The structure of low-mass X-ray binaries

The present knowledge of the structure of low-mass X-ray binary systems is reviewed. We examine the orbital period distribution of these sources and discuss how the orbital periods are measured. There is substantial observational evidence that the accretion disks in low-mass X-ray binaries are thick and structured. In a number of highly inclined systems, the compact X-ray emitting star is hidden from direct view by the disk and X-radiation is observed from these only because photons are scattered into the line of sight by material above and below the disk plane. In such systems the X-ray emission can appear extended with respect to the companion star, which can lead to partial X-ray eclipses. There are substantial variations in the thickness of the disk rim with azimuth. These give rise to the phenomenon of irregular dips in the X-ray flux which recur with the orbital period, or to an overall binary modulation of the X-ray flux if the source is extended. The X-ray spectra of low-mass X-ray binaries can be used to probe the innermost emission regions surrounding the compact star. The spectra of the bright Sco X-1 variables can be fitted with two components which are provisionally identified as originating in the inner disk and the boundary layer between the disk and the neutron star respectively. The characteristic energy dependent flaring of the Sco X-1 sub-class may be a geometric effect triggered by an increase in the thickness of the inner disk or boundary layer. The X-ray spectra of the lower luminosity systems, including the bursters, are less complex, and in many cases can be represented by a single power law with, in some sources, a high energy cut-off. Iron line emission is a characteristic of most low-mass X-ray binaries, irrespective of luminosity.     

The COS-B X-ray observations of X-ray binaries

The observational information on X-ray binaries that was collected with the 80 cm² auxiliary X-ray detector onboard the COS-B gamma-ray satellite is reviewed. The results illustrate that in the study of X-ray binaries observations of long duration are extremely effective, even when using a small instrument.     

切取小尺寸O型橡胶密封圈截面的方法探究

以小尺寸O型橡胶密封圈为研究对象,借助自制的胶圈切割刀研究了切取胶圈横截面的方法。阐述了自制工具的使用方法,并使用VMU自动影像测量仪对胶圈截径进行重复测量,对新方法与传统方法进行了对比试验。     

Doppler visibility of coherent ultrawideband random noise radar systems

Random noise radar has recently been used in a variety of imaging and surveillance applications. These systems can be made phase coherent using the technique of heterodyne correlation. Phase coherence has been exploited to measure Doppler and thereby the velocity of moving targets. The Doppler visibility, i.e., the ability to extract Doppler information over the inherent clutter spectra, is constrained by system parameters, especially the phase noise generated by microwave components. Our paper proposes a new phase noise model for the heterodyne mixer as applicable for ultrawideband (UWB) random noise radar and for the local oscillator in the time domain. The Doppler spectra are simulated by including phase noise contamination effects and compared with our previous experimental results. A genetic algorithm (GA) optimization routine is applied to synthesize the effects of a variety of parameter combinations to derive a suitable empirical formula for estimating the Doppler visibility in dB. According to the phase noise analysis and the simulation results, the Doppler visibility of UWB random noise radar depends primarily on the following parameters: 1) the local oscillator (LO) drive level of the receiver heterodyne mixer, 2) the saturation current in the receiver heterodyne mixer, 3) the bandwidth of the transmit noise source, and 4) the target velocity. Other parameters such as the carrier frequency of the receiver LO and the loaded quality factor of the LO have a small effect over the range of applicability of the model and are therefore neglected in the model formulation. The Doppler visibility curves generated from this formula match the simulation results very well over the applicable parameter range within 1 dB. Our model may therefore be used to quickly estimate the Doppler visibility of random UWB noise radars for trade-off analysis     

The effects of magnetic fields on period changes, mass transfer and evolution of algol binaries

Variations in the magnetic pressure and flux blocking by starspots during the magnetic cycle of the cool semidetached component of an Algol binary may cause cyclic changes in the quadrupole moment and moment of inertia of the star which can cause alternate period changes. Since several different processes and timescales are involved, the orbital period changes may not correlate strongly with the indicators of magnetic activity. The structural changes in the semidetached component can also modulate the mass transfer rate. Sub-Keplerian velocities, supersonic turbulence, and high temperature regions in circumstellar material around the accreting star may all be a consequence of magnetic fields embedded in the flow. Models for the evolution of Algols which include the effects of angular momentum loss (AML) through a magnetized wind may have underestimated the AML rate by basing it on results from main sequence stars. Evolved stars appear to have higher AML rates, and there may be additional AML in a wind from the accretion disk.     

The Shape of Doppler Spectra from Precipitation

From October 1982 through May 1983 an extensive weather clutter registration program was executed near the Dutch coast. Coherent echo series of 2 s were obtained from a cluster of adjacent antenna pencil beams every 10 or 15 min., mainly between 16:00 and 08:30 h and on the weekends. The beam cluster was pointed toward the intensity maximum of the clutter volume. The radar operated at 5650 MHz. Spectra with 10 Hz Doppler resolution have been computed by averaging over 19 discrete Fourier transforms of overlapping and tapered subseries of 200 echo vectors. To quantify the deviation from a Gaussian shape a spectral variability is defined which is computed for every estimated spectrum. It is found that the deviation from Gaussian is considerable in about one-fourth of the spectra. A selection of "typical worst case" spectra is presented.     

SiC颗粒影响SiCp／Cu复合材料物理性能的研究

运用多元回归分析方法,研究了ＳｉＣ颗粒含量、粒度及纯度对ＳｉＣｐ／Ｃｕ复合材料热膨胀系数和导热率的影响规律。研究表明,影响材料热膨胀系数和导热率的主要因素为ＳｉＣ颗粒含量。随着ＳｉＣ颗粒含量的增加,复合材料的热膨胀系数和导热率降低;ＳｉＣ颗粒越小,热膨胀系数越低,而导热率越好;适当增加杂质含量有利于获得较高的导热率。     

The ELDORA/ASTRAIA airborne Doppler weather radar: results fromrecent field tests

The ELDORA/ASTRAIA airborne Doppler weather radar was recently placed in service by US and French atmospheric sciences research laboratories. The ELDORA/ASTRAIA radar is designed to provide high resolution measurements of the air motion and rainfall characteristics of atmospheric storms which are too large, remote or fast-moving to be adequately observed by ground-based radars. This paper discusses the measurement requirements and the design goals of the radar and presents sample measurements from a recent weather research field program     

CCD photometry of low mass X-ray binaries: LMCX-2, 1556-60 and 1957+11

We present preliminary results from V-band CCD photometric observations of several low-mass X-ray binaries with faint optical counterparts obtained at ESO and CFHT from February to September 1984. LMCX-2 exhibits large (0.3–0.5 magnitude) variations consistent with a possible 6.4 hour period. 1556-605 shows 0.2–0.5 magnitude variations suggesting that the orbital period is longer than 7 hours. 1957+115 shows short time scale (1 hour) variations of 0.1 magnitude.Based on observations obtained at the European Southern Observatory, La Silla, Chile and with the Canada-France-Hawaii telescope, Mauna Kea, HI.     

The effect of the clutter-to-noise ratio on Doppler filterperformance

The effect of the clutter-to-noise ratio on the performance of a Doppler filter is considered. Clutter is assumed to have a power level which is unknown and varies in range. The assessment of the performance of a Doppler filter is based on the gain of the filter, which is the normalized output signal-to-interference ratio improvement at a given Doppler. The gain is generally a complex function of the statistics of the clutter. New upper and lower bounds on the gain differential between the expected design point clutter-to-noise ratio and the actual clutter-to-noise ratio are found. These bounds are independent of the clutter covariance matrix and are only a function of the unknown clutter-to-noise ratio. The bounds are valid for both Gaussian and non-Gaussian noise and for arbitrary linear filters. The upper and lower bounds differ by the theoretical coherent integration gain, 10 logN dB, where N is the number of pulses. A tighter lower bound is found for the case when the filters are matched filters. A simple exact expression is found for matched filters assuming a Gaussian Markov clutter model as the clutter spectral width approaches zero. An easily implementable adaptive procedure is given which improves performance due to the unknown clutter-to-noise ratio. This work extends a previous result, valid for the Emerson filter, that shows the effect of clutter-to-noise ratio on performance in terms of an average quantity, the improvement factor     

The future of transportation systems

The emergence of a world-wide duopoly in the design and production of large commercial aircraft at the end of the 1990s and cutbacks in aerospace and defense has put significant pressure on the number of avionics manufacturers. A similar duopoly exists very nearly for US military aircraft. In 1999, mergers created two large avionic suppliers in the USA. European avionics suppliers have also been consolidating. At worst, these larger entities will have a negative effect upon US aerospace employment, and further discourage the best and brightest engineers. Commuter and general aviation, where competition still reigns (more than ten manufacturers exist in 2000), may lead the avionics charge into the future     

The Effect of Satellite Spin on Two-Way Doppler Rangerate Measurements

The rotation of a spin-stabilized satellite employing a turnstile antenna for reception and retransmission affects two-way Doppler range-rate measurements. Two different types of tracking systems are considered and, in both systems, the range-rate measurement is changed by the amount begin{equation*} |Delta dot{r}| = frac{|1 pm 1/k|}{2} lambda_{t}f_{s} end{equation*} where k is the turn-around ratio of the satellite transponder, Xt is the wavelength of the ground-based transmitter, and fs is the spin rate of the satellite. The positive sign is used if the turnstile antenna elements are connected to give the same polarization for both reception and transmission. If the antenna connections result in different polarizations, the minus sign is used and the magnitude of the effect is reduced.     

The Effect of Rotating Antennas and Signal Polarization on Doppler Shift

A study is made of a transmitting antenna spinning relative to a receiving antenna, showing that the received signal undergoes a phase shift which depends upon the relative orientation and the ellipticity conditions of the two antennas. It is shown that this phase shift is important in Doppler distance measuring equipment because it must not be confused with the phase shift caused by the changing distance between the antennas.     

某型多卜勒雷达频率调制转换基准插件的FPGA实现

某型多卜勒导航雷达广泛应用于军事和民用领域,调制转换基准插件是其核心部件之一。本文介绍一种采用数字控制振荡器的设计技术,利用FPGA实现调制转换基准插件功能,从而代替了原来的模拟部件,解决了设备的维护问题。     

对安全监管工作“五性”的思考

李家祥局长在提出建设民航强国的三大战略中,把实施持续安全战略作为推进建设民航强国的重要支柱。实施民航持续安全战略的重要手段之一,就是要深入研究安全监管的工作规律,充分发挥民航行政部门的安全监管职能,通过强化政府的监管责任,把一线监管工作抓实抓好,确保持续安全基础得到     

The AM CVn systems: A bibliographic search for clues to their cataclysmic nature

The nature of AM CVn, GP Com, CR Boo, and V803 Cen is investigated in detail on the basis of a comprehensive review of all that to-date is known about these systems. They are classified as cataclysmic variables, within these forming the subclass of AM CVn systems; their distinguishing characteristic is an extreme H-deficiency. Besides, they are very blue and display periodicities on the order of minutes. Although in several aspects they behave like cataclysmics, in others they differ from them. The most widely accepted interpretation for their nature involves two interacting He white dwarfs in a very close orbit. The validity of such a model is evaluated in the present work.This research has made use of the SIMBAD database, operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France.