Background limited infrared and submillimeter instruments

The temperature and emissivity of infrared and submillimeter telescopes are basic parameters that drive the optical and thermal design of astronomical space projects. They determine also, among other parameters, the self-emission of the instrument and the photon noise produced by this radiation on the detectors. By comparing the telescope brightness with that of the sky in the 1m–1 cm wavelength range, general conditions for background limited photometry are derived. For <0.4 mm, temperature is the driving parameter, and for >0.4 mm, temperature and emissivity have equivalent importances. It can be shown on actual projects that these two regimes determine different optical and thermal concepts. Although based on a simplistic approach, this work intends to help designers to handle some basic system parameters of infrared and submillimeter instruments.     

The infrared space observatory (ISO)

The Infrared Space Observatory (ISO), a fully approved and funded project of the European Space Agency (ESA), is an astronomical satellite, which will operate at wavelengths from 2.5–240 m. ISO will provide astronomers with a unique facility of unprecedented sensitivity for a detailed exploration of the universe ranging from objects in the solar system right out to distant extragalactic sources. The satellite essentially consists of a large cryostat containing at launch over 2000 litres of superfluid helium to maintain the Ritchey-Chrétien telescope, the scientific instruments and the optical baffles at temperatures between 2 K and 8 K. The telescope has a 60-cm diameter primary mirror and is diffraction-limited at a wavelength of 5 m. A pointing accuracy of a few arc seconds is provided by a three-axis-stabilisation system consisting of reaction wheels, gyros and optical sensors. ISO's instrument complement consists of four instruments, namely: an imaging photo-polarimeter (2.5–240 m), a camera (2.5–17 m), a short wavelength spectrometer (3–45 m) and a long wavelength spectrometer (43–196 m). These instruments are being built by international consortia of scientific institutes and have been delivered to ESA for in-orbit operations. ISO will be launched in September 1995 by an Ariane 4 into an elliptical orbit (apogee 70000 km and perigee 1000 km) and will be operational for at least 18 months. In keeping with ISO's role as an observatory, the majority of its observing time is being made available to the general astronomical community via a Call for Observing Proposals.     

Ground experimental investigations into an ejected spray cooling system for space closed-loop application

Spray cooling has proved its superior heat transfer performance in removing high heat flux for ground applications.However,the dissipation of vapor–liquid mixture from the heat surface and the closed-loop circulation of the coolant are two challenges in reduced or zero gravity space environments.In this paper,an ejected spray cooling system for space closed-loop application was proposed and the negative pressure in the ejected condenser chamber was applied to sucking the two-phase mixture from the spray chamber.Its ground experimental setup was built and experimental investigations on the smooth circle heat surface with a diameter of 5 mm were conducted with distilled water as the coolant spraying from a nozzle of 0.51 mm orifice diameter at the inlet temperatures of 69.2 °C and 78.2 °C under the conditions of heat flux ranging from 69.76 W/cm~2 to 311.45 W/cm~2,volume flow through the spray nozzle varying from 11.22 L/h to 15.76 L/h.Work performance of the spray nozzle and heat transfer performance of the spray cooling system were analyzed;results show that this ejected spray cooling system has a good heat transfer performance and provides valid foundation for space closed-loop application in the near future.     

A new model to simulate infrared radiation from an aircraft exhaust system

A multi-scale narrow band correlated-k distribution(MSNBCK) model is developed to simulate infrared radiation(IR) from an exhaust system of a typical aircraft engine.In this model,an approximate approach instead of statistically uncorrelated assumption is used to treat overlapping bands in gas mixture.It significantly reduces the requirement for computing power through converting the exponential increase of computing power consumption with the increase of participating gas species to linear increase.Besides,MSNBCK model has a great advantage compared with conventional methods which can estimate each species' contribution to the total gas mixture radiation intensity.Line by line(LBL) results,experimental data and other results in the references are used to evaluate this new model,which demonstrates its advantage in terms of accuracy and computing efficiency.By coupling this model and finite volume method(FVM) into radiative transfer equation(RTE),a comparative study is conducted to simulate IR signature from the exhaust system.The results indicate that wall's IR emission should be considered in both 3-5 μm and8-14 μm bands while gases' IR emission plays an important role only in 3-5 μm band.For plume IR radiation,carbon dioxide's emission is much more significant than that of water vapor in both3-5μm and 8-14 μm bands.Especially in 3-5 μm band,the water vapor's IR signal can even be neglected compared with that of carbon dioxide.     

The Edison infrared space observatory

For five years, theEdison program has had the goal of developing new designs for infrared space observatories which will break the cost curve by permitting more capable missions at lower cost. Most notably, this has produced a series of models for purely radiative and radiative/mechanical (hybrid) cooling which do not use cryogens and optical designs which are not constrained by the coolant tanks. Purely radiatively-cooled models achieve equilibrium temperatures as low as about 20 K at a distance of 1 AU from the sun. More advancedEdison designs include mechanical cooling systems attached to the telescope assembly which lower the optical system temperature to 5 K or less. Via these designs, near-cryogenic temperatures appear achievable without the limitations of cryogenic cooling. OneEdison model has been proposed to the European Space Agency as the next generation infrared space observatory and is presently under consideration as a candidate ESA Cornerstone mission. The basic design is also the starting point for elements of future infrared space interferometers.     

Recent advances in film cooling enhancement:A review

Film cooling is an indispensable scheme in the design of highly-efficient cooling configurations to satisfy the thermal protection requirement of turbine hot section components. During the last few decades, vast efforts have been paid on the discrete-hole film cooling enhancement.In this paper, some of the recent literatures related to the passive strategies(such as shaped film cooling holes, upstream ramps, shallow trenches, mesh-fed slots) and the active strategies(such as the use of pulsation modulating device or plasma actuator) for film cooling enhancement are surveyed, with the aim at presenting an updated overview about the state of the art in advanced film cooling. In addition, some challenging issues are also outlined to motivate further investigations in such a broad topic.     

冷却结构塞式喷管红外特性抑制试验技术研究

利用涡扇发动机喷管红外辐射特征模拟试验台,对二元塞式喷管的红外辐射特征进行试验研究,得到塞锥冷却对二元塞式喷管红外辐射特性的影响规律,并与轴对称收扩喷管(基准喷管)进行了对比。试验结果表明:在探测角0°方向上,相比基准喷管,二元塞式喷管在不采取冷却措施时红外特征降低了12.1%,冷气流量为1.0%总流量时红外辐射强度降低了40.8%,冷气流量为2.8%总流量时红外辐射强度降低了51.2%。     

引气结构对二元塞式喷管冷却和红外辐射特性的影响

为降低加力状态下二元塞锥表面温度和喷管红外辐射强度,对塞锥进行冷却结构设计。采用数值模拟的方法对比分析了引气结构、冷却通道高度和冷气入口总压比对塞锥冷却和喷管红外辐射特性的影响。结果表明：塞锥冷却后其表面温度和喷管红外辐射强度显著降低;引气腔内无冲击板时,引气角度的改变引起射流核心区位置的变化,造成塞锥头部和前缘展向温度分布差异明显,引气角度为90°时塞锥表面最高温度要比30°和60°的模型高50K;加装冲击板后,冷却通道内的流量分配和塞锥前缘的展向温度分布得到有效改善、塞锥头部的换热得以增强,但同时会引起较大的总压损失,因此相同入口总压比下,加装冲击板后冷却流量降低、塞锥外表面温度升高;随着冷却通道高度增大,冷气流量增加、流速降低,故存在一个最佳通道高度使得塞锥冷却效果最好;以塞锥无冷却为基准,入口总压比为1.0～1.8时,塞锥外表面最高温度降低了470～590K,0°探测角上红外辐射强度降低了25%～33%。     

蛇型冷却通道中的蒸汽流动与换热特性研究

采用CFX软件数值计算了带肋蛇形冷却通道内的空气流动与换热特性,验证了计算模型和方法,比较了湍流模型的适用性;在此基础上,数值计算了蛇形冷却通道内蒸汽的流动与换热特性,分析了蒸汽过热度、肋片角度和V型肋片对蒸汽流动与换热性能的影响。结果表明:SSG湍流模型的计算结果与实验数据吻合较好;蒸汽过热度对换热效果的影响较小;相对于光滑通道,带肋通道的弯道效应影响降低;V型肋片的换热效果好于平行斜肋。     

TC4钛合金冷却过程中组织变化分析

采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜和 HV -50A 维氏硬度分析仪研究了 TC4钛合金自β相区冷却过程中相组成及微观组织变化。结果表明,TC4钛合金冷却过程中发生β→α相变。冷却速率越小,形成α相片层越厚。TC4钛合金经1000℃固溶后,冷却到850~800℃水冷时,析出α相均匀细小,试样硬度出现峰值。随着冷却温度继续降低,试样硬度开始下降。TC4钛合金固溶后在冷却过程中的硬度变化,很可能还与 Ti2AlV（O）相和 Ti2AlV 相的析出、长大有关。     

Design and analysis of a novel hybrid cooling method of high-speed high-power permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance starter/generator in aviation applications

To improve the heat dissipation performance, this paper proposes a novel hybrid cooling method for high-speed high-power Permanent Magnet assisted Synchronous Reluctance Starter/Generator (PMaSynR S/G) in aerospace applications. The hybrid cooling structure with oil circulation in the housing, oil spray at winding ends and rotor end surface is firstly proposed for the PMaSynR S/G. Then the accurate loss calculation of the PMaSynR S/G is proposed, which includes air gap friction loss under oil spray cooling, copper loss, stator and rotor core loss, permanent magnet eddy current loss and bearing loss. The parameter sensitivity analysis of the hybrid cooling structure is proposed, while the equivalent thermal network model of the PMaSynR S/G is established considering the uneven spraying at the winding ends. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid cooling method is demonstrated on a 40 kW/24000 r/min PMaSynR S/G experimental platform.     

三轮涡轮冷却器应用研究

本文通过对涡轮冷却器和飞机地面环控系统工作原理的分析，提出了将三轮涡轮冷却器用于飞机地面环控系统的设计方案。并给出了系统主要性能参数的计算结果。     

涡轮叶顶间隙密封冷却综合特性评估方法

为了评估带气膜冷却涡轮叶顶间隙的密封和冷却综合特性,在强化传热综合因子中引入气膜冷却效率,推导出了密封冷却综合因子表达式.其物理含义为：主流在一定功率作用并喷入一定量冷气时,被评估的传热方式与基准传热方式传热性能比.数值模拟获得了动叶顶部隔板迷宫间隙气膜冷却和密封特性数据,利用该因子对密封冷却综合特性进行了评估.结果表明：在研究的吹风比内,迷宫结构的冷却效果相比于平叶顶间隙有所改进,随着吹风比减小,改进程度先增加后减小;密封效果只有在高吹风比时有所改进.密封冷却综合特性都得到了改进,吹风比越小,密封冷却综合特性越好.     

Distributed online mission planning for multi-player space pursuit and evasion

There are three important roles in evasion conflict: pursuer, target and defender. Pur-suers’ mission is to access targets;targets’ mission is to escape from pursuers’ capture;defenders’ mission is to intercept pursuers who are potentially dangerous to targets. In this paper, a distributed online mission plan (DOMP) algorithm for pursuers is proposed based on fuzzy evaluation and Nash equilibrium. First, an integrated effectiveness evaluation model is given. Then, the details of collaborative mission planning which includes the co-optimization of task distributing, trajectory and corresponding maneuvering scheme are presented. Finally, the convergence and steadiness of DOMP are discussed with simulation results. Compared with centralized mission planning, DOMP is more robust and can greatly improve the effectiveness of pursuing. It can be applied to dynamic scenario due to its distributed architecture.     

逆向射流多斜孔气膜冷却的数值模拟

为了使航空燃气轮机燃烧室在高于燃烧室材料许用温度的前提下能够正常工作,需对燃烧室内壁采取冷却措施,并对变吹风比和变角度下的逆向射流多斜孔气膜冷却进行了数值模拟。在贴体坐标下划分网格,采用k-ε模型模拟湍流流动,求解气膜冷却过程的数学模型。分别改变逆向射流同主流的夹角,使其为20°、30°、45°和60,°改变吹风比的变化范围为0.5到1.5等多种条件下,对多斜孔气膜冷却效果进行了数值模拟。在所研究的范围内得到了符合规律的结论。研究结果表明,当吹风比不变的情况下,减小逆向射流角度,用有效温比表示的冷却效果相应提高。当逆向射流角度不变时,增加吹风比,冷却效果也相应提高。     

Selective thermal emission and infrared camouflage based on layered media

Infrared camouflage based on artificial thermal metasurfaces has recently attracted significant attention. By eliminating thermal radiation differences between the object and the background, it is possible to hide a given object from infrared detection. Infrared camouflage is an important element that increases the survivability of aircraft and missiles, by reducing target susceptibility to infrared guided threats. Herein, a simple and practicable design is theoretically presented based on a multilayer film for infrared stealth, with distinctive advantages of scalability, flexible fabrication, and structural simplicity. The multilayer medium consists of silicon substrate, carbon layer and zinc sulfide film, the optical properties of which are determined by transfer matrix method. By locally changing the thickness of the coating film, the spatial tunability and continuity in thermal emission are demonstrated. A continuous change of emissive power is further obtained and consequently implemented to achieve thermal camouflage functionality. In addition, other functionalities, like thermal illusion and thermal coding, are demonstrated by thickness-engineered multilayer films.     

Numerical study on similarity of plume infrared radiation between reduced-scale solid rocket motors

This study seeks to determine the similarities in plume radiation between reduced and full-scale solid rocket models in ground test conditions through investigation of flow and radiation for a series of scale ratios ranging from 0.1 to 1. The radiative transfer equation(RTE) considering gas and particle radiation in a non-uniform plume has been adopted and solved by the finite volume method(FVM) to compute the three dimensional, spectral and directional radiation of a plume in the infrared waveband 2–6 μm. Conditions at wavelengths 2.7 μm and 4.3 μm are discussed in detail, and ratios of plume radiation for reduced-scale through full-scale models are examined. This work shows that, with increasing scale ratio of a computed rocket motor, area of the hightemperature core increases as a 2 power function of the scale ratio, and the radiation intensity of the plume increases with 2–2.5 power of the scale ratio. The infrared radiation of plume gases shows a strong spectral dependency, while that of Al_2O_3 particles shows spectral continuity of gray media.Spectral radiation intensity of a computed solid rocket plume's high temperature core increases significantly in peak radiation spectra of plume gases CO and CO_2. Al_2O_3 particles are the major radiation component in a rocket plume. There is good similarity between contours of plume spectral radiance from different scale models of computed rockets, and there are two peak spectra of radiation intensity at wavebands 2.7–3.0 μm and 4.2–4.6 μm. Directed radiation intensity of the entire plume volume will rise with increasing elevation angle.     

Multi-view space object recognition and pose estimation based on kernel regression

The application of high-performance imaging sensors in space-based space surveillance systems makes it possible to recognize space objects and estimate their poses using vision-based methods. In this paper, we proposed a kernel regression-based method for joint multi-view space object recognition and pose estimation. We built a new simulated satellite image dataset named BUAA-SID 1.5 to test our method using different image representations. We evaluated our method for recognition-only tasks, pose estimation-only tasks, and joint recognition and pose estimation tasks. Experimental results show that our method outperforms the state-of-the-arts in space object recognition, and can recognize space objects and estimate their poses effectively and robustly against noise and lighting conditions.     

FGH95合金连续冷却条件下γ′相析出过程的研究

研究了FGH95粉末高温合金的平衡γ′相含量与温度的关系,得到了连续冷却条件下合金的γ′相平均粒径与冷速的关系,并分析了γ′相的析出规律.研究指出,在连续冷却条件下,γ′相的析出并非由扩散长大过程所控制,而很可能是由析出形核过程控制的.同时,FGH95合金淬火时,仅在1000℃以上需要保持较高的冷速,低于此温度,γ′相几乎不再粗化,并根据这一原则为FGH95合金涡轮盘的热处理过程选取了合适的淬火介质.     

Experimental study on film cooling performance of imperfect holes

An experimental study is made to investigate the film cooling performance of imperfect holes due to in-hole blockage over a flat plate. A specifically pyramid-shaped element is used to simulate the in-hole blockage. Six in-hole blockage orientations (such as leading-inlet, leading-middle, leading-exit, trailing-inlet, trailing-middle and trailing-exit) and four blocking ratios (ranging from 0.1 to 0.4) are taken into considerations. Based on the experimental results, the influences of in-hole blockage on the film cooling effectiveness and discharge coefficient under typical blowing ratios are analyzed. It is confirmed that the in-hole blockage results in a reduction of discharge coefficient related to the perfect film cooling holes, especially for the leading-exit and trailing-inlet orientations with a big blocking ratio. However, in the view of film cooling effectiveness, the in-hole blockage shows complicated affecting roles. In general, except for the leading-exit orientation, the in-hole blockages produce detrimental influence on the film cooling effectiveness.