结合跳点引导的无人机随机搜索避撞决策方法

针对无人机在城市空域环境和密集交通流下的避撞决策问题，提出马尔科夫决策过程（MDP）和蒙特卡洛树搜索（MCTS）算法对该问题进行建模求解。蒙特卡洛树搜索算法在求解过程中为保证实时性而使其搜索深度受限，容易陷入局部最优，导致在含有静态障碍的场景中无法实现避撞的同时保证全局航迹最优。因此结合跳点搜索算法在全局规划上的优势，建立离散路径点引导无人机并改进奖励函数来权衡飞行路线，在进行动态避撞的同时实现对静态障碍的全局避撞。经过多个实验场景仿真，其结果表明改进后的算法均能在不同场景中获得更好的性能表现。特别是在凹形限飞区空域仿真模型中，改进后的算法相对于原始的蒙特卡洛树搜索算法，其冲突概率降低了36%并且飞行时间缩短47.8%。     

四种飞行器绕流的三维DSMC计算与传热分析

在地球大气层与火星大气层中,使用自己编制的DSMC(direct simulation Monte Carlo)源程序完成了四种飞行器(即Apollo,Orion,Mars Pathfinder以及Mars Microprobe)高超声速穿越稀薄气体时的三维绕流计算,给出了上述飞行器42个典型飞行工况(其中包括在地球大...     

高速再入飞行试验再入条件优化设计

飞行器返回再入时将经历极高的气动热环境,因此深空探测返回飞行器,尤其是载人飞船需要通过实际飞行试验验证相关性能,为降低成本和研制风险,通常采用大再入角和相对第二宇宙速度较低的再入速度进行飞行试验。为获得能实现高热流密度验证的最小能量再入任务方案,采用优化设计手段对飞行试验的再入角和速度以及倾侧角控制进行设计,经仿真分析表明,优化结果可达到飞行试验要求的热流密度,并可将再入速度需求降低约2．1 km／s。     

民用飞机平尾载荷的不确定性及全局灵敏度分析

针对飞行载荷计算输入数据的随机不确定性会导致载荷计算结果波动的现象,采用Monte Carlo模拟方法和基于方差的全局灵敏度分析方法对民用飞机急剧俯仰机动随机平尾载荷进行不确定性及全局灵敏度分析。具体分析了飞机气动特性和重心的不确定性对迎角贡献平尾载荷、升降舵偏度贡献平尾载荷及平尾总载荷的影响,进一步通过全局灵敏度分析找出影响平尾载荷计算结果的主要因素。不确定性分析结果表明:气动特性和重心的不确定性导致迎角贡献平尾载荷的波动程度很大。灵敏度分析结果表明:1)升降舵偏度贡献平尾载荷只受升降舵效率的影响;2)迎角贡献平尾载荷主要受无尾飞机零迎角俯仰力矩系数和重心的影响;3)平尾总载荷受升降舵效率的影响最大,受无尾飞机零迎角俯仰力矩系数及重心的影响次之。此外也验证了方法的有效性,对提高飞行载荷的计算精度有一定的指导意义。     

Cooperative guidance strategy for multiple hypersonic gliding vehicles system

Cooperative guidance strategy for multiple hypersonic gliding vehicles system with flight constraints and cooperative constraints is investigated. This paper mainly cares about the coordination of the entry glide flight phase and driving-down phase. Different from the existing results, both the attack time and the attack angle constraints are considered simultaneously. Firstly, for the entry glide flight phase, a two-stage method is proposed to achieve the rapid cooperative trajectories planning, where the control signal corridors are designed based on the quasi-equilibrium gliding conditions. In the first stage, the bank angle curve is optimized to achieve the attack angle coordination. In the second stage, the angle of attack curve is optimized to achieve the attack time coordination. The optimized parameters can be obtained by the secant method. Secondly, for the driving-down phase, the cooperative terminal guidance law is designed where the terminal attack time and attack angle are considered. The guidance law is then transformed into the bank angle and angle of attack commands. The cooperative guidance strategy is summarized as an algorithm. Finally, a numerical simulation example with three hypersonic gliding vehicles is provided for revealing the effectiveness of the acquired strategy and algorithm.     

Disturbance observer-based backstepping control for hypersonic flight vehicles without use of measured flight path angle

In this paper a nonlinear control method is proposed for the tracking control of hypersonic flight vehicles. The designed control laws do not utilize the measured flight path angle due to its inferior accuracy in practical engineering. For this, an estimated flight path angle is designed via the measurements of the altitude and velocity. A tracking differentiator is designed for constructing nonlinear disturbance observer which is used to estimate the model uncertainties including the parameter indeterminacies and external disturbances in the channels of velocity and pitch rate. A robust high-order differentiator is introduced to avoid the employment of the measured flight path angle and estimate the lumped disturbance in dynamics of flight path angle. Meanwhile, the possible saturation of the control inputs is considered and compensated by the auxiliary states. The boundness of closed-loop signals is proved through the Lyapunov theory. Comparative simulations are carried out and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

大机动飞行仿真的一种改进算法

传统的四元数和欧拉角之间的转换仅是对体轴系下的姿态角进行处理,并没有考虑与航迹轴相关的航迹角的转换问题,这样,在大机动飞行仿真中不仅会使飞机方程的解出现奇异,而且不能正确表示飞机的姿态。为此,提出了一种新的改进算法,采用该算法,不仅能够实现全角度的四元数与欧拉角之间的转换,同时也对航迹角的解算进行了相应的处理,使仿真结果与工程实际情况完全一致。经过对多种大机动飞行动作的仿真,验证了本方法是正确、实用的。     

基于概率的航空发动机飞行换算率改进算法

针对斯贝MK202发动机应力标准对零部件工作寿命评定中未包含各种随机因素的影响,考虑零部件疲劳性能参数的分散性和发动机整机载荷谱的随机性,将实测数据统计分析、零部件应力有限元分析以及蒙特卡罗模拟分析有机结合,提出了基于概率的航空发动机飞行换算率改进算法,以解释航空发动机零部件实际工作寿命存在的差异.经范例验证表明:确定性寿命评定方法的飞行换算率计算结果与改进算法下的平均值相当;对于单次飞行换算率,改进算法的单次飞行换算率平均值比确定性方法的计算结果小2%;对于综合飞行换算率,改进算法的综合飞行换算率平均值比确定性方法的结果小1%;且在改进算法下单次飞行换算率和综合飞行换算率服从正态分布.     

五边平行进近冲突风险定量分析模型

针对飞机五边平行进近时飞行冲突,提出了一种五边平行进近飞行冲突定量分析模型。模型通过飞机在任意时刻的标称位置坐标与因不确定性因素导致的航迹偏移量之和,形成飞机任意时刻真实位置坐标,基于此推导出飞机在五边平行进近时冲突风险计算公式。在分析不确定性因素导致航迹偏离时,提出了一种基于布朗运动的随机过程来描述因干扰因素导致飞机随机运动的方法。在建立模型后,使用蒙特卡罗仿真方法计算了飞行冲突概率,结果理想。     

Autonomous gliding entry guidance with geographic constraints

This paper presents a novel three-dimensional autonomous entry guidance for relatively high lift-to-drag ratio vehicles satisfying geographic constraints and other path constraints. The guidance is composed of onboard trajectory planning and robust trajectory tracking. For trajectory planning, a longitudinal sub-planner is introduced to generate a feasible drag-versus-energy profile by using the interpolation between upper boundary and lower boundary of entry corridor to get the desired trajectory length. The associated magnitude of the bank angle can be specified by drag profile, while the sign of bank angle is determined by lateral sub-planner. Two-reverse mode is utilized to satisfy waypoint constraints and dynamic heading error corridor is utilized to satisfy no-fly zone constraints. The longitudinal and lateral sub-planners are iteratively employed until all of the path constraints are satisfied. For trajectory tracking, a novel tracking law based on the active disturbance rejection control is introduced. Finally, adaptability tests and Monte Carlo simulations of the entry guidance approach are performed. Results show that the proposed entry guidance approach can adapt to different entry missions and is able to make the vehicle reach the prescribed target point precisely in spite of geographic constraints.     

基于改进RPG方法的MUAVs协同目标跟踪

多无人机(MUAVs)协同Standoff目标跟踪制导律由保持距离的横侧向制导律和保持相对相位角的纵向制导律组成。无人机(UAV)进行Standoff目标跟踪的横侧向制导律采用参考点制导(RPG)方法。针对UAV在基于RPG方法的制导律下存在参考视线与相对速度方向夹角需要保持为锐角、转弯速率在UAV运动方向远离目标情况下太小的不足,提出了改进RPG方法。设计了基于改进RPG方法的MUAVs协同Standoff目标跟踪横侧向制导律和纵向制导律,分析了制导律的稳定性和收敛性,并验证了改进方法的可行性。采用原始RPG方法和改进RPG方法对UAV分别跟踪静止目标和跟踪运动目标进行仿真的结果表明,UAV处于任意初始位置及飞行方向都能快速进入到期望飞行轨迹,应用改进RPG方法可使UAV围绕目标顺时针飞行或者逆时针飞行,验证了改进RPG方法比原始RPG方法的效率更高。     

Uncertainty analysis and design optimization of hybrid rocket motor powered vehicle for suborbital flight

In this paper, we propose an uncertainty analysis and design optimization method and its applications on a hybrid rocket motor(HRM) powered vehicle. The multidisciplinary design model of the rocket system is established and the design uncertainties are quantified. The sensitivity analysis of the uncertainties shows that the uncertainty generated from the error of fuel regression rate model has the most significant effect on the system performances. Then the differences between deterministic design optimization(DDO) and uncertainty-based design optimization(UDO) are discussed. Two newly formed uncertainty analysis methods, including the Kriging-based Monte Carlo simulation(KMCS) and Kriging-based Taylor series approximation(KTSA), are carried out using a global approximation Kriging modeling method. Based on the system design model and the results of design uncertainty analysis, the design optimization of an HRM powered vehicle for suborbital flight is implemented using three design optimization methods: DDO, KMCS and KTSA. The comparisons indicate that the two UDO methods can enhance the design reliability and robustness. The researches and methods proposed in this paper can provide a better way for the general design of HRM powered vehicles.In this paper,we propose an uncertainty analysis and design optimization method and its applications on a hybrid rocket motor(HRM)powered vehicle.The multidisciplinary design model of the rocket system is established and the design uncertainties are quantified.The sensitivity analysis of the uncertainties shows that the uncertainty generated from the error of fuel regression rate model has the most significant effect on the system performances.Then the differences between deterministic design optimization(DDO)and uncertainty-based design optimization(UDO)are discussed.Two newly formed uncertainty analysis methods,including the Kriging-based Monte Carlo simulation(KMCS)and Kriging-based Taylor series approximation(KTSA),are carried out using a global approximation Kriging modeling method.Based on the system design model and the results of design uncertainty analysis,the design optimization of an HRM powered vehicle for suborbital flight is implemented using three design optimization methods:DDO,KMCS and KTSA.The comparisons indicate that the two UDO methods can enhance the design reliability and robustness.The researches and methods proposed in this paper can provide a better way for the general design of HRM powered vehicles.     

用于飞行仿真的空间大气紊流场生成与应用研究(英文)

研究了三维空间大气紊流场生成及其在大型飞机实时飞行仿真中的应用。分析了针对大型飞机飞行仿真的扰动风场的建模需求。通过在频域空间直接进行蒙特卡罗法随机抽样,经三维傅里叶逆变换获得空间大气紊流场。采用Von Karman模型,更加准确地描述大气紊流场特征。运用傅立叶变换的复共轭对称特性,保证最终生成实的紊流场。通过无因次化方法解决了变尺度和变强度的紊流场生成问题。针对生成的空间紊流场设计了紊流梯度的计算方法。针对飞机连续穿越紊流场的问题,提出基于空间对称扩展的紊流场扩展方法。经时域相关性检验证明,基于该方法生成的紊流场与传统时域方法相比,具有较好的空间互相关特性。最后针对Boeing747飞机,给出了一个在空间紊流场中的飞行仿真实例。与传统质点化模型的仿真结果相比,基于空间紊流场和四点模型的算法更能表现出飞机穿越紊流场飞行的随机特性。     

过失速大机动飞机的飞行控制律设计

对新一代带推力矢量的战斗机在大迎角过失速机动下的飞行控制律进行设计,并进行了机动指令飞行仿真。引进推力矢量技术,建立带推力矢量的飞机模型方程;采用奇异摄动理论,将控制回路分为两个快慢(内外)回路,对每个回路分别用动态逆方法进行飞行控制律设计;并采用结构奇异值μ综合和分析的方法对快(内)回路设计了鲁棒控制器;最后所设计的控制律进行了机动指令飞行仿真,仿真结果表明设计的过失速机动控制律良好。     

火星进入器高空稀薄气动特性

针对火星稀薄大气环境进入器气动特性问题,以类火星科学实验室外形为例,计算分析火星稀薄大气真实气体效应对气动特性的影响,给出火星高空稀薄环境下的气动特性规律。研究发现,随着飞行高度的增加,稀薄度增加,激波脱体距离、激波厚度增大,激波强度减弱,明显的激波结构逐渐消失,流场等值线更趋于圆弧状分布;真实气体效应使得迎风面压缩及背风面膨胀增强,轴向力、法向力及顶点力矩系数等预测结果与完全气体模型预测结果相比绝对值偏大;随着稀薄度增大,轴向力、法向力及顶点力矩系数等绝对值增大,在同样的迎角下,随稀薄度的增加,纵向压心前移,进入器的静稳定性变差。     

结冰条件下人-机-环系统的飞行风险概率

以结冰条件下的飞行风险量化概率为研究对象,基于蒙特卡罗飞行仿真实验对结冰条件下人-机-环系统的耦合特性进行了分析,并获取了飞行参数极值样本。构建了飞行风险发生的判定条件;对飞行参数极值样本进行了统计特性分析,验证了其厚尾分布特征。一维分布类型辨识结果表明广义极值分布对相对速度和迎角极值的描述精度最高。为描述二维变量对相关性的各自影响程度,提出了一种新的双参数变权重Copula模型;辨识结果表明该Copula模型能以较高的精度通过假设检验。相关性分析的结果表明相对速度和迎角同时出现极大值和极小值的概率较大。基于二维极值样本的Copula分布模型求出了不同结冰程度下的飞行风险概率值,探讨了飞行风险的非线性增长趋势。     

近地告警系统报警阈值算法研究

近地告警系统的报警阈值的设定是研究告警系统技术过程中的一个重要问题。本文给出一种状态空间下的基于报警系统复杂性能指标的报警阈值的设计方法,该方法利用预先定义的包含不确定因素的轨迹模型,权衡报警和无报警之间的关系,以此来设定合适的报警阈值;最后,以近地告警系统模式1的阈值设置为例,在MATLAB环境中用Monte Carlo方法进行计算机仿真,验证了该报警系统阈值的设计方法。     

突风对着陆飞机下滑飞行的安全性影响

突风会引起飞机过载和飞行状态的改变,威胁飞机飞行安全。在飞机六自由度运动学方程的基础上,根据下滑飞行中驾驶员操纵行为的特点建立了飞机驾驶员的数学模型,并考虑突风的影响,建立了“驾驶员-飞机-突风”闭环飞机的数学仿真模型。通过引入飞机飞行安全性的量化评估理论以及表征方法,并根据飞机的飞行状态对飞机的安全性进行量化分析。选取某型飞机着陆下滑过程中进入突风风场的飞行状态进行仿真研究,结果表明风会改变飞机的气动角和空速,导致飞机的过载及飞行轨迹发生变化,尤其在飞机飞行高度较低时,风扰引起的大 但目前的研究主要集中在以阵风减缓设计为目的的 迎角姿态和飞机飞行轨迹变化将威胁飞机的飞行安全。     

基于蒙特卡罗模拟法的航空发动机装配公差分析

讨论了蒙特卡罗法的基本原理,研究了利用蒙特卡罗模拟法进行装配尺寸链公差分析的实现方法,提出了基于蒙特卡罗模拟法的公差分析流程,并以某型航空发动机高压涡轮的一个径向尺寸链为实例进行了计算。计算结果表明：蒙特卡罗模拟法用于公差分析具有可行性,其精度随着模拟次数的增加而提高,在模拟次数达到200000次以上时,其精度已经较高。蒙特卡罗法作为一种统计分析方法,同时适用于线性和非线性尺寸链。     

地形跟随系统中最优飞行参考轨迹的线性规划算法

结合飞机地形跟随的实际,首先提出了在构造最优期望的地形跟随飞行轨迹时确定地形模型包线的方法。然后通过引入松驰变量,剩余变量和人工变量,构造辅助目标函数Z1,以及应用换基运算,对线性规划问题进行了必要的简化,使参考轨迹的计算更简便。航迹角修正法的采用,进一步修正了规划出的飞行轨迹,从而获得了理想的飞行参考轨迹。最后,以随机地形为例对规划出的最优飞行参考轨迹进行了数字仿真,其结果符合地形跟随时最优参考飞行轨迹的要求。