Damage characteristics and constitutive modeling of the 2D C/SiC composite: Part Ⅱ–Material model and numerical implementation

In this work, a macroscopic non-linear constitutive model accounting for damage, inelastic strain and unilateral behavior is proposed for the 2D plain-woven C/Si C composite. A set of scalar damage variables and a new thermodynamic potential expression are introduced in the framework of continuum damage mechanics. In the deduced constitutive equations, the material's progressive damage deactivation behavior during the compression loading is described by a continuous function, and different deactivation rates under uniaxial and biaxial compression loadings are also considered. In damage evolution laws, the coupling effect among the damage modes and impediment effect of compression stress on the development of shear damage in different plane stress states are taken into account. Besides, the general plasticity theory is applied to describing the evolution of inelastic strain in tension and/or shear stress state. The Tsai–Wu failure criterion is adopted for strength analysis. Additionally, the material model is implemented as a user-defined material subroutine(UMAT) and linked to the ABAQUS finite element software, and its performance is demonstrated through several numerical examples.     

Damage characteristics and constitutive modeling of the 2D C/Si C composite: Part I – Experiment and analysis

This paper reports an experimental investigation on the macroscopic mechanical behaviors and damage mechanisms of the plain-woven(2D) C/Si C composite under in-plane on- and offaxis loading conditions. Specimens with 15, 30, and 45 off-axis angles were prepared and tested under monotonic and incremental cyclic tension and compression loads. The obtained results were compared with those of uniaxial tension, compression, and shear specimens. The relationships between the damage modes and the stress state were analyzed based on scanning electronic microscopy(SEM) observations and acoustic emission(AE) data. The test results reveal the remarkable axial anisotropy and unilateral behavior of the material. The off-axis tension test results show that the material is fiber-dominant and the evolution rate of damage and inelastic strain is accelerated under the corresponding combined biaxial tension and shear loads. Due to the damage impediment effect of compression stress, compression specimens show higher mechanical properties and lower damage evolution rates than tension specimens with the same off-axis angle. Under cyclic tension–compression loadings, both on-axis and off-axis specimens exhibit progressive damage deactivation behaviors in the compression range, but with different deactivation rates.     

Mesh-dependence of Material with Softening Behavior

The issue of mesh-dependence emerges when the conventional continuum damage model is applied to handling the softening behavior. In order to circumvent the mesh-dependence, the non-local theory is introduced into the conventional damage model and the finite element formulas are derived for two-dimensional gradient-enhanced damage model. A new element is proposed in which the basic unknown quantities are displacement, non-local equivalent strain and the gradient of non-local equivalent strain. The element and constitutive equation proposed in this article are added to the finite element software ABAQUS through user subroutine UEL. Numerical results show that the gradient-enhanced damage model can eliminate the mesh-dependence and is effective for dealing with the issue of softening behavior.     

考虑分层损伤的复合材料螺栓连接强度预测与损伤分析

针对传统复合材料损伤分析方法未考虑界面层的损伤问题,基于三维累积损伤分析方法和内聚力模型方法,建立一套能够综合考虑面内损伤和层间损伤的复合材料螺栓连接数值分析模型。通过对两种典型复合材料单钉接头进行强度分析,表明该计算方法比传统有限元方法具有更高的精度。基于该模型,对接头层合板的分层扩展以及拧紧力矩对接头强度和分层扩展的影响进行研究。结果表明:分层扩展方向和层合板断裂方向是一致的;拧紧力矩对连接强度有明显提高作用,并且对孔边分层扩展有抑制作用。     

一种镍基单晶和定向结晶合金的疲劳寿命模型

针对镍基单晶和定向结晶合金的高温低循环疲劳/蠕变寿命预测问题,用晶向函数修正总应变范围以考虑疲劳寿命的各向异性,并综合考虑了最大应力、平均应力、应力范围以及峰值保持等载荷因素对寿命的贡献,在循环损伤累积思想的基础上发展了一种低循环疲劳/蠕变寿命预测方法.利用定向结晶合金DZ125、单晶合金DD3和DD6在不同温度、不同取样方向和不同保载形式作用下的试验结果,对方法进行了验证,预测与试验寿命相比基本落在2倍分散带内,表明该方法能更好地适应叶片材料各向异性与低循环疲劳/蠕变载荷的情况.      

Miner公式和Manson-Coffin公式的能量基础

在结构疲劳寿命计算中,Palmgrem-Miner理论(简称Miner理论或Miner公式)是应用最广泛的线性累积损伤理论,而Manson-Coffin公式则是局部应力应变法中十分重要的应变-寿命关系式。对于这两个常用的公式,统一从能量—寿命关系出发进行了验证。揭示了它们的能量基础和相互关系。     

模糊数学在疲劳寿命估算中的应用

结构部件在承受交变载荷时,疲劳破坏为常见的破坏形式。目前疲劳寿命预测的方法有多种,在工程实际应用中,多选用Miner法进行寿命预测。然而当载荷稍低于疲劳极限时,对构件是否产生损伤便产生了一定的模糊性,把模糊数学理论引入线性损伤累积理论即Miner公式中,并由一维模糊Miner公式推广到二维模糊Miner公式中,以便更好地在工程中应用。同时对不同隶属函数的选取进行了比较,指出隶属函数对提高预测精度有着重要的影响。并将二维模糊Miner公式应用于××飞机结构寿命预测中,其所预测的结果比二维Miner公式所预测的结果的精度提高7%左右。     

一种修正的应变范围区分法

针对高强度、低延性材料非弹性应变范围小、难以区分的特点,提出一种修正的应变范围区分方法。该方法不区分非弹性应变中的塑性和蠕变,定义了3种基本类型的非弹性应变范围,即拉伸塑性-压缩塑性非弹性应变范围、拉伸塑性和蠕变-压缩塑性非弹性应变范围和拉伸塑性-压缩塑性和蠕变非弹性应变范围。对同时包含拉/压蠕变的循环,采用线性累积损伤法则预测其寿命。用Rene’95材料650℃下控制应变的循环松弛试验数据对修正方法进行了验证,结果表明:对Rene’95材料的蠕变疲劳寿命,修正方法的预测能力好于应变范围区分法(SRP),对基本试验的寿命预测精度基本上在2倍范围之内。      

基于热力学理论的固体推进剂粘弹-粘损伤本构模型

为了描述固体推进剂在不同应变率和围压环境下的非线性力学特性，首先通过假设推进剂非线性力学特性由损伤导致，基于不可逆热力学框架，推导出粘弹-粘损伤本构模型。在构建粘损伤模型时，以线性粘弹性应变能密度为损伤驱动力，并且引入了损伤历史、应变率和围压效应对于损伤增长的影响。然后利用文献中HTPB推进剂的围压实验数据对一维形式下的本构模型进行了参数获取、验证和预测误差分析。在获取损伤萌发参数S0时，基于时间-压强等效原理，构建了损伤萌发参数S0主曲线。最后采用NEPE推进剂单轴拉伸实验验证了本构模型对于当前固体推进剂大变形非线性力学性能的适用性。结果表明，损伤萌发参数S0随着围压和应变率的增加而增加。在应变率和围压的双重作用下，在相对压强5.516MPa，0.24s-1条件下的S0是相对压强0MPa，6×10-4s-1条件下数值的10.7倍。另外，模型对于HTPB推进剂抗拉强度的最大预测误差为6.15%，模型预测结果与两种实验数据重合较好，表明建立的粘弹-粘损伤本构模型可以很好地预测HTPB推进剂在不同应变率和不同围压环境下的力学响应和当前NEPE推进剂的大变形非线性力学行为，可为点火增压载荷下固体推进剂药柱结构完整性数值分析提供理论基础。     

含缺陷C/SiC平纹机织复合材料拉伸力学行为数值模拟

采用APDL语言实现ANSYS的二次开发,建立含预制缺陷的纤维束截面卵圆形多尺度单胞模型。首先计算纤维束单胞的初始模量,强度以及最大应变;随后利用扫描电镜图中的缺陷建立单胞模型,并引入周期性边界条件,预测材料的初始各向材料常数。同时利用Linde提出的逐渐损伤准则,进行单轴拉伸力学行为的数值模拟,并阐述该平纹机织复合材料单胞模型在经向拉伸载荷作用下其纤维束的损伤及演化过程。该模型计算得到的最大拉应度为0.65%,强度为256.46 MPa。结果表明,该模型给出的数值模拟结果与实验数据吻合较好,证明了模型的有效性,为该类材料的优化设计及其力学性能分析提供了一种有效方法。     

SiCp/A356复合材料的细观损伤及混联失效模型

采用SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料制动盘本体取样,对SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料在室温和高温条件下的细观损伤断裂机制进行研究。在试样断口上,通过扫描电镜观察到裂纹的萌生和扩展,SiC颗粒和裂纹扩展面的改变对裂纹生长的阻滞作用和以SiC颗粒为中心的辐射状疲劳条纹。提出一种颗粒增强复合材料的细观损伤混联模型,用于解释材料细观裂纹的萌生和扩展。     

Macro-phenomenological high-strain-rate elastic fracture model for ice-impact simulations

The ice impact can cause a severe damage to an aircraft’s exposed structure, thus, requiring its prevention. The numerical simulation represents an effective method to overcome this challenge. The establishment of the ice material model is critical. However, ice is not a common structural material and exhibits an extremely complex material behavior. The material models of ice reported so far are not able to accurately simulate the ice behavior at high strain rates. This study proposes a novel high-precision macro-phenomenological elastic fracture model based on the brittle behavior of ice at high strain rates. The developed model has been compared with five reported models by using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method so as to simulate the ice-impact process with respect to the impact speeds and ice shapes. The important metrics and phenomena (impact force history, deformation and fragmentation of the ice projectile and deflection of the target) were compared with the experimental data reported in the literature. The findings obtained from the developed model are observed to be most consistent with the experimental data, which demonstrates that the model represents the basic physics and phenomena governing the ice impact at high strain rates. The developed model includes a relatively fewer number of material parameters. Further, the used parameters have a clear physical meaning and can be directly obtained through experiments. Moreover, no adjustment of any material parameter is needed, and the consumption duration is also acceptable. These advantages indicate that the developed model is suitable for simulating the ice-impact process and can be applied for the anti-ice impact design in aviation.     

基于非局部理论的一维损伤模型的有限元算法

为了解决损伤局部化问题的网格依赖性,采用非局部理论,从损伤本构关系中引入特征长度入手,建立非局部损伤本构模型。提出了一种新的单元,将位移、非局部应变和非局部应变梯度作为基本的未知量,引入了C-1连续的形函数,并推导了非局部损伤本构模型的有限元格式。在ABAQUS中进行了二次开发,嵌入了本文提出的单元和本构模型,并用ABAQUS软件分析了一维损伤结构的受力情况。计算结果表明,数值模拟与理论推导结果的总体趋势吻合得较好,证明了本文方法的正确性与可行性。     

基于临界面-损伤参量法的高压涡轮盘多轴疲劳寿命预测

基于临界面法对某高压涡轮（HPT）盘及GH4169合金试样进行多轴疲劳寿命预测,得出SWT（Smith-Watson-Topper）模型对单轴疲劳具有较好的预测效果而对多轴疲劳的预测效果较差,Fatemi-Socie （FS）模型也能较好地预测单轴加载下的疲劳寿命,但FS模型仅考虑最大剪应变幅平面上的正应力对疲劳损伤的影响,导致其多轴疲劳寿命预测偏保守。基于此,本文以最大剪应变幅为主要损伤控制参数,同时以最大剪应变幅平面上的正应力和正应变组成的修正参数作为多轴疲劳损伤的第二控制参数,提出了一个新的多轴疲劳临界面-损伤参量模型。结合GH4169合金及某高压涡轮盘试验验证。结果表明,对比SWT、FS和Wang-Brown （WB）模型,新模型的多轴疲劳寿命预测精度更高。     

单轴非线性连续疲劳损伤累积模型的研究

首先在连续疲劳损伤理论的基础上,根据疲劳损伤过程中金属材料韧性的变化特点,建立一种新的非线性疲劳损伤累积模型。该模型考虑了疲劳极限、平均应力以及损伤参量与加载参数的不可分离的特点,并且能够反映出加载顺序的影响。然后推导出该疲劳损伤累积模型在多级加载下的递推公式。经３种金属材料的疲劳试验数据验证结果表明,用该模型预测疲劳寿命,其结果令人满意的。     

Stress-controlled LCF experiments and ratcheting behaviour simulation of a nickel-based single crystal superalloy with [001] orientation

Uniaxial ratcheting behaviour and low cycle fatigue (LCF) failure mechanism of nickel-based single crystal superalloy DD6 with [001] orientation are investigated through the stress-controlled LCF tests with stress ratio of −1. Then the deformation behaviour during the whole-lifetime from the beginning of the experiment to the fracture of the specimen, as well as the fractographic/metallographic morphology, are compared with the strain-controlled LCF experimental results. Through the scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations, it is shown that the failure characteristics under stress-controlled LCF loading are similar with those under strain-controlled loading. Nevertheless, unlike strain-controlled LCF loading, even under fully reversed cycle loading for stress-controlled LCF, DD6 shows significant ratcheting behaviour due to the tension-compression asymmetry. In addition, the LCF lifetimes under stress control are significantly shorter than the LCF lifetimes under strain control, and the culprit might be the detrimental effect of ratcheting strain on LCF lifetime. Based on these phenomena, an improved crystal plasticity constitutive model on the basis of slip-based Walker constitutive model is developed through modifying the kinematic hardening rule in order to overcome the inaccurate prediction of decelerating stage and stable stage of ratcheting behaviour. Furthermore, combining the continuum damage mechanics, a damage-coupled crystal plasticity constitutive model is proposed to reflect the damage behaviour of DD6 and the accelerating stage of ratcheting behaviour. The simulation results for the stress-controlled LCF deformation behaviour including the whole-lifetime ratcheting behaviour show good agreement with the experimental data.     

双面贴补层合板压缩屈曲渐进损伤分析

贴补复合材料层合板在压缩载荷作用下的屈曲破坏强度及其损伤演化过程对于复合材料结构修理具有重要意义。本文基于应变和黏聚区模型(CZM)建立了贴补复合材料层合板的渐进损伤分析模型,引入复合材料与胶层的损伤判据和刚度退化方案,计算了结构屈曲强度。数值仿真结果和实验数据吻合较好,验证了模型的有效性。基于该模型,采用非线性有限元方法研究了压缩载荷下双面贴补复合材料层合板的屈曲损伤演化过程,并讨论了补片参数对结构屈曲强度的影响。研究结果表明:双面贴补复合材料层合板屈曲后,处于拉伸和压缩状态下的铺层中的损伤程度存在差异;增大补片直径与厚度可以在一定程度上提高双面贴补复合材料层合板的屈曲强度。     

一个简易实用的疲劳损伤累积法则

1.法则的提出 利用材料的等幅疲劳试验数据进行承受变幅荷载的实际构件的疲劳设计,必须借助疲劳损伤累积理论。40年代以来,人们一直试图寻找一种较好的疲劳损伤累积理论。表1列举了其中的一些典型代表。     

2D-C/SiC复合材料开孔试件拉伸特性和失效分析

通过对2D-C/SiC复合材料4mm和6mm开孔试件进行拉伸试验,研究了开孔试件的拉伸特性和失效模式,与标准试件拉伸试验结果比较获得了开孔尺寸对试件强度的影响。相比于标准拉伸试件,4mm和6mm开孔试件的拉伸强度分别减小了1.0%和6.6%。通过在开孔试件不同位置粘贴应变片,获得了试件在拉伸过程中最小净截面上的应变变化规律,直观地体现了试件拉伸过程中的应变集中现象,并通过有限元对开孔试件的应变分布进行模拟,模拟结果与试验值吻合较好;通过在试件表面粘贴声发射探头,获得了拉伸过程中试件材料的损伤参量变化规律,反映了试件的宏观损伤演化规律,并结合试件断口照片分析了开孔试件的失效行为。     

SiCp/Al复合材料界面控制与评价新方法

尝试了一种控制 Si Cp/Al复合材料界面状态与性能的新途径 ,并首次应用声发射检测技术及其信号的小波分析新方法对控制效果进行了系统地评价。结果表明 :界面控制新方法的采用 ,使 Si Cp/Al复合材料损伤、断裂过程中的 Si C颗粒拔出模式发生了转变 ,进而显著提高了材料的整体力学性能 ;小波分析特别适合于提取此类复合材料断裂所致声发射信号的深层特征 ,并可望成为反映颗粒增强金属基复合材料界面区力学行为、评价其界面性能的有效手段