下,使用所提出的方法可以自适应检测并剔除窄带干扰.与GPS接收机的对接测试表明,该技术能大大提高接收机的抗干扰能力.     

An Analysis of Helicopter Rotor Modulation Interference

In satellite-to-helicopter communications, interference exists on the incoming signal when the receiving antenna is located below the rotor blades. A bound is established for the performance of a coherent fixed-tone ranging system operating at L band in this interference environment. The scalar diffracted field beneath the rotating blades, at L band and above, is found to satisfy the criterion of Fresnel diffraction, and is computed using the techniques of Fourier optics. The diffracted field is expressed in terms of a narrow-band signal. The amplitude and phase components are calculated from a Fourier Series expansion using the FFT algorithm. The significant harmonics of the phase component of the interference combine with the baseband of the narrow-band, phase-modulated ranging signal. This results in CW interference, and in rearrangement of the first-order, sideband, ranging-tone channel powers. The degradation in ranging accuracy is evaluated by computing the signal-to-interference (SIR) ratio for a set of ranging tones. The post-detection (SIR)PD at the output of the correlator is shown to be a function of the amplitude of the phase harmonics of the interference, the relative difference between the ranging tone and interference center frequencies (a function of rotor speed), the rangetone modulation indices, and the post-detection filter noise bandwidth.     

On radar detection and direction finding using sparse arrays

The potential performance of radar systems employing sparse arrays is investigated. Different sparse array geometries are evaluated with respect to detection and estimation performance. We present appropriate tools for analytical computation of the detection and estimation performance of the likelihood ratio test (LRT) and the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE), respectively. Particular attention is paid to the effect of ambiguity errors on system performance. The results show that sparse arrays have several advantages over nonsparse arrays, but that ambiguities deteriorate performance when sidelobe interference is present. Some ways to mitigate the ambiguity effects on system performance are briefly discussed.     

Normalized LMS Algorithm Degradation Due to Estimation Noise

The steady-state weight vector derived by either the least mean square (LMS) or normalized least mean square (NLMS) algorithms has random deviations from the optimum values. These deviations increase the steady-state residue power. A previous paper derived the LMS weight noise effects for a multiple sidelobe canceller (MSLC) application. This paper describes the NLMS weight noise effects. It is shown that for a thermal noise environment, the weight noise effect for the LMS algorithm is insignificant but is quite significant for the NLMS algorithm. Calculations for example noise plus interference environments imply that the NLMS weight noise effects are always larger than that for LMS.     

基于误码率准则的窄带干扰抑制算法性能分析

采用有效的窄带干扰抑制技术,可极大地改善扩频通信系统的性能.首先详细介绍了频域干扰抑制算法的基本思想,给出了算法实现的模块框图;其次具体分析了算法实现的关键技术：重叠加窗,背景噪声估计,干扰门限确定及干扰消除策略;最后以误码率作为干扰消除算法性能的评判标准,仿真分析了频域窄带干扰抑制技术中干扰强度、干扰频带宽度、干扰频率位置、干扰消除门限、陷幅值、加窗重叠度等因素对系统误码率的影响,为在不同条件下算法最佳参数的选取提供了依据.仿真结果表明：当干扰消除门限值取4aF,陷幅值取2σF～6σF,加窗重叠度为50％时,该算法可获得最佳抗干扰性能.     

Interference in the 121.5/243 MHz SARSAT Frequency Bands

In the SARSAT signal environment it is possible to receive many(5 to 20) simultaneous emergency beacon signals combined with voice and interference of various types, all simultaneously occupying essentially the same frequency-time space. The paper first provides a survey of the different sources of interference which occur in the 100 to 500 MHz frequency band. Then the paper examines those sources of interference which enter the 121.5/243 MHz frequency bands of the SARSAT system.     

Performance bounds for hot and cold clutter mitigation

A new method is presented for describing the theoretical interference space-time covariance matrix that will be observed in an adaptive airborne radar system under specific topographical conditions. Both hot clutter that is induced by interfering sources and cold clutter that results from the radar transmitter are considered. This method incorporates phenomenology observed under site specific conditions as well as system effects such as array geometry, receiver filtering, and system bandwidth. Use of this formulation rather than sample data analyses that are generally employed enables one to infer performance bounds for site-specific, and thus generally, heterogeneous terrain that are tighter and therefore more meaningful than the thermal noise floor limit