地球内辐射带核心区环境特征分析及质子屏蔽的蒙特卡罗模拟

辐射带粒子是近地空间卫星总剂量辐射的主要来源。文章分析了内辐射带不同高度轨道的辐射环境特性;并利用Geant4程序,针对内辐射带质子环境进行不同材料的屏蔽效能计算。结果表明：虽然传统的低-高-低原子序数材料三明治屏蔽结构对电子具有较高的屏蔽效能,却并不适用于以质子环境为主的轨道;对于工作在3000 km圆轨道、5年寿命的卫星,若要将总剂量降至30 krad(Si)以下,使用PE屏蔽材料可比Al屏蔽减重28%。     

空间高能质子对航天器材料损伤的仿真分析

近地空间是各种载人飞船、应用卫星、空间站的主要活动区域,区域内存在大量由地磁场捕获的高能带电粒子,严重影响航天器和航天员的安全。为此,需要对内辐射带低高度空间的高能带电粒子环境及其通量分布进行研究。如何对质子进行有效屏蔽对空间辐射防护有重要的研究意义。文章针对粒子在空间环境中的辐射,简要介绍了质子在空间环境中的分布情况及在物质中的传输问题。利用SRIM软件模拟质子在不同材料(铝、聚乙烯)中输运过程。根据得到的射程与能量关系及对阻止本领的分析,从理论上提出航天器防护的合理方案。     

木星辐射环境不确定性对总剂量风险的影响

以木星探测任务为背景,针对木星辐射带粒子能量高、通量大的强辐射特点,基于器件总剂量辐照试验数据、木星辐射带模型、太阳质子通量模型,将器件失效点剂量不确定性与辐射环境不确定性应用到总剂量设计中,可定量评估特定任务一定屏蔽下的器件失效概率、辐射设计余量(RDM)的置信度及影响因素,可实现木星任务中器件指标、屏蔽厚度和失效概率之间的权衡和优化。首先,根据商业器件TL084辐照试验数据,发现其失效概率分布符合威布尔分布。对于10个木星半径的赤道面轨道,辐射带质子通量比太阳质子大3个数量级,随着屏蔽厚度的增加和任务期的减小,TL084器件所受剂量和失效概率减小。当屏蔽厚度为 10 mm 铝时,器件平均寿命小于2星期。另外,定义并考察了器件的失效速率,失效速率随屏蔽厚度的减小和在轨时间的增加而增加。对于传统的RDM为2的设计方法,1 mm铝屏蔽下对应的置信度为89%。     

FY—1C卫星空间粒子成分监测器及其探测结果

简要介绍了FY－1C星空间粒子成分监测器的任务目标、工作原理、创新特色及在轨探测结果。空间粒子成分监测器用于卫星轨道空间的带电粒子辐射监测，为卫星的在轨安全和抗辐射加固设计服务。监测器在世界上实现用1套传感器完成对高能电子、质子、α粒子至铁离子的全成分监测，使我国首次获得了870km高太阳同步轨道全空间的各种重离子分布、质子能谱分布和电子通量分布，捕捉到大量的地磁暴和太阳质子事件，获得了批重要的探测成果。     

SSO及GEO典型太阳质子事件单粒子翻转率估算

文章根据NOAA卫星和GOES卫星的测量数据,对太阳质子事件期间地球同步轨道（GEO）和太阳同步轨道（SSO）的质子辐射情况进行考察。采用Bendel双参数模型对GEO和SSO由质子引起的器件单粒子翻转率进行估算,并分析了影响翻转率的因素。在器件敏感度一定的情况下,单粒子翻转率与大于能量阈值的质子总通量以及质子能谱硬度呈正相关。SSO与GEO的质子辐射及单粒子翻转预测对比研究结果表明:由太阳质子事件引起的SSO质子能谱比GEO的要“软”。太阳质子事件对SSO卫星的影响与对GEO卫星的影响之间存在相关性。两轨道上DRAM型的D424100V器件和SRAM型的HM6516器件的翻转率比值接近,SSO翻转率约为GEO的13%～22%,而双极型93L422器件翻转率比值则在26%～57%之间。通过对比SSO与GEO翻转率的比值和两轨道辐射程度的比值发现,不同的器件对能谱硬度的反应各异,原因是每种器件产生SEU的能量阈值不同。     

转移轨道航天器深层充放电效应仿真分析

为研究转移轨道卫星介质深层动态充电规律特征,针对卫星动态辐射环境的特点,基于FLUMIC思想,建立辐射带动态电子环境模式。针对动态辐射环境下星上介质深层充电的特征,使用辐射诱导电导率(RIC)模型和Geant4建立了适用于转移轨道卫星动态环境下的介质深层充电应用模型。首次对地球同步转移轨道(GTO)和嫦娥一号卫星调相轨道运行过程中介质深层充电情况进行了仿真分析。结果表明:转移轨道卫星在运行时会多次穿越辐射带区域,电子通量存在明显波动,这种波动性反映在材料的充电电位变化中。材料峰值充电电位分别为-2 846V和-4 110V,介质内部平衡电场均超过106 V/m,存在内放电风险,需要在工程设计中进行针对性防护。     

行星际粒子统计特征及其在深空探测用 器件失效概率预估中的应用

文章针对深空探测任务高能粒子辐射及所致器件失效定量评估问题,利用IMP-8在1973年—2001年的电子探测数据,统计了太阳电子事件通量的特征,证明事件通量符合对数正态分布。假设事件发生概率符合泊松分布,构建了行星际电子通量模型,再结合太阳质子通量模型、探测器轨道、行星际粒子在日球层的传播规律,得到不同置信度下空间粒子通量及其剂量。进一步结合器件累计失效剂量的试验数据,可定量评估器件失效概率。以一种典型的商用数据采集功能模块器件TL084和火星环绕探测任务为例,7个月转移轨道和3年火星轨道的任务期内,1 mm铝屏蔽下TL084的失效概率仅为1.01%。     

星载电子系统高能质子单粒子翻转率计算

文章对星栽电子系统空间高能质子单粒子翻转率计算方法进行了研究。总结了13种主要计算质子单粒子翻转率的方法,并对各种算法之间的相似性和差异性进行了比对分析。用Visual Basic语言编程,实现了高能质子单粒子翻转率计算模型软件化,为高能质子单粒子效应加固设计和验证评估提供技术依据。计算了几种典型轨道上的质子单粒子翻转率；在此基础上,与在轨观测数值进行比对分析验证,并分析了质子单粒子翻转率与空间轨道的关系。     

质子单粒子效应引发卫星典型轨道下SRAM在轨错误率分析

利用中国原子能科学研究院100 Me V质子回旋加速器(CY CIAE-100)的单粒子效应辐照装置,测量了典型静态随机存储器(SRAM)的质子单粒子翻转截面;利用Space Radiation 7.0软件计算了卫星搭载该器件在典型轨道条件下运行的在轨错误率;同时研究了航天器在不同轨道高度、轨道倾角和屏蔽条件下对质子单粒子效应引发的在轨错误率的影响。计算结果表明:航天器运行于地球同步轨道高度及以下时,质子单粒子效应引发的在轨错误率均高于重离子的,最高可相差3个数量级左右。     

大椭圆轨道航天器介质材料深层充电仿真分析

为研究大椭圆轨道(HEO)航天器介质深层充电规律特征,基于FLUMIC模型建立辐射带电子环境模式,初步分析了诱发HEO深层充电的高能电子环境,计算了介质材料在HEO环境下的充电特征,并与地球同步轨道(GEO)下的情况进行对比。结果表明,HEO电子平均积分通量与GEO的相比处于同一量级,但存在明显波动,这将导致卫星在轨运行时,其上介质平均充电电位上升,增加内带电的风险。HEO介质平均充电电位为GEO的1.3倍,瞬时电位以12 h周期波动,电位最大值较环境电子通量最大值有数十min延时。增加屏蔽层厚度和减小介质厚度均能有效减缓HEO卫星介质电位波动,并降低内带电的风险。     

Optimization of measurements of the Earth’s radiation belt particle fluxes

The Earth’s radiation belts discovered at the end of the 1950s have great scientific and practical interest. Their main characteristics in magnetically quiet periods are well known. However, the dynamics of the Earth’s radiation belts during magnetic storms and substorms, particularly the dynamics of relativistic electrons of the outer belt, when Earth’s radiation belt particle fluxes undergo significant time variations, is studied insufficiently. At present, principally new experiments have been performed and planned with the intention to better study the dynamics of the Earth’s radiation belts and to operationally control the space-energy distributions of the Earth’s radiation belt particle fluxes. In this paper, for spacecraft designed to measure the fluxes of electrons and protons of the Earth’s radiation belts at altitudes of 0.5–10000 km, the optimal versions for detector orientation and orbital parameters have been considered and selected.     

Contribution of solar cosmic rays to the formation of the Earth’s proton radiation belt

The significance of the contribution of solar protons to fluxes of trapped radiation in the Earth’s outer radiation belt (L > 2) is estimated for various phases of solar activity. In periods of high solar activity, proton fluxes with the energy 1–5 MeV at L = 2–3 for the bulk of time have SCR as a source, during a minimum of solar activity, trapped proton fluxes are determined by the conventional diffusive mechanism under the action of sudden IMF impulses.     

Exposure estimates for repair satellites at geosynchronous orbit

Communications and weather satellites in geosynchronous (GEO, altitude: 35,793 km.) and geostationary orbits (GSO) are revolutionizing our ability to almost instantly communicate with each other, capture high resolution global imagery for weather forecasting and obtain a multitude of other geophysical data for environmental protection purposes. The rapid increase in the number of satellites at GEO is partly due to the exponential expansion of the internet, its commercial potential and the need to deliver a large amount of digital information in near real time. With the large number of satellites operating at GEO and particularly at GSO, there is a need to think of viable approaches to retrieve, rejuvenate and perhaps repair these satellites. The first step in this process is a detailed understanding of the ionizing radiation environment at GEO. Currently, the most widely used trapped particle radiation environment definition near Earth is based on the NASA’s static AP8/AE8 models which define the trapped proton and electron intensities. These models are based on a large number of satellite measurements carried out in the 1960s and 1970s. In this paper, the AP8/AE8 models as well as a heavy ion galactic cosmic ray (GCR) model are used to define the radiation environments for protons, electrons and heavy ions at low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO) and GEO. LEO and MEO dosimetric calculations are included in the analysis since any launch platform capable of delivering a payload to GEO will accumulate exposure during its transit through LEO and MEO. The computational approach (particle transport) taken in this paper is to use the static LEO, MEO, GEO and geomagnetically attenuated GCR environments as input to the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) developed deterministic particle transport codes high charge and energy transport (HZETRN) and coupled electron photon transport (CEPTRN). This is done through exposure prediction within a spherical shell, a legacy Apollo era command service module (CSM) configuration, and a large modular structure represented by a specific configuration of the international Space Station (ISS-11A, circa 2005). Based on the results of the simulations, conclusions are drawn on the exposure levels accumulated by these geometries throughout a mission to GEO.     

Evaluation of the specific power of a high-voltage generator based on the use of energy resources of the earth’s radiation belts

The feasibility of constructing a high-voltage electric generator (HEG) transforming kinetic energy of particles of the radiation belts into electric power is considered. The maximum specific power of the generator is theoretically evaluated for a particular case of setting it inside the natural radiation belts of the Earth (ERB). It is demonstrated that from the viewpoint of weight parameters, the suggested design of HEG is quite competitive (at least in the region of domination of the ERB proton flux) with power sources of low-thrust spacecraft operating on conventional principles.     

低地球轨道环境原子氧对航天器表面材料聚酰亚胺作用的数值模拟

在建立数学物理模型的基础上，对氏地球轨道环境和地面实验环境下，有无保护层的聚酰亚胺所受原子氧冲蚀作用进行了进行了成功的数值模拟，获得了具有工程应用价值的数值计算结果，并讨论了数学物理模型中各参数对基蚀曲线形状的影响。从数值模拟结果和美国太空实验结果的比较可以看出，本文数据模拟的结果是正确的。该项工作对航天器的设计具有重要指导意义。     

Prediction of Absorbed Doses for Spacecraft Irradiated by Particle Fluxes of Solar Cosmic Rays

A new method of evaluating the absorbed dose onboard spacecraft under the action of particle fluxes of solar cosmic rays (SCR) is described. The method is based on the concepts and formulas of a probabilistic model of SCR proton fluxes beyond the Earth's magnetosphere (GOST R 25645.165-2001) and takes into account variations of particle fluxes at orbits of spacecraft and behind their protective shields.     

地球辐射带槽区粒子环境动态变化对中轨卫星辐射效应的影响

中轨卫星运行于地球辐射带槽区,而槽区粒子辐射环境可能存在显著涨落,增加卫星抗辐射设计输入的不确定性.文章利用典型地球辐射带模型,对中轨卫星累积性辐射效应的主要来源进行深入分析,再结合槽区粒子辐射环境动态变化特征,初步量化分析其对中轨卫星遭遇辐射效应的影响.结果表明:槽区粒子辐射环境的动态变化对星表材料及太阳电池辐射损伤...     

光电耦合器件在低地球轨道航天器中的运用评估

不同种类光电耦合器件(光耦)结构工艺对空间总剂量辐射的敏感性存在较大差异,故对其在航天器的使用应区别对待。文章分别对组成常见光耦的LED部分、光电耦合部分以及集成放大电路部分受电离总剂量辐射和位移损伤效应的影响进行分析,比较了光耦各个组成部分和不同工艺的光耦对辐射的敏感度。在地面辐照测试数据基础上,以3种典型光耦为原型,设计在轨验证电路,对器件在辐射环境下的长期工作情况进行了试验验证。结果表明,在适当的参数选择和合理的电路设计下,这些光耦能够满足低地球轨道航天领域的应用需求。     

Study of radiation conditions onboard the International space station by means of the Liulin-5 dosimeter

For estimating radiation risk in space flights it is necessary to determine radiation dose obtained by critical organs of a human body. For this purpose the experiments with human body models are carried out onboard spacecraft. These models represent phantoms equipped with passive and active radiation detectors which measure dose distributions at places of location of critical organs. The dosimetric Liulin-5 telescope is manufactured with using three silicon detectors for studying radiation conditions in the spherical tissue-equivalent phantom on the Russian segment of the International space station (ISS). The purpose of the experiment with Liulin-5 instrument is to study dynamics of the dose rate and particle flux in the phantom, as well as variations of radiation conditions on the ISS over long time intervals depending on a phase of the solar activity cycle, orbital parameters, and presence of solar energetic particles. The Liulin-5 dosimeter measures simultaneously the dose rate and fluxes of charged particles at three depths in the radial channel of the phantom, as well as the linear energy transfer. The paper presents the results of measurements of dose rate and particle fluxes caused by various radiation field components on the ISS during the period from June 2007 till December 2009.