Phase-Coded Interrupted CW Signals and Processors

High resolution radars require signals with large time-bandwidth product such as CW signal and coherent pulse train (CPT). We discuss a phase-coded interrupted CW (ICW) signal which is the combination of CW signal and CPT. Phase codes used here are with perfect periodic autocorrelation. The periodic ambiguity function of ICW signals is studied including single-carrier signal and multi-carrier signal. It is interesting that the gate function has different effects on two signals and contributes to a multi-carrier ICW signal which yields nearly perfect autocorrelation. Meanwhile we also suggest an efficient receiver approach to ICW signals, which can reduce the computational burden of the processor and utilize the good properties of P3 and P4 codes.     

Weight effects on the periodic ambiguity function

CW radar signals and processors are discussed. The use of the periodic ambiguity function (PAF) to analyze the delay-Doppler performance of CW signals and their corresponding correlation receivers, is extended to include weight function effects. This work provides tools which can predict the delay-Doppler response of almost any phase-coded CW radar. Examples demonstrate that a combination of CW signals having perfect periodic autocorrelation, a matched reference signal with a large number of modulation periods and a smooth weight function, can create a delay-Doppler response with extremely low sidelobes, strongly resembling the response of a coherent pulse train     

Periodic ambiguity function of CW signals with perfect periodicautocorrelation

A periodic ambiguity function (PAF) is discussed which describes the response of a correlation receiver to a CW signal modulated by a periodic waveform, when the reference signal in the receiver is constructed from an integral number N, of periods T, of the transmitted signal. The PAF is a generalization of the periodic autocorrelation function, to the case of non-zero Doppler shift. It is shown that the PAF of N periods is obtained by multiplying the PAF of a single period by the universal function sin(Nπν T)/N sin(πνT), where ν is the Doppler shift, to phase-modulated signals which exhibit perfect periodic autocorrelation when there is no Doppler shift. The PAF of these signals exhibits universal cuts along the delay and Doppler axes. These cuts are functions only of t, N and the number M, the modulation bits in one period     

Reciprocal radar waveforms

Digitally coded radar waveforms can be used to obtain large time-bandwidth products (pulse compression ratios). It is demonstrated that periodic radar waveforms with zero sidelobes or almost zero sidelobes can be defined. A perfect periodic code is a periodic code whose autocorrelation function has zero sidelobes and whose amplitude is uniform (maximum power efficiency=1). An asymptotically perfect periodic code has the property that as the number of elements in the code goes to infinity the autocorrelation function of the code has zero sidelobes and its power efficiency is one. The authors introduce a class of radar waveforms that are either perfect or asymptotically perfect codes. These are called reciprocal codes because they can be derived through a linear transformation of known codes. The aperiodic performance of the reciprocal code is examined     

Two-valued sequences with perfect periodic autocorrelation

Periodic two-valued signals which exhibit two-level autocorrelation can, in many cases, be made to yield an out-of-phase autocorrelation value identically equal to zero. This can be achieved by replacing the two values of the sequence (normally +1 and -1) with the two values +1 and e^iφ, or with +1 and β (β real). Simple expression for φ and β are given, based on the parameters of the difference set to which such signals correspond. Another strategy is to transmit a sequence of +1s and -1s, but of +1s and bs (b real and negative). An expression for b is also obtained     

CW alternatives to the coherent pulse train-signals and processors

Continuous wave (CW) signals phase modulated by a periodic waveform, and their corresponding receivers, are discussed. The combined response in delay and Doppler is almost identical to the (ideal) response of the coherent pulse train. The receivers are matched to an integral number N of modulation periods of the transmitted signal. CW implies a duty cycle of 100%. However, the signal duration need not be longer than N+2 periods. The CW signals have the advantage that their peak power is equal to the average power. Their disadvantages are more complicated receiver processing and the need for two antennas     

Development of random signal radars

Development of random signal radar (RSR) over the past 30 years is described. Conventional methods of implementing RSR are summarized such as correlation, spectrum analysis, and anticorrelation. Some typical RSR systems are introduced, for example, noise frequency modulation CW radar, random binary phase-coded CW radar, etc., and their merits and demerits are also pointed out. Finally, RSR development trends are analyzed     

Mismatched filtering of odd-periodic binary sequences

Binary sequences with perfect periodic autocorrelation functions, as required in communications, radar, and measuring, are not known for any lengths >4. As a possible remedy, mismatched filtering can be used to entirely suppress any sidelobes of the periodic autocorrelation function at the expense of a reduced signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this work, the mismatched filtering method is extended to the odd-periodic autocorrelation function whose technical implementation is no more complex than that of periodic sequences. A new class of odd-periodic binary sequences is constructed that exist for many more lengths and exhibit significantly lower mismatched filtering losses than any known periodic sequences     

Sequences and arrays with perfect periodic correlation

Properties and methods for synthesizing sequences with perfect periodic autocorrelation functions and good energy efficiency are discussed. The construction is extended to two-dimensional perfect arrays. The construction methods used are based mainly on a search in the frequency domain and on a multiplication theorem for periodic sequences and arrays     

Spurious Target Generation Due to Hard Limiting in Pulse Compression Radars

A method is presented to calculate the output of a hard limiter if the input consists of a superposition of three phase-coded signals. A detailed investigation is made of the case where the limiter input signals are phase reversal modulated according to a maximum length linear code. It is shown in this case that a false target signal is generated at the limiter output. The amplitude distribution of the false target signal is investigated along with the distribution of the captured true target signals. A digital computer simulation confirms the theoretically predicted effects.     

Suboptimal Simulation and Suppression of Clutter Signals

Two digital filters are presented, which are suited for generating (Correlation) or suppressing (decorrelation) by approximation time-discrete signals with preset autocorrelation function from white noise. The advantage of these suboptimal filters is that the determination of their coefficients is very simple. For this reason the filters are weil suited for generating or suppresing signals with rapidly varying statistical parameters. One application possibility is the simulation and the adaptive suppression of clutter signals in surveillance radar systems.     

Low sidelobe radar waveforms derived from orthogonal matrices

Novel waveforms are described that have low sidelobes when individual or multiple waveforms are approximately processed. They are related to orthogonal matrices that may be associated with complementary sequences and also with periodic waveforms having autocorrelation functions with constant zero-amplitude sidelobes. Also described are sets of sequences whose cross-correlation functions sum to zero everywhere. A potential application is the elimination of ambiguous range stationary clutter     

利用时延相关解调法诊断滚动轴承的故障

为诊断滚动轴承的故障,常常对其振动信号进行包络解调,以获取故障特征。但所测振动信号中,包含大量的噪声,严重地影响解调结果,使得滚动轴承的故障特征难以凸现。为此,利用时延相关解调法以实现降噪解调。该方法利用相关函数的降噪特性,首先对振动信号进行相关分析,得信号的自相关函数。然后对自相关函数适当延迟以尽量避开噪声影响,再进行Hilbert变换,以求得解调结果。实验证明在滚动轴承故障诊断中时延相关解调法与直接解调法相比,噪声影响大幅减小,故障信息得以凸现。     

齿轮故障诊断的时延相关解调法

为诊断齿轮与滚动轴承的故障,常常对其振动信号进行包络解调,以获取故障特征。但所测振动信号中,包含大量的噪声,严重地影响解调结果,使得齿轮或滚动轴承的故障特征难以凸现。为此,本文提出了时延相关解调法以实现降噪解调。该方法利用相关函数的降噪特性,首先对振动信号进行相关分析,得信号的自相关函数。然后对自相关函数适当延迟以尽量避开噪声影响,再进行Hilbert变换,以求得解调结果。本文进行了仿真信号验证和实验验证,证明时延相关解调法与直接解调法相比,噪声影响大幅减小,故障信息得以凸现。      

Hybrid discriminative/class-specific classifiers for narrowband signals

The class-specific (CS) method of signal classification operates by computing low-dimensional feature sets defined for each signal class of interest. By computing separate feature sets tailored to each class, i.e., CS features, the CS method avoids estimating probability distributions in a high-dimension feature space common to all classes. Building a CS classifier amounts to designing feature extraction modules for each class of interest. In this paper we present the design of three CS modules used to form a CS classifier for narrowband signals of finite duration. A general module for narrowband signals based on a narrowband tracker is described. The only assumptions this module makes regarding the time evolution of the signal spectrum are: (1) one or more narrowband lines are present, and (2) the lines wandered either not at all, e.g., CW signal, or with a purpose, e.g., swept FM signal. The other two modules are suited for specific classes of waveforms and assume some a priori knowledge of the signal is available from training data. For in situ training, the tracker-based module can be used to detect as yet unobserved waveforms and classify them into general categories, for example short CW, long CW, fast FM, slow FM, etc. Waveform-specific class-models can then be designed using these waveforms for training. Classification results are presented comparing the performance of a probabilistic conventional classifier with that of a CS classifier built from general modules and a CS classifier built from waveform-specific modules. Results are also presented for hybrid discriminative/generative versions of the classifiers to illustrate the performance gains attainable in using a hybrid over a generative classifier alone.     

Ideal Limiting of Periodic Signals in Random Noise

A method based on Hermite polynomials is developed for analysis of the output resulting from passing Fourier expandable signals and noise through general zero-memory devices. New results are developed for the output time and autocorrelation functions. Special results are generated for an ideal clipper. Techniques for obtaining results for practical cases are discussed. The method itself can be modified and applied to non-Gaussian noise and general nonlinear devices with nondeterministic signals.     

Noise Injected into Coherent Carrier Signals by Random Phase Changes

The autocorrelation and power spectrum of spurii arising from periodic random phase injections into a coherent backscatter signal are found. Design considerations of appropriate filters to eliminate spurii noise is discussed.     

基于Kalman滤波的高频CW电报信号自动识别

针对强噪声背景下高频CW电报信号检测算法性能严重下降、误码率较高的问题,文章提出一种基于卡尔曼滤波的高频CW电报信号同步检测识别算法。利用自同步法对CW电报信号实现位同步,进而利用卡尔曼滤波针对时变干扰噪声设置自适应阈值,对信号能量进行软判决,实现CW电报信号的自适应跟踪检测,提取有效信号进行识别。通过短波信道仿真软件和实际短波通信测试表明,该算法能够在强噪声背景下有效检测识别CW电报信号,且算法可由迭代实现。     

The present and the future of random signal radars

The 30+ year development of random signal radar (RSR) is described in this paper. Conventional methods of implementing RSRs are summarized: correlation, spectrum analysis, and anti-correlation. Some typical RSR systems are introduced; for example: noise frequency modulation continuous wave radar; and random binary phase-coded continuous wave radar, and their merits and demerits are also pointed out. Finally, the development trends of RSR is analyzed     

FM/AM Noise Test Set for a Pulsed Doppler Radar

A new test method to measure the amplitude noise and phase noise in both CW and pulsed CW signals of a Ku-band pulsed Doppler radar is described. These noises are measured in a simulated environment of radar operation; thus the test results may give direct information to determine radar subclutter visibility. In comparison with the conventional noise test method, this new method not only gives more meaningful results but also can obtain results much faster in testing. Actual test system design is described by block diagrams and theoretical analysis. A method to determine approximate frequency jitter in a transmitter signal is also described.