An innovative approach for integrated airline network and aircraft family optimization

The determination of optimal aerial transport networks and their associated flight frequencies is crucial for the strategic planning of airlines, as well as for carrying out market research, to establish target markets, and for aircraft and crew rostering. In addition, optimum airplane types for the selected networks are crucial to improve revenue and to provide reduced operating costs. The present study proposes an innovative approach to determine the optimal aerial transport network simultaneously with the determination of the optimum fleet for that network, composed of three types of airplanes (network and vehicle integrated design). The network profit is maximized. The passenger’s demands between the airports are determined via a gravitational model. An embedded linear programming solution is responsible for obtaining potential optimal network configurations. The optimum fleet combination is determined from a database of candidate aircraft designs via genetic algorithm. A truly realistic airplane representation is made possible thanks to accurate surrogate models for engine and aerodynamics is adopted. An accurate engine deck encompassing a compression map and an innovative engine weight calculation besides an aerodynamical artificial neural network module enable a high degree of accuracy for the mission analysis. The proposed methodology is applied to obtain the optimum network comprised of twenty main Brazilian airports and corresponding fleet.     

Individual aircraft life monitoring: An engineering approach for fatigue damage evaluation

Individual aircraft life monitoring is required to ensure safety and economy of aircraft structure, and fatigue damage evaluation based on collected operational data of aircraft is an integral part of it. To improve the accuracy and facilitate the application, this paper proposes an engineering approach to evaluate fatigue damage and predict fatigue life for critical structures in fatigue monitoring. In this approach, traditional nominal stress method is applied to back calculate the S-N curve parameters of the realistic structure details based on full-scale fatigue test data. Then the S-N curve and Miner’s rule are adopted in damage estimation and fatigue life analysis for critical locations under individual load spectra. The relationship between relative small crack length and fatigue life can also be predicted with this approach. Specimens of 7B04-T74 aluminum alloy and TA15M titanium alloy are fatigue tested under two types of load spectra, and there is a good agreement between the experimental results and analysis results. Furthermore, the issue concerning scatter factor in individual aircraft damage estimation is also discussed.     

工程中的飞机系统综合设计综述

飞机研制单位缺乏对飞机系统综合设计内容的全局了解导致无法提前开展有效的工作规划,研制后期综合设计主题的产生呈现出涌现性,经常需要返工并打乱研制计划,造成成本和进度问题。为解决这个问题,对工程中的飞机系统综合设计进行了综述,提出了基于系统工程的飞机系统综合设计流程,并对飞机系统综合设计内容进行了全面推演,首先识别利益攸关方期望的运行概念,然后提炼综合设计目标,最后识别飞机级综合设计内容主题及其关联技术专业;根据竞争能力等关键衡量指标,指出了最为关键的综合设计主题和相关难点。可以为飞机研制单位及其系统综合设计工程师提供有益参考,帮助其开展整机系统综合设计的全局规划,并最终实现降本提质的目标。     

基于模型的系统工程在民机领域的应用

介绍了在民用飞机系统顶层设计中基于模型的系统工程方法的应用.该流程由需求分析、功能分析和设计综合阶段构成.对每一个用例的功能分析中得到活动图、顺序图和可执行的状态机.执行状态机可验证需求的符合性,同时形成系统功能和非功能性需求.储存在数据库中的需求逐条与模型元素建立链接关系,保证可追溯性.黑盒模型完成之后,将功能与流程分配系统架构中,形成子系统白盒模型和子系统接口.相比传统设计方法,该流程更好地保证了系统可测试性、可追溯性和功能的完整性.     

通用飞行器气动优化设计数字化集成平台——DIPasda

未来航空工业的发展,需要解决多学科综合设计的关键问题,为新型高性能飞行器的设计提供有力的设计方法和设计工具。DIPasda作为复杂外形设计的通用飞行器多学科优化设计平台,研制目的主要是提供一套新型通用、鲁棒、高效的优化设计架构,应用于通用飞行器工业设计环境,改善传统设计耗时低效的状况,提高新型飞行器设计的效率和精度。DIPasda平台系统包含了优化设计过程中所需用到的各类方法,主要包括数值优化算法、几何模型参数化方法、代理模型方法、高精度的学科分析工具等。通过详细介绍平台的系统架构、主要的功能模块、伴随优化设计和多目标优化设计流程,展现了DIPasda平台系统架构设计的灵活性和功能模块的完备性。最后通过优化算例展示了系统的综合优化设计能力。     

飞行器外形多目标多学科综合优化设计方法研究

从多目标多学科综合设计的角度出发，探讨了飞行器外形优化设计方法。建立了针对飞行器外形设计的气动与隐身一体化优化设计模型；采用Pareto遗传算法，建立了多目标优化设计方法；并针对具体算例进行气动外形与隐身特性的综合优化设计，将所得优化设计结果，与初始外形相比较，可以看出，优化后气动和隐身性能都有较大提高，实际结果表明本文提出的方法具有可行性和适用性。     

大型民用飞机气动外形典型综合设计方法

基于自主研发的飞行器气动外形大规模并行化、分布式综合设计软件AMDEsign,开展了大型民用飞机气动外形多目标综合设计,研究了处理高维目标空间多目标优化问题的有效处理方式,为优化数学模型的合理确定提供数据参考。在此基础之上,基于软件AMDEsign的主分量分析（PCA）、离散伴随方法两个典型模块,对宽体飞机数字化模型开展多目标优化,其中离散伴随方法中引入虚拟可行解集逼近方法,为权系数提供有效的导向性选择;并进一步将结果进行多目标评估分析,设计结果表明,主分量分析能够有效识别目标函数的相关性,虚拟可行解集方法效率较高,充分利用了离散伴随效率高以及导向性权函数预测等优点,多点设计外形在巡航升阻比、抖振特性以及阻力发散等性能上具有明显改善。文中提出的综合设计方法简捷高效且具有较强的工程应用价值。     

A unified approach to the design of decentralized detection systems

A unified approach to the design of decentralized detection networks with arbitrary topologies is proposed and analyzed. In this approach, a decentralized detection system of arbitrary topology is represented by a communication matrix that specifies the interconnection structure of the detection network. This matrix is used to derive the general decision rule using the person-by-person-optimal (PBPO) solution methodology. It is shown that the PBPO decision rule is a likelihood ratio test for statistically independent observations. The threshold of the test is shown to be a function of the decision input vector of the detector under consideration. This unified approach is used to obtain the PBPO decision rules of decentralized detection systems with various topologies. Various results in the literature are verified. In addition, the PBPO decision rules for a decentralized detection system with peer communication are presented. Numerical examples are presented for illustration     

基于多准则决策的作战飞机顶层方案优选

提出了综合应用灰色关联投影法、加权求和法、加权求积法和基于理想点决策法来实现对无人作战飞机顶层方案的优选,并着重介绍了多准则决策方法及实施过程。该方法采用不同的公度化方法处理相应的评价指标,对多目标、多层次指标体系进行赋权,利用权重将评价指标联系在一起,并将四种准则决策法进行综合,依据决策者的偏好,最终实现顶层方案的优选。最后,通过制空无人作战飞机顶层方案优选的例子,证实了所提方法是可行且有效的。     

An integrated graphic–taxonomic–associative approach to analyze human factors in aviation accidents

Human factors are critical causes of modern aviation accidents. However, existing accident analysis methods encounter limitations in addressing aviation human factors, especially in complex accident scenarios. The existing graphic approaches are effective for describing accident mechanisms within various categories of human factors, but cannot simultaneously describe inadequate human–aircraft–environment interactions and organizational deficiencies effectively, and highly depend on analysts' skills and experiences. Moreover, the existing methods do not emphasize latent unsafe factors outside accidents. This paper focuses on the above three limitations and proposes an integrated graphic–taxonomic–associative approach. A new graphic model named accident tree(AcciTree), with a two-mode structure and a reaction-based concept, is developed for accident modeling and safety defense identification. The AcciTree model is then integrated with the well-established human factors analysis and classification system(HFACS) to enhance both reliability of the graphic part and logicality of the taxonomic part for improving completeness of analysis. An associative hazard analysis technique is further put forward to extend analysis to factors outside accidents, to form extended safety requirements for proactive accident prevention. Two crash examples, a research flight demonstrator by our team and an industrial unmanned aircraft, illustrate that the integrated approach is effective for identifying more unsafe factors and safety requirements.     

大型飞机增升装置气动机构一体化设计技术进展

增升装置设计作为大型客机设计的关键技术之一,其设计水平的提升将极大提高飞机的整体性能。虽然先进增升装置方案朝着简单形式发展,但其设计目标将结合气动、机构、结构、噪声等复杂考虑因素,以达到最优的综合性能和提高飞行的安全性、经济性和舒适性,是个高难度多学科多约束耦合的设计问题。结合气动优化、机构设计、一体化研究等多方面增升装置设计难点进行论述,并提出相应解决方案,最终完成气动/机构一体化设计。分别回顾了干净构型到巡航构型的外形设计方法;起降构型的气动评估、优化方法;增升装置位置表达方法和机构设计研究现状。最后阐述了气动/机构一体化设计方法的思想,总结了国内外在该方向所进行的研究和取得的成果。     

系统工程在大型客机运行支持系统研制中的应用综述

将商用飞机系统思想应用于产品运行支持系统研制过程中,从利益攸关方需要定义、功能分析、需求定义和适航约束限制、系统架构定义、接口定义、设计综合、验证确认到运行评审,完整地分析了产品运行支持系统研制的全过程,并给出产品运行支持系统全生命周期过程的模型与定义。该方法可以有效地将大型客机产品运行顶层需求分解至产品研制和运行支持系统研制需求中,并且通过过程集成以及技术集成将运行支持系统研制与飞机研制相结合,从而保证大型客机在满足适航型号合格审定（TC）和航空器评审（AEG）要求的同时,能够满足客户实际运行安全性和经济性需求。     

大型水陆两栖飞机特殊任务模式对总体设计的挑战

面向森林灭火和水上救援任务设计的大型水陆两栖飞机,由于其特殊的任务模式,给设计工作带来了许多全新的挑战。首先,分析了国内森林灭火和水上救援的需求,并介绍了对应的任务模式。然后,总结了在型号研制过程中不同于常规飞机的特殊设计和相应的解决方法,具体包括：以国内供应商为主体的构型管理体系的建立、气水动一体化设计、全新的起落架布局设计、任务系统集成和效能评估、驾驶舱集成设计、设备布置和腐蚀防护设计。最后,提出了在适航审定和集成应用方面仍需重点关注的4个研究方向。     

Ultra wideband technology for aircraft wireless intercommunications systems (AWICS) design

Current intercommunications system (ICS) designs for military, multicrew aircraft utilize lengthy, encumbering cords to physically attach the crewmember's helmet or headset to a distributed audio intercom system. Typical ICS long-cords are approximately 100 feet in length and allow crewmembers to maintain communications as they move about the aircraft while performing their mission duties. These cords also allow crewmembers to maintain communications with the aircraft when disembarked, as when they are controlling aircraft during engine start-up. Unfortunately, the current wired topology significantly reduces mission effectiveness, impedes crewmember movement, and greatly increases the crewmember's risk of injury. These drawbacks are more pronounced onboard military rotary winged aircraft (helicopters) where several crewmembers have been injured or killed during emergencies requiring the aircraft to ditch at sea. During ditching, crewmembers often became entangled in their lengthy ICS cord, preventing or delaying aircraft egress. This paper discusses the development of an aircraft wireless intercommunications system (AWICS) which utilizes ultra wideband (UWB) technology to address mission requirements for these multicrew, military aircraft. UWB offers unique advantages in this application - multipath mitigation, low probability of detection, low probability of interference to onboard legacy systems, and high throughput in a multiuser environment.     

大型飞机增升装置气动机构一体化设计软件及其应用

为满足现代大型飞机先进增升装置多目标综合最优的设计目标,本文结合气动、机构并行设计思想,基于VB、Qt和Catia二次开发环境搭建了增升装置气动、机构综合设计软件。其中包括翼身组合体、巡航构型、起降构型和机构设计四个设计模块,用户可从不同翼身截面数据点,通过拉伸组合成用户所设计的干净构型;利用NURBS曲线使干净构型快速切割出带增升装置的曲面外形;根据缝道参数经验值和机构约束将所切增升装置偏转并设计出合适的起飞、着陆卡位模型,并配以对应卡位设计机构。本文通过对多架、多类别大型客机进行设计并按照预期设计完成切割,完成不同固定翼机型以及翼身组合体机型的切割。经过大量的设计实例验证,软件具有广泛的通用性,能够实现对任意飞机的增升装置进行快速设计。     

Minimization of aircraft engineering enterprise losses

A technique for the econometric analysis of aircraft engineering enterprise activity results using the annual and quarterly reports is presented. A reliable nonlinear form of the objective function of losses optimized by the gradient descent method is obtained.     

面向悬浮光力系统的集成化反馈控制器研究

悬浮光力系统具有高灵敏度、高稳定性和低耗散等特点,有望发展成为新型高性能力学传感器。针对目前悬浮光力系统存在的反馈控制器兼容性差、软硬件成本高、集成度低等问题,提出了一种兼容多种反馈控制模式的软硬件设计方案,并研制了一套高度集成的反馈控制器,在160 mm×170 mm×42 mm的尺寸上集成了六通道模数/数模转换器、滤波器、现场可编程门阵列+微处理器(FPGA+ARM)等功能模块,并且开发了基于数字锁相环和比例积分微分(PID)控制器的控制算法,最终在同一套硬件系统上实现了跨尺度微粒的运动信息采集和反馈控制,以及数十赫兹至亚兆赫兹的感知带宽。实验结果表明,该集成反馈控制器能够实现超高真空(10^-6 Pa量级)下亚微米及微米尺度微粒的稳定悬浮和运动控制。在扩展系统感知带宽的同时减小了整体体积,为悬浮光力传感技术的器件化奠定了基础。     

Hardware-in-the-loop testing technology for integrated control and condition monitoring systems of aircraft gas turbine engines

Hardware-in-the-loop testing technology for automatic control, condition monitoring and diagnostics systems of gas turbine engines is described. The technology proposed makes it possible to simulate combinations and chains of unexpected and gradual failures of engines, transducers and actuators.     

面向航线网络体系的客机设计指标权衡方法

为了通过客机的市场分析与总体设计的紧密结合进行关键设计指标的更充分的权衡,提出了从航线网络体系的视角进行指标集效能评价的方法。这一方法以燃油效率作为经济性评价准则,基于运营统计数据建立综合考虑航线航程概率及航线实际乘客数概率的运输周转量概率密度分布,结合客机运行空重的估算,计算出各条航线消耗的燃油重量,进而通过多轮次的仿真分析出不同指标集对应的燃油效率概率密度。分析结果有助于权衡各个指标集的潜在设计方案适合在何种航线上运营,以及从燃油效率的角度分析潜在设计方案对航空公司的吸引力。通过在一个算例中对航程和载客量的变化进行计算和分析,说明了所提方法的应用方式,最后对目前研究的局限之处和后续的研究方向进行了探讨。     

A cost effective critical space systems design approach

NASA-ISC requires avionics platforms capable of serving a wide range of applications in a cost-effective manner. In part, making the avionics platform cost effective means adhering to open standards and supporting the integration of COTS products with custom products. Inherently, operation in space requires low power, mass, and volume while retaining high performance, reconfigurability, scalability, and upgradability. The Universal Mini-Controller (UMC) project is based on a modified PC/104-Plus architecture while maintaining full compatibility with standard COTS PC/104 products. The architecture consists of a library of stackable building block modules, which can be mixed and matched to meet a specific application. A set of NASA developed core building blocks, (e.g. processor card, analog input/output card, high level analog card, and a Mil-Std-1553 card) were constructed to meet critical functions and unique interfaces