Modeling of combustor swirl flows

Swirl is used extensively in gas turbine combustors, principally as a means of controlling flame size, shape, stability and combustion intensity. Rapid progress has been made in recent years in the development of mathematical models of combustor swirl flows which simulate the processes of turbulence, combustion, fuel droplet sprays, radiation and pollutant formation, and solve the resulting equations via a computational procedure, which seeks an optimum path to the solution of the governing set of several simultaneous nonlinear partial differential equations. This paper looks at recent advances in the modeling of combustor swirl flows, its aim being to review the difficulties, discuss developments, demonstrate that useful predictions are already being made, and indicate in what areas further research may be useful.     

平流层飞艇外形气动特性分析

结合某平流层飞艇的外形设计,文章采用数值模拟的方法研究了平流层飞艇外形的气动特性。基于雷诺平均N-S方程,采用非结构网格的有限体积方法进行了求解;空间离散分别采用了Jameson的中心格式和Osher逆风格式,时间离散则采用五步Runge-Kutta格式;紊流模型分别采用了S-A一方程模型M-SST两方程模型。本研究有助于了解平流层飞艇的气动特性及气动外形设计过程中存在的问题,为平流层飞艇设计提供参考依据。     

超声速横向气流中喷雾的数值模拟

对超声速横向气流中的喷雾过程进行了数值模拟,采用二维N-S方程计算气相,应用一次雾化模型和二次雾化模型模拟了喷雾雾化过程,并与实验测量结果进行了对比。研究了湍流度和附面层厚度对液雾穿透深度的影响,发现湍流度和附面层厚度并不是主要的影响因素,认为雾化模型是影响液雾穿透深度的关键因素。     

Influences of the turbulence model and the slot width on the transverse slot injection flow field in supersonic flows

Transverse slot injection scheme is very important for the mixing process between the air and the fuel in supersonic flows. The effect of the turbulence model and slot width on the transverse slot injection flow field has been investigated numerically based on the grid independency analysis, and the predicted results have been compared with the experimental data available in the open literature. The obtained results show that the grid scale makes only a slight difference to the wall pressure profiles for all jet-to-crossflow pressure ratios employed in this study, and the wall pressure profile with low jet-to-crossflow pressure ratio is predicted accurately by the RNG k–ε turbulence model, the SST k–ω turbulence model for the flow field with high jet-to-crossflow pressure ratio. High jet-to-crossflow pressure ratio can increase the jet penetration depth in supersonic flows, and the gradient of the length of the upstream separation region is larger than that of the height of the Mach surface. At the same time, when the jet-to-crossflow pressure ratio is maintained constant, the jet penetration depth increases with the increase of the slot width.     

Menter转捩模型在高超声速流动模拟中的改进及验证

通过压力梯度参数和湍流普朗特数的修正,对Menter等构造的低速经验关系式转捩模型进行了改进,将基于局部信息的Menter转捩模型用于高超声速流动转捩数值模拟。在多个高超声速尖锥转捩流动模拟中,对改进后模型的可靠性进行了检验,算例考核了不同壁面温度、来流湍流度、流向压力梯度等多种流动条件。结果表明,数值计算和风洞试验的壁面温度、温度恢复因子和热流等符合得较好,修正后模型较好地模拟了转捩起始位置和转捩区长度,在高超声速边界层转捩预测中具有一定潜力。     

SST二方程湍流模型在高超声速绕流中的可压缩修正

为模拟高速可压缩湍流问题,对剪应力输运（SST）湍流模型进行了可压缩修正。数值格式采用改进的总变差减小（TVD）格式,并对湍流模型的负值强制项进行了隠式处理。在此基础上计算了绕平板以及基本无分离和具有分离流动结构的压缩拐角的高超声速流动。计算结果和实验数据及半经验公式的对比表明：SST湍流模型的可压缩影响项为密度加权脉动速度的平均与压力梯度的标量乘积。经可压缩修正后的SST湍流模型与原模型及其它可压缩修正模型相比,所计算的壁面压力、摩擦阻力和壁面热流分布具有更高的精度。     

超燃冲压发动机燃烧室流动问题的数值验证

基于三维可压缩RANS方程,结合有限速率化学反应模型,发展了一套模拟多组元化 学 反应与湍流流动的计算程序。通过对超燃冲压发动机燃烧室内的几种典型流动问题,如横 向喷流问题、后向台阶流动问题和氢／空气化学反应问题进行数值模拟,验证计算程序的可 靠性,将数值模拟结果与实验结果进行了对比,结果吻合较好。     

喷管射流流场及噪音的数值模拟

利用大涡模拟(LES)对喷管超音速高温射流流场进行了三维非稳态数值模拟,根据流场的湍流特性确定声源,选取积分面,利用FW-H方程计算远场观测点的声强,最后与相关文献中的试验结果进行对比.结果表明,该方法得到的计算结果与试验结果较吻合,但由于网格限制,远场的高频声谱存在一定的误差.     

Numerical investigation on hydrodynamics of gas-binary particles flows using a second-order-moment turbulent model

A binary-particles Reynolds stress equation is developed on the basis of single second-order-moment turbulence model. In this model, particle–particle two-phase fluctuation velocity correlation transportation is proposed to fully reflect their anisotropic characters, as well as each of particle interaction with gas phase is taken into account. Swirling gas-particle flow experiments data is used to validate this model simulation in term of the reduced codes of the mono-disperse particle gas-particle flows. Numerical simulations are performed for the gas-binary particles mixtures turbulent flows and results shows that the axial Reynolds stress in near wall regions is approximately 3.0 times greater than the tangential direction and the tangential Reynolds stress in central axial region is approximately 5.0 times greater than the axial direction. The Reynolds stress in the axial direction and tangential direction are redistributed due to binary particle–particle collision. The ratio kinetic to particles collision contributions in binary mixture system are varied with the different particle density and the diameter size compositions.     

航天器运输过程中诱发的动力学环境分析

文章综合评述了航天器在公路、铁路、船舶以及航空运输过程中所诱发的动力学环境的原因和特点。对某型号在公路运输和航空运输过程中振动数据的统计分析结果表明:在公路运输过程中,路面不平和车辆的突然加速是诱发振动、冲击的主要来源;在航空运输过程中,飞机起飞、降落以及飞行中的气流扰动而引起的颤振是动力学环境的主要诱因。     

展向行波状Lorentz力的波数对壁湍流控制的影响

展向行波状Lorentz力可以有效调制湍流近壁流动及减少壁面摩擦阻力。为了解行波波数在壁湍流控制中的影响,并进一步揭示该方法的减阻机理,本文利用Fourier-Chebyshev谱方法,通过直接数值模拟（DNS）,对槽道湍流的展向行波状Lorentz力控制和减阻问题进行了研究,讨论了展向波数kz对近壁流动及壁面阻力的影响。结果表明,当展向行波状Lorentz力诱导的流场被用来调制固有的近壁湍流流场时,固有流场和诱导流场同时受到调制。Lorentz力的展向波数对流场调制效果具有显著影响。通过波数的选择,引进新的涡结构,可以调制条带结构的展向间距与强度,影响近壁流体的湍流猝发活动,从而调制壁面摩擦阻力的大小。     

Thermal fatigue in structural components of flying vehicles engines

The paper deals with the problems of deformation and damage of the materials of structural components of complex shape subjected to cyclic loading by convective thermal flows which induces in them non-uniform temperature and thermal-stress fields. A new testing technique is proposed employing the use of models of different shape and, in particular, those of wedge-shape prism type. Variation of the level of thermal stresses and temperatures, as well as of the degree of non-uniformity of temperature and stress fields, is effected by changing the models dimensions under the given thermal loading conditions. It is shown that in simultaneous testing of a great number of models of different size it is possible to obtain information sufficient for deriving the equations of the material state under complex thermo-mechanical loading in aggressive gas flows. Examples are presented of practical application of the technique proposed.     

火箭发动机地面水平试车尾流温度场仿真分析

针对氢氧火箭发动机地面水平试车时尾流燃气对地面热防护的影响,分别采用二维轴对称模型和三维模型对发动机尾流流场进行了数值模拟。计算中,采用氢氧单步燃烧反应模型考虑尾流燃气与空气的燃烧,湍流模型选用了标准k-ε模型。仿真结果表明：三维模型中,燃气逐渐向地面流动,地面燃气温度高于二维轴对称模型中的燃气温度;发动机工况变化时,三维模型和二维轴对称模型中的地面燃气温度变化趋势相反,采用三维模型计算具有更好的可信度。     

Nonlinear aeroelastic analysis of high-aspect-ratio wings in low subsonic flow

In this study, aeroelastic characteristics of high-aspect-ratio wing models with structural nonlinearities in quasi-steady aerodynamics flows are investigated. The studied wing model is a cantilever wing with double bending and torsional vibrations and with large deflection ability in accordance with Hodges–Dowell wing model. This wing model is valid for long, straight and thin homogeneous isotropic beams. The aerodynamics model is based on quasi-steady aerodynamic which is valid for aerodynamic flows without wake, viscosity and compressibility effects. The effect of different parameters such as mass ratios and stiffness ratios on flutter and divergence velocities and limit cycle oscillation amplitudes are carefully studied.     

塞式喷管发动机的性能预示

采用理论分析的方法并结合塞式喷管的结构特点，建立塞式喷管壁面的的压力分布模型，对全长型、截短型以及考虑底部推力、底部二次流等情况下的塞式喷管发动机进行了性能预示，并同试验结果进行了对比分析。分析结果表明，塞式喷管发动机的性能预示结果同试验结果吻合较好，验证了预示模型的可行性，但是在某些工作压比下，预测值与试验值之间还有一定程度的差异，塞式喷管发动机的性能预示模型还有待进一步的完善。     

An experimental study of flame turbulence

An experimental study of the turbulence generated by an enclosed, premixed, propane-air flame has been carried out in a combustion chamber of 25 × 20 cm cross section. Care was taken to reduce any effects of the axial pressure gradient. By suitable changes in the grid geometry, the turbulence intensity and scale of the approach flow were varied independently. The results of these experiments show that a strong link exists between the mechanisms of turbulent flame propagation and flame-generated turbulence. Thus three distinct regions may be identified, each having different characteristics in regard to the effects of turbulence scale on flame-generated turbulence. For each region, a physical mechanism for flame-generated turbulence is proposed. In particular, it is observed that over a wide range of intensity and scale of the approach turbulence, (a) the relative turbulence intensity in the flame zone varies in the range 1–2 times the relative turbulence intensity of the cold flow, (b) in the region of intermediate turbulence levels ( ) the flame-generated turbulence intensity reaches a minimum value which is equal to the approach stream turbulence intensity, (c) the flame-generated turbulence intensity reaches a maximum value when the rate of production of turbulent vorticity is equal to about half its rate of viscous dissipation.     

化学模型对数值模拟等离子体流动的影响研究

针对典型再入飞行试验条件,基于求解化学非平衡N-S方程的数值方法,对再入体非平衡等离子体绕流进行数值模拟,比较分析了两种典型化学模型对电子数密度数值模拟结果的影响。研究发现,7组分化学模型的电子数密度模拟结果具有较好的一致性,而11组分化学模型的数值模拟结果则存在较大差异,产生差异的主要机制在于不同模型中氧原子的电离效应,总体上Park模型的数值模拟结果与飞行测量结果具有较好的一致性。     

Statistical analysis of turbulence in the foreshock region and in the Earth’s magnetosheath

Statistical properties of magnetic field and plasma flux fluctuations outside the Earth’s magnetosphere are studied on various time scales based on the INTERBALL-1 satellite data. The analysis of “rough” turbulence characteristics has shown that turbulence properties in various parts of the magnetosheath are distinct. The spectral density of the magnetic field undergoes a break at a frequency of ∼0.5 Hz. As a more “fine” characteristic of the fluctuations on various time scales, changes in the shape and parameters of the probability density function were studied. The analysis of the height of a maximum of the probability density function P(0) and of the kurtosis values have shown the presence of two asymptotic modes of P(0), which are characterized by different power laws. The critical scale, on which the properties of P(0) change, corresponds, presumably, to the scales of the Larmor radius of ions. Based on the results of studying structural functions of various orders, the conclusion is drawn that small-scale turbulence in the foreshock and magnetosheath is described by different phenomenological models.     

The turbulent combustion of a propane-air mixture

This paper models the combustion of a turbulent homogeneous mixture of propane and air within a duct having a stationary one-dimensional mean flow. The Bray-Moss model is applied to the closure of the chemical production terms, using a probability density function (pdf) of the temperature which is chosen as the characteristic variable. Under the conditions chosen for the study, chemical kinetic factors are important and the conventional assumption, that heat release is controlled by turbulent mixing, is not valid. The chemical model of Edelman and Fortune for the combustion of hydrocarbons is used and simplifying assumptions are made which reduce the systems of unknowns to that of the temperature alone. This leads to the introduction of two chemical production terms which are defined respectively in a “delay zone”, where the heat release is modest, and a “combustion zone”. The required equations for the Favre-averaged temperature, turbulence kinetic energy and the mean square fluctuation of the temperature are solved numerically. In the delay zone, a comparison is made between a second order Borghi type closure and the pdf closure. Good agreement is found in the case of relatively small turbulence intensity. It is shown that the pdf formulation does not require the two zones to be spatially distinct. Differing chemical source terms can be discriminated instantaneously by the reaction progress variable and contributions to the average production terms appropriately apportioned by its pdf. Predictions are made of the profiles of mean temperature and mean square fluctuation under different initial turbulence levels.     

星地激光通信链路中的极化码性能研究

在星地激光通信链路中，激光在大气信道中传输时容易受湍流作用，导致信号功率衰落。考虑到极化码在短码下的优良性能和较低的实现复杂度，将其应用于星地激光通信系统中来对抗大气湍流引起的信号衰落。基于对湍流信道的分析，搭建了星地激光通信系统仿真平台，并在其中引入了极化码。实验结果表明在中等湍流和强湍流下，极化码分别降低了13%和25%的通信中断概率，极大地改善了星地激光通信系统的性能。