TiC/Al复合材料在锌液中均匀化机理分析

采用自蔓延高温合成（SHS）法制备高TiC颗粒含量的TiC／Al复合材料。利用自制的实验装置研究复合材料中TiC颗粒在静止锌液中的均匀化过程。结果表明：当锌液温度低于铝的熔点时，TiC／Al复合材料置于锌液后，锌向其内部扩散，引起复合材料表层内液相线温度降低，当表层内Al-Zn合金的液相线温度等于或低于锌液温度时，Al-Zn合金便处于熔融状态，TiC颗粒随其一起从TiC／Al复合材料块上脱落，并不断地向锌液内部传输，最终均匀分布在锌液中；而当锌液温度高于铝熔点时，TiC／Al复合材料置入后，锌和铝同时进行扩散，但是当复合材料表面温度达到铝熔点时，铝开始熔化，铝的熔化导致TiC颗粒的脱落，脱落下来的TiC颗粒不断向锌液内部传输，最终均匀分布在锌液中。     

含铝固体燃料冲压发动机工作性能分析

为探究含铝固体燃料冲压发动机的燃烧特性和工作性能，基于纳米铝颗粒和端羟基聚丁二烯（HTPB）的混合固体燃料，采用雷诺转捩模型、颗粒表面反应模型和涡概念耗散模型，建立了二维两相湍流燃烧模型；数值计算分析了含铝固体燃料冲压发动机内流场，以及不同含铝质量分数和粒径下的燃面退移速率、推力与比冲。结果表明：发动机的进气条件对颗粒相的燃烧与运动起主导作用；与纯HTPB推进剂相比，添加质量分数为5%的铝颗粒能够提高补燃室压强和温度，增大燃烧室内高温区面积，可使推进剂平均燃面退移速率提高18.53%，发动机推力提高21.37%，密度比冲提高2.38%，适当增加铝颗粒含量或减小粒径，对提高推进剂燃面退移速率、发动机推力和密度比冲具有积极作用。     

Detailed modeling of aluminum particle combustion——From single particles to cloud combustion in Bunsen flames

A numerical model for aluminum cloud combustion which includes the effects of interphase heat transfer, phase change, heterogeneous surface reactions, homogeneous combustion,oxide cap growth and radiation within the Euler–Lagrange framework is proposed. The model is validated in single particle configurations with varying particle diameters. The combustion process of a single aluminum particle is analyzed in detail and the particle consumption rates as well as the heat release rates due to the v...     

Effects of in-situ TiB2 particles on machinability and surface integrity in milling of TiB2/2024 and TiB2/7075 Al composites

In-situ ceramics particle reinforced aluminum matrix composites are favored in the aerospace industry due to excellent properties. However, the hard ceramic particles as the reinforcement phase bring challenges to machining. To study the effect of in-situ TiB₂ particles on machinability and surface integrity of TiB₂/2024 composite and TiB₂/7075 composite, milling experiments were performed, and compared with conventional 2024 and 7075 aluminum alloys. In-situ TiB₂ particles clustered at the grain boundaries and dispersed inside the matrix alloy grains hinder the dislocation movement of the matrix alloy. Therefore, the milling force and temperature of the composites are higher than those of the aluminum alloys due to the increase of the strength and the decrease of the plasticity. In the milling of composites, abrasive wear is the main wear form of carbide tools, due to the scratching of hard nano-TiB₂ particles. The composites containing in-situ TiB₂ particles have machining defects such as smearing, micro-scratches, micro-pits and tail on the machined surface. However, in-situ TiB₂ particles impede the plastic deformation of the composites, which greatly reduces cutting edge marks on the machined surface. Therefore, under the same milling parameters, the surface roughness of TiB₂/2024 composite and TiB₂/7075 composite is much less than that of 2024 and 7075 aluminum alloy respectively. Under the milling conditions of this experiment, the machined subsurface has no metamorphic layer, and the microhardness of the machined surface is almost the same as that of the material. Besides, compared with 2024 and 7075 aluminum alloy, machined surfaces of TiB₂/2024 composite and TiB₂/7075 composite both show tensile residual stress or low magnitude of compressive residual stress.     

Numerical study on combustion efficiency of aluminum particles in solid rocket motor

The combustion of aluminum particles in solid rocket motor plays an important role in energy release of propellants. However, due to the limited residence time, aluminum particles may not be burned completely, thus hindering the improvement of specific impulse. This study aims to explore the characteristics of aluminum combustion efficiency and its influencing factors by experiments and numerical simulations, providing a guideline for engine performance improvement. As an input of simulation, the initial agglomerate size was measured by a high pressure system. Meanwhile, the size distribution of the particles in plume was measured by ground firing test to validate the numerical model. Then, a two-phase flow model coupling combustion of micro aluminum particle was developed, by which the detailed effects of particle size, detaching position and nozzle convergent section structure on aluminum combustion efficiency were explored. The results suggest that the average combustion temperature in the chamber drops with increasing initial particle size, while the maximum temperature increases slightly. In the tested motors, the aluminum particle burns completely as its diameter is smaller than 50 μm, and beyond 50 μm the combustion efficiency decreases obviously with the increase of initial size. As the diameter approaches to 75 μm, the combustion efficiency becomes more sensitive to particle size. The combustion efficiency of aluminum particle escaping from end-burning surfaces is significantly higher than that from internal burning surface, where the particle combustion efficiency decreases during approaching the convergent section. Furthermore, the combustion efficiency decreases slightly with increasing nozzle convergent section angle. And theoretically it is feasible to improve combustion efficiency of aluminum particles by designing the convergent profile of nozzle.     

Radiative properties of alumina/aluminum particles and influence on radiative heat transfer in solid rocket motor

The thermal radiation of micron-sized condensed phase particles plays a dominant role during the heat transfer process in aluminized Solid Rocket Motors（SRMs）. Open research mainly focuses on the radiative properties of alumina particles while the study considering the presence of aluminum is lacking. In addition, the thermal radiation inside the SRM with consideration of the participating particles is seldom studied. In this work, the multiscale method of predicting the thermal environment insi...     

纳米流体燃料稳定性及金属颗粒改性方法研究进展

为提高纳米流体燃料的稳定性,探求更有效的金属颗粒改性方法,文中简要回顾了纳米流体燃料的发展历程和关于稳定性的理论研究,重点介绍了提高纳米流体燃料稳定性的技术途径和金属颗粒的改性方法,从影响因素和DLVO理论两方面介绍了纳米流体燃料的稳定性机理,简述了应用于纳米流体燃料的稳定性评价方法,报告了纳米流体燃料的制备方法。文中还指出,研究中采用添加表面活性剂和金属颗粒表面改性是提高纳米流体燃料稳定性的主要方法,其中金属颗粒表面改性是能同时解决纳米燃料稳定性和燃烧两方面问题的有效方法,通过分析硼、铝颗粒表面改性的相关研究,总结了金属颗粒改性方法及效果,对未来研究的趋势进行了展望。     

Numerical simulation of multi-phase combustion flow in solid rocket motors with metalized propellant

Multi-phase flowfield simulation has been performed on solid rocket motor and effect of multi-phases on the performance prediction of the solid rocket motor(SRM) is investigation.During the combustion of aluminized propellant,the aluminum particles in the propellant melt and formliquid aluminum at the burning propellant surface.So the flow within the rocket motor is multi phase or two phase because it contains droplets and smoke particles of Al2O3.Flowsi mulations have been performed on a large scale motor,to observe the effect of the flowfield onthe chamber and nozzle as well.Uniform particles diameters and Rosin-Rammler diameter distribution method that is based on the assumption that an exponential relationship exists betweenthe droplet diameter,dand mass fraction of droplets with diameter greater thandhave been used for the si mulation of different distribution of Al2O3 droplets present in SRM.Particles sizes in the range of 1-100μm are used,as being the most common droplets.In this approachthe complete range of particle sizes is dividedinto a set of discrete size ranges,eachto be defined by single streamthat is part of the group.Roe scheme-flux differencing splitting based on approxi mate Riemann problem has been used to si mulate the effects of the multi-phase flowfeild.This is second order upwind scheme in which flux differencing splitting method is employed.To cater for the turbulence effect,Spalart-All maras model has been used.The results obtained show the great sensitivity of this diameters distribution and particles concentrations to the SRMflowdynamics,primarily at the motor chamber and nozzle exit.The results are shown with various sizes of the particles concentrations and geometrical configurations including models for SRM and nozzle.The analysis also provides effect of multi-phase on performance prediction of solid rocket motor.     

原位合成TiC颗粒强化铝合金组织与性能

采用铝系合金2A14（LD10）作为母合金,利用原位合成法制备了TiC颗粒弥散强化铝基材料。显微组织观察表明,合金中的TiC颗粒呈等轴状,尺寸约为1～3μm。加入TiC颗粒后,合金铸态组织显著细化,室温抗拉强度和屈服强度得到一定程度提高,但塑性下降。150℃时,合金的拉伸性能变化随TiC加入量增加而变化的规律与室温相似。合金中TiC颗粒的引人大大提高了合金的耐磨性能。在油润滑条件下,TiC／2A14材料的耐磨损体积远远优于其母合金以及其他典型的金属耐磨材料,如耐磨黄铜、ZA30锌基合金和Al—30Si高硅铝合金。     

双级配的氧化剂粒度对推进剂中铝燃烧的影响

本文通过实验研究,从凝聚程度的大小和燃烧完全性两方面,证实了氧化剂AP粒度是影响推进剂中铝燃烧的重要因素,实验结果支持了Cohen,N.S.提出的“口袋模型”。本文对双级配的AP粒度的影响进行了较为详细的讨论,提出在实际配方中较为合适的氧化剂级配比例范围。      

Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of In Situ TiB_2-7055 Composites

In order to fabricate a kind of high strength particulate reinforced aluminum-matrix composites, the high strength aluminum alloy 7055 was selected as a matrix. Composites reinforced with varying amounts of TiB2 particles were synthesized using the in situ method, and their mechanical properties and microstructure were analyzed. It is found that the in situ TiB2 particles sized from 50 to 400 nm uniformly disperse in the matrix. With the weight fraction of TiB2 particles increasing, the elastic modulus as well as the yield strength and the ultimate tensile strength increase, while the ductility decrease. The improvement of strength could be attributed to good bonding between TiB2 and the matrix, and also the TiB2 particles act as a barrier to dislocation.     

Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of In Situ TiB2-7055 Composites

In order to fabricate a kind of high strength particulate reinforced aluminum-matrix composites, the high strength aluminum alloy 7055 was selected as a matrix. Composites reinforced with varying amounts of TiB2 particles were synthesized using the in situ method, and their mechanical properties and microstructure were analyzed. It is found that the in situ TiB2 particles sized from 50 to 400 um uniformly disperse in the matrix. With the weight fraction of TiB2 particles increasing, the elastic modulus as well as the yield strength and the ultimate tensile strength increase, while the ductility decrease. The improvement of strength could be attributed to good bonding between TiB2 and the matrix, and also the TiB2 particles act as a barrier to dislocation.     

Effect of temperature on corrosion behavior of 3003 aluminum alloy in ethylene glycol–water solution

The effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of 3003 aluminum alloy in ethylene glycol–water solution was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) techniques. The surface characterization was observed and determined by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), atomic force microscopy(AFM) and energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS). The results demonstrate that the anodic aluminum dissolution and the cathodic oxygen reduction were accelerated by the increased temperature. However, as temperature was over60 °C, the solubility and concentration of oxygen decreased, resulting in the inhibition of cathodic reaction. The cathodic reaction rate of 3003 aluminum alloy rose to the maximum at 60 °C. The Warburg impedance in Nyquist diagram diminished and then was replaced by a negative capacitance caused by the absorption of intermediate corrosion product on electrode. On the other hand,after potentiodynamic measurements, 3003 aluminum alloy suffered pitting corrosion. The dissolution of aluminum alloy around secondary phase particles expanded both horizontally and vertically.     

基于微观结构的2B06铝合金全寿命概率模拟

通过新型铝合金2B06轧制薄板材料的金相分析和疲劳断口的扫描电镜分析知,其疲劳裂纹萌生机理与材料微观结构有着紧密的联系,该型铝合金轧制薄板光滑试件的疲劳裂纹一般倾向于尺寸较大的S相(Al₂CuMg)粒子处萌生。经统计分析获得S相粒子尺寸的分布规律;将S相粒子当量假设为表面裂纹,运用概率断裂力学,建立涵盖"材料微观结构→短裂纹扩展→长裂纹扩展→断裂"失效过程的全寿命概率模拟理论模型,通过不同应力水平和不同应力比的多组疲劳试验对模型进行验证。结果表明,提出的全寿命概率模拟方法是合理的、可行的。     

Effect of particle size and oxygen content on ignition and combustion of aluminum particles

Particle size and oxygen content are two of the key factors that affect the ignition and combustion properties of aluminum particles. In this study, a laser ignition experimental system and flame test system were built to analyze the ignition and combustion characteristics and the flame morphology of aluminum particles. A thermobalance system was used to analyze the thermal oxidation characteristics. In addition, the microstructure of aluminum was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the oxidized products were some of the gas phase products agglomerated. Smaller particle size samples showed better combustion characteristics. The combustion intensity, self-sustaining combustion time and the burn-off rate showed a rising trend with the decrease in the particle size. Increasing the oxygen content in the atmosphere could improve the ignition and combustion characteristics of the samples. Four distinct stages were observed in the process of ignition and combustion. Small particle size samples had a larger flame height and luminance, and the self-sustaining combustion time was much longer.Three distinct stages were observed during the thermal oxidation process. The degree of oxidation for small-sized samples was significantly higher than that for the larger particle size samples.Moreover, it was observed that the higher the oxygen content, the higher the degree of oxidation was.     

铝合金搅拌摩擦加工原位反应生成物颗粒增强机制

在1100-H14铝合金基体表面开凹槽添加Ni粉进行搅拌摩擦加工(Friction Stir Processing,FSP),利用Ni粉在搅拌过程中的碎化及其与基体的原位反应生成的高强、高硬的金属间化合物制备强化的表面复合层。结果表明,不同于添加陶瓷颗粒的FSP工艺,Ni颗粒能在搅拌过程中充分碎化,并与铝基体原位合成金属间化合物,原位自生的增强体颗粒与基体是以金属键合的方式结合在一起,因此与基体金属间具有良好的界面相容性和界面结构,能够很大程度上改善颗粒的强化效果。增强颗粒与基体结合界面的性质对复合层硬度的影响非常显著,为了提高复合层硬度,提出了通过原位反应获得颗粒/基体的高强界面的模型。     

铝锂合金热机械处理研究进展

综述了热机械处理对新型铝锂合金强韧化机制影响的研究,深入分析讨论了热机械处理对铝锂合金晶粒结构和沉淀相等显微组织演变规律的影响。通过热机械处理改变主要沉淀相的析出顺序和析出行为,促进基体形成细小、弥散和均匀分布的以δ′,θ″/θ′,T1,S″S′相为主的联合强化组织,抑制晶界沉淀相的析出和长大以及晶界无析出带的宽化,能够显著改善铝锂合金的强度和塑韧性匹配。经过固溶处理基体溶质原子和空位密度显著上升,淬火后形成这些缺陷过饱和固溶体为随后时效析出提供了动力。预变形和预时效促进了基体细小弥散的沉淀相δ′相或G. P.区均匀形核析出,在高温时效调节和稳定沉淀相尺寸和体积分数,获得T1、θ″/θ′和δ′相混合组织。新型和特殊热机械处理调控主要强化相δ′,θ″/θ′,T1相析出比例、尺寸和取向,细化晶粒和优化晶粒结构。最后指出应开发大规格轧制板材和热锻件的应力时效等新型热机械处理工艺,以满足大型航空飞机和重型运载火箭对轻质高性能铝锂合金需求。     

短纤维增强铝硅合金中共晶硅形貌的SEM观察

利用挤压铸造制备了氧化铝短纤维增强铝硅合金复合材料，在sEM上观察了复合材料中的共晶硅形貌。结果表明，复合材料中的氧化铝短纤维可作为硅相非自发形核的衬底，并且在铝硅共晶体的共生生长过程中，可触发孪晶，导致纤维附近的共晶硅呈变质形态。     

复合推进剂中铝粉凝聚的链反应模型

本文提出了描述复合火箭推进剂(HTPB/Ap/AL)体系中铝粉凝聚的新模型——链反应模型。定义并推导出了铝粉的凝聚速率、平均凝聚程度及铝凝滴直径大小分布函数的具体表达式,从中可明显看到推进剂燃速、铝粉含量与铝粉粒度,Ap粒度及燃烧室压力等因素对铝粉凝聚程度的影响趋势,并且与现有的实验结果完全相符。     

影响Al2O3凝相尺寸分布的因素

用激光全息装置测量含铝复合推进剂燃烧场凝聚相的分布，分辨率为5μm。分析了滞留时间、铝粉含量（2％－16％）和燃烧室压强（0.1MPa-4MPa）对凝相粒子尺寸分布的影响，实验表明，粒子总数随滞留时间减少，粒子越大，减少的相对比例越大；粒子尺寸分布不随燃烧室压强和推进剂铝粉含量变化。