某弹载天线热管PCM热控装置参数分析

为获得某弹载天线热管PCM复合热控装置的相控阵天线的温控性能,建立了其整机数学模型,并基于DSC测试数据,采用有效热容法对材料的相变过程进行模拟。根据T/R组件安装面的最高温度和储热器内相变材料的相变完成情况,研究了相变材料导热系数和翅片数对整机热控性能的影响。研究发现,使用较高导热系数的相变材料与较多的铜翅片数量有利于提高装置的热控性能,且两参数效益可以互补。最后根据研究获得的综合优选参数,制作了试验样机,验证了参数设置的合理性和可行性。     

航天器对流换热地面降压模拟的临界压力准则

航天器密封舱在地面模拟试验中常通过降压法抑制自然对流的影响,但降压比的选择 往往缺乏定量准则,这使得自然对流的抑制效果得不到保证。使用数值模拟方法确定临 界压力比,以几种典型航天器密封舱内的流动换热情况为例,分析了不同Gr／Re 2 数和压力比下密封舱内的流动换热情况。得到了舱内气体温度分布和对流换热系数。通 过比较空间情况和地面情况的计算结果,分析了自然对流给流动换热带来的影响,给出了判 断临界压力的准则式,并给出了临界Gr／Re 2数。结果表明：临界压力 的准则关系和密封舱的形状和内部结构无关。
     

一种与流体回路耦合的板翅式相变换热器设计及验证

针对月球轨道复杂的热环境,设计一种与流体回路耦合的板翅式相变换热器,通过利用相变材料熔化蓄热、凝固放热的特性,实现对航天器在不同外界热环境条件下散热能力的调节。基于一系列简化假设,开展相变换热器仿真分析,计算给定入口温度条件下相变换热器的换热性能和熔化与凝固特性,并且详细分析相变腔体内相变材料的熔化过程。通过搭建相变换热器性能试验台开展试验研究,得到相变换热器运行的温度结果,验证了相变换热器设计的合理性。文章提出的耦合相变换热器的流体回路方案可作为载人航天器月球轨道飞行的有效热控手段。     

航天器充气密封舱热平衡试验方法

在航天器充气密封舱地面热平衡试验中,由于地面重力的存在,舱内温差产生自然对流换热。本文对舱内静止气体与运动气体密封舱的地面热平衡试验依照相似定律进行了模化分析;着重分析了运动气体密封舱在地面热平衡试验中自然对流换热的影响;提出了在热平衡试验中如何减小或消除自然对流换热影响的试验方法与实施方案。     

模拟舱内气体换热的热平衡方法

文章对航天器舱内存在静止气体与运动气体状态的热平衡试验进行了模化分析,着重分析了对自然对流换热运动气体密封舱在热平衡试验中的影响,提出减小或消除自然对流换热影响的试验方法和实施方案。     

飞行器高热流密度长时间测试方法

为实现对飞行器高热流密度热流的长时间测量,文章提出了一种以与高导热金属蜂窝材料复合的相变材料作为热沉的热流计,利用相变材料的潜热持续吸收热流计所接收的热量,可以对1 MW·m-2的热流密度持续测量2000 s以上。利用显热容数值方法建立了高热流密度长时间持续测量的分析模型,研究了热沉相变材料的热导率、相变温度、相变潜热等物性参数对测量方案的影响。研究结果表明,应选取热导率较大、相变温度较低且高于初始环境温度,以及相变潜热较大的相变材料作为长时间高热流密度测量的热沉材料。     

临近空间飞艇内部自然对流换热计算研究

综合考虑太阳辐射、长波辐射、对流换热等热环境因素对临近空间飞艇热特性的影响,建立飞艇热特性的数学模型,编写程序并计算得到蒙皮表面温度分布。以此作为热边界条件,采用Fluent软件模拟其内部自然对流的流动状态和温度分布,对不同季节不同时刻飞艇内部自然对流换热系数进行了计算分析,并对四个自然对流经验公式进行了评价分析。结果表明,Eckert-Jackson和Bayley公式更适用于计算浮空器内部自然对流换热,与数值模拟结果相比,平均绝对误差（MAD）分别为22.6%和24.1%。     

隔离段尺度效应初探

随着超燃冲压发动机规模不断扩大,隔离段尺度效应非常突出,利用准一维隔离段分析模型,对3种截面积的矩形截面和圆形截面隔离段的尺度效应进行计算分析。初步结果表明:隔离段入口边界层发展情况是影响压力分布及隔离段长度的重要因素;在给定的压升条件下,相同尺度的圆形截面隔离段比矩形截面隔离段长;隔离段长度不与入口水力直径呈线性关系,即隔离段长度不能几何缩比;隔离段尺度越大,尺度影响越显著。     

固体推进剂裂纹不变形假设使用条件的研究

建立了描述固体推进剂裂纹腔内瞬时对流燃烧过程的数学模型，数值求解该数学模型得到了气相参数沿裂纹长度方向的分布，通过对比定量地讨论了裂纹变形对裂纹腔内对流燃烧流场的影响，其结果为裂纹不变形假设的合理使用提供了理论依据。     

考虑对流换热影响的固体发动机热力耦合分析

考虑壳体与空气自然对流换热的影响,对固体发动机结构进行了热力耦合有限元分析。研究了对流换热对发动机结构响应的影响,讨论了不同对流换热系数下的温度及应变响应变化规律,评估了某双伞盘固体发动机经历固化降温、低温试验及低温贮存过程的结构完整性。结果表明,考虑对流换热能更准确地反映发动机的受载状态;对流换热系数变化影响其结构响应历程,但随对流换热系数的不断增大,这种影响逐渐减弱。     

微型固体姿控发动机微喷管内气粒两相流动规律的CFD-DSMC研究

微型固体姿控发动机在航天领域具有广泛的应用前景。以基于MEMS技术的微喷管为研究对象,首先通过计算微喷管中的克努森数,得到了微喷管中的气相流动状态;然后,采用CFD-DSMC方法,模拟了微喷管中的气粒两相流动,并研究了颗粒相质量分数和粒径对气相流动的影响。结果表明,在所研究的来流条件下,微喷管中的连续介质假设是成立的;气相与颗粒相间的动量和能量交换,导致气相马赫数降低、温度升高,同时也导致颗粒相速度增加、温度降低;颗粒相质量分数和粒径均能显著影响气相的马赫数和温度。     

Heat transfer of thermocapillary convection in a two-layered fluid system under the influence of magnetic field

Heat transfer of a two-layer fluid system has been of great importance in a variety of industrial applications. For example, the phenomena of immiscible fluids can be found in materials processing and heat exchangers. Typically in solidification from a melt, the convective motion is the dominant factor that affects the uniformity of material properties. In the layered flow, thermocapillary forces can come into an important play, which was first emphasized by a previous investigator in 1958. Under extraterrestrial environments without gravity, thermocapillary effects can be a more dominant factor, which alters material properties in processing. Control and optimization of heat transfer in an immiscible fluid system need complete understanding of the flow phenomena that can be induced by surface tension at a fluid interface. The present work is focused on understanding of the magnetic field effects on thermocapillary convection, in order to optimize material processing. That is, it involves the study of the complicated phenomena to alter the flow motion in crystal growth. In this effort, the Marangoni convection in a cavity with differentially heated sidewalls is investigated with and without the influence of a magnetic field. As a first step, numerical analyzes are performed, by thoroughly investigating influences of all pertinent physical parameters. Experiments are then conducted, with preliminary results, for comparison with the numerical analyzes.     

重力对载人航天器密封舱内空气对流换热影响的数值分析

地面重力环境中进行航天器密封舱内空气通风换热试验时,由于自然对流的存在导致换热量和温度分布与空间微重力环境中的情况存在偏差。文章针对航天器密封舱,建立了舱内空气对流换热的数值模型,利用数值模拟软件对有无重力时典型工况下的对流换热进行了数值模拟及模拟结果的对比分析。分析表明重力对壁面换热量的影响较大,而对空气温度及分布的影响较小;且重力的影响随空气与壁面温差的增大而增大,随通风流量的增大而减小,舱间通风也会减小重力的影响。因此在重力环境中进行试验时需要对壁面换热量进行修正。     

Non-intrusive,three-dimensional temperature and composition measurements inside fluid cells in microgravity using a confocal holography microscope

Application of a confocal scanning laser holography (CSLH) microscope to the study of fluid flow in a microgravity environment is described herein. This microscope offers a new, non-intrusive means to determine three-dimensional density gradients within solid objects, fluids, and plasmas, including flames. The index-of-refraction is determined from the phase measurements of the microscope, which is a function of the object temperature and composition. The object being studied is a fluid-cell chamber, which is heated and cooled on opposing walls to produce a steady-state fluid flow due to convection and heat transfer. The holograms are created from the interference of a “known” reference beam with an “unknown” object beam. A three-dimensional amplitude and phase image of the object is produced by the reconstruction of many holograms, where each hologram represents a scanned point inside the object.     

Role of interface deformations in Benard-Marangoni instability

This work is concerned with a linear analysis of natural thermoconvection in a two-layer system formed by a liquid surmounted by an upper immiscible gas layer (Bénard-Marangoni problem). Emphasis is put on the role of the air layer on the thermoconvective instability. It is shown that the motion inside the gas phase can be disregarded provided its thickness is smaller than the thickness of the liquid layer. The gas can then be modelled as a purely conductive medium. Another important problem discussed here is the role of surface deformations on the onset of convection. In that respect, the use of Boussinesq's approximation is discussed and its limits of validity are specified. The main results are the following. First, it is concluded that overstability cannot be observed in ordinary fluids under realistic experimental conditions. Besides, it is shown that, among the relatively larger number of parameters appearing in the problem, the viscosity is by far the most important. Moreover, new dimensionless numbers are introduced to better apprehend the physical context. The experimental conditions required to observe the surface zero-wave number instability are also determined, as well as the conditions under which gravity effects may be neglected on earth. Finally it is examined under which circumstances the interface can be considered as remaining flat.     

星载有源组件复合相变材料相变控温性能研究

为研究添加纳米粒子的复合相变材料应用与星载有源设备相变控温时的控温性能,采用了数值仿真的方式,使用ANASYS软件比较分析了硬脂醇改性石墨烯/正十八烷石蜡复合相变材料与纯正十八烷石蜡相变材料的相变控温性能。结果表明,在短时间控温时复合相变材料具有一定优势,同时在有源组件非工作时间散热时,复合相变材料可以在更短时间内将工作时间吸收的热量全部散去,恢复初始状态速度比纯正十八烷石蜡快14.1%,因此添加硬脂醇改性石墨烯纳米粒子的复合相变材料可以作为提升相变控温装置整体性能的一种有效辅助手段;同时针对与其他主要导热能力提升手段相结合后的控温性能进行了对比分析,复合相变材料可以起到提高控温装置性能的作用,可以与其他方式进行有效的结合。     

Investigation of thermosolutally caused convection during -growth of BiSbTe3-mixed crystals at normal and reduced gravity

BiSbTe₃-mixed crystals have been grown at normal and reduced gravity (during the MIR'97-mission) using a -configuration of the TITUS facility. The distribution of the components in the melt, and so the homogeneity of the growing crystal, is strongly influenced by the flow in the melt even in the case of weak convection. The flow configuration in the melt especially in front of the solid-liquid phase boundary can be investigated by means of a segregation analysis of the system components and an additional Pb-dopant. The BiSbTe₃-system is because of its hydro-dynamic properties a typical representative of semiconductor melts (low number, high number) but there are also some special properties relating to the segregationally caused enrichment of the lighter tellurium at the phase boundary and the resulting solutal destabilities. Experimental experiences from segregation analysis have shown that the mass transport in the melt at normal gravity is mainly influenced by convective mixing determined by thermally and solutally caused buoyancy forces. Numerical simulations have been performed for the real experimentally used configurations. These simulations have shown that a strong coupling of thermal and solutal effects exists and have given axial as well as radial segregation profiles being in excellent agreement with the experimental results for the vertical normal gravity grown crystals. For micro gravity conditions a reduction of the flow velocity of more than two orders of magnitude (depending on the micro gravity level and the direction of the residual acceleration) resulting in diffusion controlled component segregation has been predicted.The results of the two micro gravity grown crystals, especially the axial and radial segregation profiles as a sensitive indicator for the flow configuration in front of the phase boundary will be given and discussed in the paper. They will be compared with the results of numerical simulations of the melt flow for the real processing parameters measured during the TITUS growth processes and with experimental as well as numerical results for vertical normal gravity grown reference Samples.     

Investigation of thermosolutally caused convection during Bridgman-growth of BiSbTe3-mixed crystals at normal and reduced gravity

BiSbTe₃-mixed crystals have been grown at normal and reduced gravity (during the MIR'97-mission) using a Bridgman-configuration of the TITUS facility. The distribution of the components in the melt, and so the homogeneity of the growing crystal, is strongly influenced by the flow in the melt even in the case of weak convection. The flow configuration in the melt especially in front of the solid-liquid phase boundary can be investigated by means of a segregation analysis of the system components and an additional Pb-dopant. The BiSbTe₃-system is because of its hydro-dynamic properties a typical representative of semiconductor melts (low Prandtl number, high Schmidt number) but there are also some special properties relating to the segregationally caused enrichment of the lighter tellurium at the phase boundary and the resulting solutal destabilities. Experimental experiences from segregation analysis have shown that the mass transport in the melt at normal gravity is mainly influenced by convective mixing determined by thermally and solutally caused buoyancy forces. Numerical simulations have been performed for the real experimentally used configurations. These simulations have shown that a strong coupling of thermal and solutal effects exists and have given axial as well as radial segregation profiles being in excellent agreement with the experimental results for the vertical normal gravity grown crystals. For micro gravity conditions a reduction of the flow velocity of more than two orders of magnitude (depending on the micro gravity level and the direction of the residual acceleration) resulting in diffusion controlled component segregation has been predicted.The results of the two micro gravity grown crystals, especially the axial and radial segregation profiles as a sensitive indicator for the flow configuration in front of the phase boundary will be given and discussed in the paper. They will be compared with the results of numerical simulations of the melt flow for the real processing parameters measured during the TITUS growth processes and with experimental as well as numerical results for vertical normal gravity grown reference Samples.     

固体火箭发动机药柱裂纹腔内三维流场瞬态特性分析

以固体发动机药柱内存在的楔形裂纹为研究对象,采用三维流场控制方程,应用有限体积法计算了发动机点火启动阶段裂纹腔内的对流燃烧过程。在裂纹腔侧壁被点燃前,裂纹腔内的燃气压力基本呈均匀分布,且约等于燃烧室燃气压力;在裂纹腔侧壁被点燃后,燃气压力逐渐呈现出上部低、下部高的分布,且腔内平均压力远高于燃烧室内燃气压力;裂纹腔侧壁开口边缘处的推进剂首先达到点火温度开始燃烧,燃面迅速向内推进,燃气以非常高的速度向外流出裂纹腔。