上仰三角翼的流动与频率特性

在水洞和风洞中分别完成了上仰三角翼的流动显示和动态测压试验,目的是研究上仰-停止三角翼的流动和频率特性。水洞中的流动显示试验结果表明,在不同的上仰迎角范围和不同的简化频率k值下,三角翼前缘涡破裂点的位置变化是不相同的。通过分析在风洞中测得的三角翼做上仰运动时的压力信号的结果表明,在破裂涡区中,在相同的名义迎角下,无量纲螺旋波的主频比静态时的高,且k值越大无量纲螺旋波频率越高。不同后掠角的三角翼均能得到相似的结论。     

旋涡运动研究的某些进展

 本文简要介绍研究旋涡运动在以下问题上的某些结果:低速不同后掠角三角翼在各个迎角下的九种分离流类型及其边界;应用微分方程定性论与拓扑学对三维分离流与旋涡流的分析;旋涡破裂形态,对三角翼前缘涡破裂的实验研究与理论分析;受控分离与旋涡的干扰,二旋涡的位移、绕转与合并等。     

液晶流动可视化方法研究拟似冲击波的内部超声速流

在一个压力一真空超声速风洞中,剪切应力敏感液晶流动可视化技术被应用来研究方管内马赫数2拟似冲击波（pseudo-shockwave）的超声速流动。它主要提供关于整个流动的定性信息,诸如湍流边界层分离、再附着位置以及流动的维数等。而且液晶也反映了表面流线,分离区内的涡流和管道流动的角效应。使用两种不同黏度的液晶分别进行实验,分析黏度对结果的影响。液晶实验的结果与纹影照片所得结果比较吻合,说明了液晶是一个非常有效的流动可视化工具。     

齐莫曼翼与反齐莫曼翼空间流场测量对比分析

在低速风洞内,分别对齐莫曼翼和反齐莫曼翼的气动特性进行了测量,并应用PIV测试技术测量了两种微型飞行器机翼的空间流场,给出了空间流场的速度矢量图、涡量图和流线图。通过对比分析给出了两种机翼气动特性产生差别的主要流动机理。     

俯仰—滚摆耦合复杂流场试验研究

给出 8 0°三角翼模型在低速风洞中实施俯仰 滚摆耦合大幅度振动的复杂流场测量结果 ,包括静态和动态、单自由度俯仰和滚摆、俯仰 滚摆耦合运动条件下的流动显示结果和强迫俯仰、自由滚摆条件下的滚转角时间历程测量结果。分析了耦合运动对前缘分离涡和气动特性的影响 ,以及不同相位角和不同频率对耦合气动特性的影响。结果表明 ,双自由度的耦合运动比单自由度运动具有更为明显的动态迟滞特性 ,进一步推迟分离涡的破碎 ,推迟开始滚摆的攻角αwr。     

Turbulent and unsteady flow characteristics of delta wing vortex systems

This paper presents an overview of experimental investigations on a 65 deg swept delta wing as part of the International Vortex Flow Experiment 2 (VFE-2). Results obtained in low-speed wind tunnel facilities include oil flow and laser light sheet flow visualization, mean and unsteady surface pressure distributions as well as mean and turbulent velocity components of the flow field and close to the wing surface. Thus, field and near wall distributions of all components of the Reynolds stress tensor are available. Details of the delta wing vortex structure and breakdown phenomenon are discussed and analyzed. Vortex bursting leads to specific spectral densities of velocity and surface pressure fluctuations characterized by narrow band distributions associated with the helical mode instability of the vortex breakdown flowfield. Further, special emphasis is on the occurrence of an inner vortex detected for the low Reynolds number and Mach number regime. This inboard vortex results from a laminar separation close to the apex due to the spanwise pressure gradient in the area of relatively large thickness while the classical leading-edge vortex progressing from the rear part to the apex is fed from the turbulent shear layers shed at the wing upper and lower side.     

前端襟翼对带涡襟翼的细长翼影响的实验研究

 为改善带涡襟翼的细长翼的升阻特性,在其上附加了前端襟翼和后缘襟翼。通过前端涡(前端襟翼上产生)和前缘涡(涡襟翼上产生)相互作用对气动特性影响的研究,得到能够改善升阻特性的方法。结果表明,涡的相互作用对涡的产生和发展有很大影响,因而影响细长翼气动特性。附加前端襟翼和后缘襟翼是必要的。由此得到既能增升又能减阻的前端襟翼偏转角。     

Leading-edge flow separation control over an airfoil using a symmetrical dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator

In order to promote an in-depth understanding of the mechanism of leading-edge flow separation control over an airfoil using a symmetrical Dielectric Barrier Discharge(DBD) plasma actuator excited by a steady-mode excitation, an experimental investigation of an SC(2)-0714 supercritical airfoil with a symmetrical DBD plasma actuator was performed in a closed chamber and a low-speed wind tunnel. The plasma actuator was mounted at the leading edge of the airfoil.Time-resolved Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV) results of the near-wall region in quiescent air suggested that the symmetrical DBD plasma actuator could induce some coherent structures in the separated shear layer, and these structures were linked to a dominant frequency of f0= 39 Hz when the peak-to-peak voltage of the plasma actuator was 9.8 kV. In addition, an analysis of flow structures without and with plasma actuation around the upper side of the airfoil at an angle of attack of18° for a wind speed of 3 m/s(Reynolds number Re = 20000) indicated that the dynamic process of leading-edge flow separation control over an airfoil could be divided into three stages. Initially, this plasma actuator could reinforce the shedding vortices in the separated shear layer. Then, these vortical structures could deflect the separated flow towards the wall by promoting the mixing between the outside flow with a high kinetic energy and the flow near the surface. After that, the plasma actuator induced a series of rolling vortices in the vicinity of the suction side of the airfoil, and these vortical structures could transfer momentum from the leading edge of the airfoil to the separated region, resulting in a reattachment of the separated flow around the airfoil.     

基于图像的测量方法在工业风洞跨声速流测量中的最新进展

风洞中非定常复杂流场的实验研究要求先进的测量技术.基于图像的测量技术中最重要的是测量平面流速度场、平面压强分布、模型位置和变形、模型温度以及定量的高速流可视化等技术.DLR(德国宇航研究院)对这些技术的应用包括从低速流到跨声速流、从增升装置到螺旋桨和旋翼、从弹射装置和水塔储水罐尾迹流旋涡到三角翼上涡破裂现象等的研究.由于跨声速风洞的特殊环境,将基于图像的测量技术用于跨声速流要求专门的技术开发和有经验的科学家.给出了DLR空气动力学和流动技术研究所将基于图像的测量技术应用于跨声速流研究的最新进展.     

带背鳍平板三角翼分离涡流场的显示与测量

对后掠角82.5°的平板三角翼和在其对称面分别加低、高背鳍后的组合体在低速风洞进行了烟粒子/激光片光流场显示与测量实验,实验迎角29°,侧滑角为0°.结果表明:对于单独平板三角翼和加高背鳍组合体,其流场是对称、锥型和稳定的;而加上低高度背鳍后,涡变得非对称、非锥型和不稳定.实验结果直接验证了前人关于细长锥体分离涡的稳定性理论,并给出了旋涡失稳后流场的具体表现特性.     

涡襟翼及其与前端襟翼组合的气动特性

应用测压、测力、七孔管测速和激光流态显示等方法对三种(等弦长、分段、台阶)型式涡襟冀进行了实验研究,并和基本翼(74°后掠三角翼)作比较。发现单纯改变涡襟翼的形式和参数能提高减阻效果,但不能改变小迎角下升力过小的现象。为此将机翼前端作成襟翼形式(前端襟翼)并配置后缘襟翼,研究了两种前端襟翼对涡襟翼的干扰,实验表明适当控制前端襟翼使分离涡不破裂,可使该布局同时具有减小阻力和增加升力的效果。     

Imaging of the Space-time Structure of a Vortex Generator in Supersonic Flow

The fine space-time structure of a vortex generator (VG) in supersonic flow is studied with the nanoparticle-based planar laser scattering (NPLS) method in a quiet supersonic wind tunnel. The fine coherent structure at the symmetrical plane of the flow field around the VG is imaged with NPLS. The spatial structure and temporal evolution characteristics of the vortical structure are analyzed, which demonstrate periodic evolution and similar geometry, and the characteristics of rapid movement and slow change. Because the NPLS system yields the flow images at high temporal and spatial resolutions, from these images the position of a large scale structure can be extracted precisely. The position and velocity of the large scale structures can be evaluated with edge detection and correlation algorithms. The shocklet structures induced by vortices are imaged, from which the generation and development of shocklets are discussed in this paper.     

绕三角翼纵向俯仰大迎角气动特性计算研究

 采用数值计算方法, 对三角翼从0°上仰至90°的动态流场结构进行了计算, 在此基础上, 对三角翼在上仰过程中受到横侧小扰动情况下的流场结构和气动力特性进行了计算研究。给出了三角翼纵向动态情况下的气动力系数变化, 特别是大迎角横侧力矩系数的变化特征, 并对受到横侧小扰动后横侧运动的稳定性进行了计算与分析。结果表明, 机翼的上仰运动延迟了机翼上翼面旋涡的破裂。同时, 随着机翼俯仰角速度的提高, 机翼抵抗旋涡非对称破裂的能力明显增强, 机翼运动的稳定性也明显提高。     

三角翼DBD等离子体流动控制研究进展

现代战机采用较多的三角翼，在大迎角绕流时存在前缘涡破裂等气动问题。作为新型主动流动控制技术，等离子体激励频带宽、响应快、结构简单、便于闭环控制，在解决三角翼气动问题上具有潜力。回顾了介质阻挡放电（DBD）等离子体气动激励的基本原理，及其用于三角翼前缘涡控制的研究进展。从来流条件、几何构型、激励参数等方面分析了DBD等离子体激励对流动控制效果的影响规律；结合不同激励频率下流场演化特性，分析了流动控制机理。最后，从理论研究和工程应用的角度，对三角翼前缘涡控制的发展进行总结展望。     

具有叶顶间隙涡轮转子叶栅流动的拓扑及旋涡结构观测

为了了解具有顶部间隙的涡轮转子叶栅流道内及间隙内的流动状况,采用五孔球头测针和五孔微型束状测针分别对叶栅流道和间隙进行了测量,同时对端壁及叶片壁面进行了流动显示,采用拓扑分析方法对显示结果进行了详细分析,探讨了间隙存在时叶栅各种旋涡的形成机理。测量及显示结果表明：由于顶部间隙的存在,在叶栅顶部形成如泄漏涡等复杂的涡系结构,这些涡系之间及它们与上通道涡之间发生强烈的相互作用,明显增大了叶栅的顶部损失;在叶栅尾缘附近存在着部分回流区域。     

Unsteady aerodynamics of nonslender delta wings

Unsteady aerodynamics of nonslender delta wings, covering topics of shear layer instabilities, structure of nonslender vortices, breakdown, maneuvering wings, and fluid/structure interactions, are reviewed in this paper. Vortical flows develop at very low angles of attack, and form close to the wing surface. This results in strong interactions with the upper-surface boundary layer and in a pronounced dependence of the flow structure on Reynolds number. Vortex breakdown is observed to be much less abrupt compared to breakdown over slender wings. This results in challenges for the precise determination of vortex breakdown location and the interpretation of flow visualizations. One of the distinct features of nonslender wings is the location of the primary attachment zone outboard of the symmetry plane. Reattachment location correlates with the wing stall process and increased buffeting. Dramatic fluid/structure interactions emerge with increasing wing flexibility and result in substantial lift enhancement in the post-stall region. This recently discovered phenomenon appears to be a feature of nonslender wings. Rigid delta wings undergoing small amplitude oscillations in the post-stall region exhibit many similarities to flexible wings, including reattachment and re-formation of the leading-edge vortices. Unusual self-excited roll oscillations have also been observed for free-to-roll nonslender wings.     

低雷诺数下横流-射流中剪切涡的试验研究

为深入分析横流-射流(JICF)的流动特性及其中的复杂涡系结构,从流动机理上研究燃机叶片气膜冷却,揭示高温燃气流与冷却流的掺混机理,本文对横向流中单孔射流所形成的剪切涡开展了试验研究。主要研究了速度比、雷诺数及射流角对JICF所形成剪切涡的影响。结果表明:速度比、雷诺数以及射流角会改变主流与射流之间的掺混程度,从而改变射流轨迹的曲率、高度及垂向渗透能力,最终改变剪切涡的特性;迎风涡与背风涡分别是由射流边界层涡与主流边界层涡形成的,当主流边界层涡强度大于射流边界层涡时,背风涡是流场的主导结构,反之,迎风涡将成为流场的主要涡系结构。     

翼刀对双立尾／三角翼立尾抖振的影响

在北航的水槽和风洞中进行了加装翼刀的75°后掠双立尾／三角翼的立尾抖振实验,目的是研究翼刀对立尾抖振的影响。采用了流动显示、立尾表面动态压力测量、激光测立尾顶部加速度的实验来检验翼刀对立尾抖振减缓的效果。流动显示的实验结果表明三角翼前缘涡涡核从翼刀上方经过时,会提前破裂,这在一定程度上减弱了前缘涡。激光测立尾顶部加速度实验的结果表明,在28°到48°这段立尾抖振比较显著的迎角范围内,B1立尾位置的立尾抖振强度曲线比无翼刀的曲线数值上有明显的减小,抖振得到一定的改善。立尾表面动态压力的脉动强度也有明显的减小,频谱分析也能得到前缘涡提前破裂的结论,前缘涡的提前破裂起到了减缓立尾抖振作用。     

Numerical studies of static aeroelastic effects on grid fin aerodynamic performances

The grid fin is an unconventional control surface used on missiles and rockets. Although aerodynamics of grid fin has been studied by many researchers, few considers the aeroelastic effects.In this paper, the static aeroelastic simulations are performed by the coupled viscous computational fluid dynamics with structural flexibility method in transonic and supersonic regimes. The developed coupling strategy including fluid–structure interpolation and volume mesh motion schemes is based on radial basis functions. Results are presented for a vertical and a horizontal grid fin mounted on a body. Horizontal fin results show that the deformed fin is swept backward and the axial force is increased. The deformations also induce the movement of center of pressure, causing the reduction and reversal in hinge moment for the transonic flow and the supersonic flow,respectively. For the vertical fin, the local effective incidences are increased due to the deformations so that the deformed normal force is greater than the original one. At high angles of attack, both the deformed and original normal forces experience a sudden reduction due to the interference of leeward separated vortices on the fin. Additionally, the increment in axial force is shown to correlate strongly with the increment in the square of normal force.     

喷管加装小突片强化射流混合的PIV测量

在常温、超声速流动状态下,采用PIV技术定量测量了收敛喷管和收扩喷管加装小突片时射流纵截面的速度场和涡量场,并对其速度场和涡量场进行了比较。结果表明,对于收扩喷管,虽然其速度边界层厚度明显大于收敛喷管,但加装小突片结构也能够明显的强化射流的混合。并且发现,小突片结构不仅能产生流向涡,而且对周向涡有明显的强化作用。