Energetic Particles Investigation (EPI)

The Energetic Particles Investigation (EPI) instrument operates during the pre-entry phase of the Galileo Probe. The major science objective is to study the energetic particle population in the innermost regions of the Jovian magnetosphere — within 4 radii of the cloud tops — and into the upper atmosphere. To achieve these objectives the EPI instrument will make omnidirectional measurements of four different particle species — electrons, protons, alpha-particles, and heavy ions (Z > 2). Intensity profiles with a spatial resolution of about 0.02 Jupiter radii will be recorded. Three different energy range channels are allocated to both electrons and protons to provide a rough estimate of the spectral index of the energy spectra. In addition to the omnidirectional measurements, sectored data will be obtained for certain energy range electrons, protons, and alpha-particles to determine directional anisotropies and particle pitch angle distributions. The detector assembly is a two-element telescope using totally depleted, circular silicon surfacebarrier detectors surrounded by a cylindrical tungsten shielding with a wall thickness of 4.86 g cm^-2. The telescope axis is oriented normal to the spherical surface of the Probe's rear heat shield which is needed for heat protection of the scientific payload during the Probe's entry into the Jovian atmosphere. The material thickness of the heat shield determines the lower energy threshold of the particle species investigated during the Probe's pre-entry phase. The EPI instrument is combined with the Lightning and Radio Emission Detector (LRD) such that the EPI sensor is connected to the LRD/EPI electronic box. In this way, both instruments together only have one interface of the Probe's power, command, and data unit.     

Modelling of the MICROSCOPE Mission

The French space mission MICROSCOPE aims at testing the Equivalence Principle (EP) up to an accuracy of 10^?15. The experiment will be carried out on a satellite which is developed and produced within the CNES Myriade series. The measuring accuracy will be achieved by means of two high-precision capacitive differential accelerometers that are built by the French institute ONERA, see Touboul and Rodrigues (Class. Quantum Gravity 18:2487–2498, 2001). At ZARM, which is a member of the science team, the data evaluation process is prepared. Therefore, a comprehensive simulation of the real system including the science signal and all error sources is built for the development and testing of data reduction and data analysis algorithms to extract the EP violation signal. Currently, the ZARM Drag-Free simulator, a tool to support mission modelling, is adapted for the MICROSCOPE mission in order to simulate test mass and satellite dynamics. Models of environmental disturbances like solar radiation pressure are considered, also. Additionally, detailed modelling of the on-board capacitive sensors is done. The actual status of the mission modelling will be presented. Particularly, the modelling of disturbances forces will be discussed in detail.     

Nostradamus: An OTH Radar

ONERA, funded by the French Ministry of Defence has conducted the realization and experimentations of the Doppler Skywave OTH radar called NOSTRADAMUS. One of the main characteristics of Skywave OTH radar is the dependence to the ionosphere for successful operation. The use of the HF band allows Skywave OTH radar to bounce radio waves from the ionosphere, receiving tiny signals back from reflecting surfaces as the sea, islands, ships and aircraft. The knowledge of the behavior of the ionosphere in a real time configuration is of primary importance because it influences on the choice of frequencies. Radars systems require developing a real-time frequency management system (FMS) using prediction program or measurements supplied by vertical or oblique sounders. The French OTH radar concept has been developed and implemented so that the radar could be completely autonomous with respect to others "ionospheric information providers." This paper presents the NOSTRADAMUS system, the frequency management system, and shows some results obtained during the past years     

Surface protection by shielding from a hot source under conditions of free convection

In this paper, one way of heat protection from hot elements of the ground-based power-driven high-temperature gas turbine plant case have been experimentally studied by using shields placed between the case and outer skin under free convection in air gaps. Using the experimental model setup, experiments aimed at studying the temperature state of all its elements, namely, hot and cold walls, shield, and air gaps under free convection have been conducted. In the course of these experiments, the temperature of hot wall and air gap thicknesses were varied. The plots obtained by thermometering all walls are presented. As a result, generalization of the data obtained makes it possible to augment the data base and use it in choosing an optimal version of heat protection.     

Overview of some optimal control methods adapted to expendable and reusable launch vehicle trajectories

Launcher trajectory optimization is a complex task, especially when considering the specific problems arising in the study of reusable launch vehicles. Part of the difficulty comes from the different characteristics of the trajectory arcs which make up the vehicle's mission (constraints and controls may not be the same). Another difficulty is the necessity, in some cases, of a global optimization between ascent and re-entry phases (branching optimisation). Finally, optimization tools devoted to this task should be polyvalent and robust, as the studies of reusable launch vehicles usually cover many different concepts, and also many different trajectory cases (such as abort scenarios). The purpose of this paper is to present different approaches used in France by CNES and ONERA to solve optimal control problems in the context of launcher trajectory optimization. These approaches, which are powerful implementations of classical optimization methods, were designed to cover the needs for both expendable and reusable launchers trajectory calculation. The first optimization tool presented is OPTAX, which uses an indirect shooting method. The second and third tools presented are CNES's ORAGE and ONERA's FLOP/OLGA, which use two different variants of the gradient method. The paper describes the equations and methodology behind these tools, and also presents their advantages and drawbacks.     

多种气膜冷却形式下轴对称矢量喷管壁温计算研究

航空发动机矢量喷管的冷却结构设计是研究矢量推进技术应用的关键问题之一。针对某偏转20°轴对称矢量喷管隔热屏采用的十种气膜冷却结构,建立基于壁面传热的热平衡方程,采用牛顿-拉斐尔森迭代法得出十种冷却结构下壁面及隔热屏的温度。其中气膜冷却采用有效温比经验公式计算,燃气辐射采用封闭腔净辐射分析法计算,并把本文计算的壁温与文献结果进行对比分析。结果表明:隔热屏对喷管收敛段有很好的冷却作用,采用气膜冷却可显著降低其温度;相对于受隔热屏保护的收敛段而言,喷管扩张段的受热形势较为严峻,温度更高,其冷却有待加强。     

稀薄流中的光学诊断法

综述了ONERA(法国宇航院)在高超声速流中采用激光或电子束等光学技术实现非接触式精确测量上已取得的进展.点、视线和成像测量均属可能.点的测量采用X射线辐射和相干反-Stokes Raman散射(CARS)探测的电子束荧光(EBF)实现.不要求空间分辨率时,二极管激光吸收分光术给出沿一条线集成的结果.采用高能脉冲电子枪的EBF成像术也很有成效.在多种高超声速高焓设备中,旋转和振动的氮和氧化氮总量以及在激波和边界层中分辨旋转态的速度也都已做了测量.     

磁控热防护系统在天地往返运载器上的应用仿真

磁控热防护技术在高超声速领域显现出广泛的应用前景。考虑高超声速流动磁流体力学控制涉及的等离子体生成机制、多电离组分导电机理以及电磁流动能量/动量输运机制,通过耦合求解电磁场泊松方程和带电磁源项的高温热化学非平衡流动控制方程组,搭建了高超声速磁控热防护数值模拟平台。结合美国航天飞机"哥伦比亚"号（OV-102）近似外形和5种磁场配置方案,较为系统地开展了磁控热防护系统在高超声速"滑翔返回式"天地往返运载器上的应用仿真研究。结果表明：搭建的磁控热防护仿真平台具备偶极子磁场、均匀磁场、螺线管磁场及多个磁场组合条件下复杂外形飞行器气动热环境数值模拟能力,其校验结果与文献或飞行试验数据符合较好;采用合适的磁场配置能有效降低航天飞机的表面热流,显著改善了航天飞机的气动热环境,典型状态的表面热流下降25%以上;局部磁场方向与流动方向的夹角,在一定程度上决定了洛伦兹力的强度和方向,对磁控效果的影响明显。     

Improvement of numerical methods for crash analysis in future composite aircraft design

Recent aircraft as well as rotorcraft design technologies include more and more composite materials. Their high mechanical characteristics and high mass specific energy absorption capability motivate their use in large primary structures as well as in sub-floor structural and crashworthy components in preference to metals. Due to the increased performance of computers and new explicit finite element (FE) software developments industry now considers using crash simulation technologies to study the crashworthiness of new aircraft design. In order to address the crash analysis of composite structures, which is much more difficult than the behaviour of ductile metallic structures, a German/French research co-operation was set up between ONERA and DLR. This paper summarises results from the first 3 years collaboration and some work performed within a European research project on composite fuselage structures. In the first part of the paper, ONERA presents its contribution to the characterisation of composite materials from 10⁻⁵ s⁻¹ up to 100 s⁻¹ on hydraulic machines. Simulations have been undertaken to model the tests and evaluate the FE codes. In the second part DLR studies are presented on the application of a commercial explicit FE code to simulate the behaviour of generic energy absorbing composite sub-floor elements, representative for helicopters and general aviation aircraft, under low velocity crash conditions (up to 15 m/s). This includes some comparisons between predicted structural response and failure modes with observed test results.     

Numerical simulation of flows around helicopters at DLR and ONERA

This paper presents an overview of recent activities in CFD research conducted within cooperations between DLR and ONERA for the simulation of helicopter arerodynamics. These activities are mainly illustrated by two topics in the framework of a previous 3-year bilateral cooperation on `Rotorcraft CFD code Development', the objective of which was the assessement, comparison and further improvement of the DLR and ONERA Euler/Navier–Stokes methods for the prediction of the flow around isolated helicopter rotors. The first topic is devoted to a comparison of two different grid strategies for time-accurate inviscid flow computations of multibladed rotors in forward flight from the solution of Euler equations: the moving grid approach by ONERA and the overlapping grid technique by DLR. The second topic is concerned with a comparison of respective Euler/Kirchhoff aeroacoustic methods for the prediction of High Speed Impulsive noise of rotors. For the assessment and improvement of Navier–Stokes methods for fuselage drag prediction, a comparison between DLR and ONERA Navier–Stokes solutions achieved within the prediction phase of the Brite/EuRam European project `HELIFUSE' is also presented. The paper is concluded by a summary of ongoing DLR and ONERA research activities in the framework of the new long-term project `CHANCE' (Complete Helicopter AdvaNced Computational Environment) for the development and assessment of common Franco-German CFD tools for the complete helicopter accounting for trim and dynamics.     

冲击/发散冷却层板隔热屏冷却性能及对比

为了分析对比新型冲击/发散冷却层板隔热屏冷却性能,论证其应用于加力燃烧室的可行性,在3种不同主次流总压比条件下对其进行了三维流固耦合传热数值模拟研究,并与某型波纹板隔热屏和单层平板隔热屏进行了相同工况的对比分析,得到了冷却效果、冷气用量、冷气热负荷和次流总压损失系数等的对比结果和变化规律.结果表明:冲击/发散冷却层板隔热屏具有较好的冷却效果,但其受主次流总压比变化的影响较大.相比某型波纹板,冲击/发散冷却层板隔热屏的冷气消耗量平均减少41.6%,单位面积冷气热负荷平均降低65.9%.     

Latitudinal variations in the solar wind electron heat flux

Ulysses measurements of the solar wind electron heat flux as a function of heliographic latitude are presented. The latitudinal in the electron heat flux presented have been normalized by the radial gradient in the electron heat flux obtained during the in-ecliptic phase of the Ulysses mission (q_e R^–3.0). We find no significant variation in electron heat flux with latitude.     

全离散孔气膜冷却实验研究

模拟加力燃烧室工况, 采用两种不同开孔率的离散孔板, 研究了在不同温度、压差等情况下的冷却效率和换热系数, 得到了一些有价值的冷却换热规律及相应的实验公式。      

冲压发动机燃烧室多斜孔隔热屏的冷却特性

用数值模拟的方法,研究了冲压发动机燃烧室隔热屏多斜孔冷却特性及设计方法.首先计算了冲压发动机燃烧室采用无孔隔热屏时隔热屏的温度分布,在此基础上根据高温区的分布设计了多斜孔隔热屏孔阵的分布(方案A),然后计算得到了多斜孔隔热屏的温度分布.采用类似的方法又经过2次多斜孔分布的改进(方案B、方案C),取得了冷却效果较好的多斜孔非均匀分布方案.研究结果表明:采用此设计方法在冷却流量由A方案的17.45%降低到方案C的14.99%的情况下,隔热屏最低冷却效率由方案A的70%提高到方案C的85%.      

基于再入轨迹和气动热环境的返回舱烧蚀研究简

 针对再入全过程合理预测热防护罩表面材料烧蚀深度和温度的动态变化问题,提出融合再入轨迹、气动热以及Newton-Raphson和三对角矩阵算法（TDMA）构建动态烧蚀的方法。该方法建立直入式和跳跃式三自由度再入轨迹,应用修正的牛顿流体理论估算气动参数,以及修正的Fay-Riddell和Sutton-Grave理论计算驻点区域的热流密度,利用一维非线性热传导方程模拟了热防护材料的烧蚀过程。仿真结果表明：此方法实现了再入全过程热防护材料烧蚀深度和温度连续动态变化的预测,同样适用于更为复杂结构飞行器的动态烧蚀预测,与热平衡积分法（HBI）相比其结果可靠合理,为进一步优化热防护系统（TPS）提供了一定的参考依据。     

隔热屏位置对矢量喷管红外特征影响

建立了包括加力燃烧室隔热屏在内的轴对称矢量喷管内外流一体化流场计算模型,重点研究了某涡扇发动机隔热屏位置对矢量喷管扩张段壁温及通过矢量喷管喷口发射的红外辐射强度的影响.结果表明:基于密度求解器求解包含隔热屏在内的矢量喷管内外流一体化的跨声速流场、温度场和质量分数场是成功的;随着隔热屏覆盖喷管收敛段的长度增加,喷管扩张段壁温呈现出先下降而后上升的规律,存在一个最佳的隔热屏位置.最后利用作者提出的离散净辐射法,编制程序计算得到了隔热屏位置对通过喷管喷口发射的红外辐射强度的影响规律.      

基于再入轨迹和气动热环境的返回舱烧蚀研究

针对再入全过程合理预测热防护罩表面材料烧蚀深度和温度的动态变化问题,提出融合再入轨迹、气动热以及Newton-Raphson和三对角矩阵算法（TDMA）构建动态烧蚀的方法。该方法建立直入式和跳跃式三自由度再入轨迹,应用修正的牛顿流体理论估算气动参数,以及修正的Fay-Riddell和Sutton-Grave理论计算驻点区域的热流密度,利用一维非线性热传导方程模拟了热防护材料的烧蚀过程。仿真结果表明：此方法实现了再入全过程热防护材料烧蚀深度和温度连续动态变化的预测,同样适用于更为复杂结构飞行器的动态烧蚀预测,与热平衡积分法（HBI）相比其结果可靠合理,为进一步优化热防护系统（TPS）提供了一定的参考依据。     

树脂基复合材料长时间烧蚀防热的应用研究

介绍了不同再入飞行器热防护材料的特点，指出长时间飞行器对防热层的要求。通过纤维织物改性和树脂基体改性研制了新型防隔热材料，并进行了性能测试和研究。结果表明：新型改性纤维／酚醛复合材料比传统的树脂基防热材料具有更好的隔热性能和抗烧蚀剥蚀性能，能够满足中低焓值、较低热流、烧蚀时间较长（300～700s）防热部件的防隔热要求。     

Probabilistic transient thermal analysis of an atmospheric reentry vehicle structure

Thermal analysis plays an important role in the structural design of atmospheric reentry vehicles, which are subjected to severe aerodynamic heating. It is sometimes difficult to assess the design safety margin because of uncertainties in the predicted heat flux and the material properties used in the thermal analyses. However, probabilistic techniques allow the effects of uncertainties to be analyzed, and the present study demonstrates the probabilistic thermal analysis of the PARTT reentry vehicle using the Monte Carlo technique to investigate the probabilistic temperature responses. The temperature responses were found to depend significantly on time and location, and reliability was predicted at all locations. The peak temperature of the vehicle's main structure was found to be strongly correlated with heat shield temperature, and analysis of the contributions of random parameters showed that heat flux and heat shield emissivity significantly affect the peak temperature. These results indicate that the thermal design of the heat shield shell is very important for the whole structure. It is expected that such information will provide good insight for the design of a reentry vehicle's structure.