热电偶温度与电势互换公式

本文对铜—铜镍(康铜)(T)、镍铬—铜镍(康铜)(E)、铁—铜镍(康铜)(T)和铂铑13—铂(R)四种热电偶,根据温度 T→电势 E 的分度公式,采用多项式回归的方法,得出了电势 E→温度 T 的拟合公式,与分度公式比较,最大偏差在0.04℃以下,0℃以上的回归公式最大偏差小于0.02℃。     

热电偶检定规程宣贯材料(连载之三)—规程的讲解

一、标准铂铑_(10)—铂热电偶检定规程(JJG—75—82)1.概况标准铂铑_(10)—铂热电偶检定规程(以下简称新规程)经国家计量局1982年5月27日批准,并自1983年6月1日“起施行,代替规(G)热—5—65。     

铂铑—铂热电偶测温中的几个问题

引言铂铑——铂热电偶广泛应用于各种高温炉及其他加热设备以检测或控制温度,属贵金属材料;正确使用铂铑—铂热电偶,不但给国家节约材料和资金,并可得到准确的温度计量。一、热电偶使用时应注意的问题和误差铂铑—铂热电偶产生误差的主要原因之一是寄生电势,贵金属热电偶材料的直径都比较小(φ0.3～φ0.5㎜),在使用中如不小心,容易受到弯曲、挤压、碰伤等而产生机械     

微差法检定工业用镍铬——镍硅热电偶的自动化

在石油、化工、冶金、机械和电力工业的测温系统巾。大量和广泛地使用着镍铬-镍硅热电偶。为保证测温的正确性,对使用中的热电偶需要进行定期检定。为此以往一般在工厂中采用双极比较法,用稳压器、调压器、管式炉作恒温设备,用0.05级直流电位差计和三等标准铂铑-铂热电偶作标准仪     

热电偶检定规程宣贯材料(连载之二)—标准热电偶的插值公式及其计算

对标准铂铑——铂热电偶及标准铜——康铜热电偶的插值计算进行了讨论。在热电偶插值计算中引入代数插值法将会使计算过程大大简化,同时可以将不同种类热电偶的插值计算统一起来。     

一种测量航空发动机T*4温度的新方法

采用热电偶信号放大集成电路AD595结合镍铬-镍铝热电偶温度传感器,设计了航空发动机T*4温度热电偶测温电路,实现了冷端自动补偿、热电偶断线报警信号输出功能.实测数据分析表明输出幅值大,误差小,重复性好.测量电路简单,具有较强的实用性.     

当前热电偶测温的几个问题

本文针对我国标准热电偶检定规程中两项不足,提出 S 型标准热电偶在1300℃时的修正值应为-0.036mV,S 型标准热电偶铂极纯度计算式应改为W100℃=Ws(100℃)-0.3×10~(-4)ep。鉴于我国在中温区还没有标准级热电偶,作者建议开发 Ag-Pd 热电偶,并给出 Ag-Pd 热电偶热电动势-温度值。作者强调使用量达1千万支的快速消耗式热电偶的检定,并提出各种温度传感器的精度评定的数学方法。     

N型偶测温系统

天津市节能仪表厂开发研制成功N型偶测温系统,首创单一化,提高测量准确度,减少误差,方便使用。N型偶测温系统是由N型偶(镍铬硅—镍硅热电偶)、补偿导线、数字温度显示表三部分组成。其中N型热电偶具有良好的抗高温氧化、抗磁性化、抗核辐射、高稳     

一种新型高温检定炉

叙述了用新型材料─—螺旋管状二硅化钼代替价格昂贵的铂铑丝作为发热体，制成了一台新型高温检定炉。介绍了高温炉的结构特点、配套仪表及试验过程。该高温炉满足了检定规程对高温热电偶和钨铼热电偶检定用炉的要求，并具有可观的经济效益和推广价值。     

关于热电偶冷端补偿问题的探讨

热电偶测量的是偶丝两端———测量端 (亦称工作端 )和冷端 (亦称参考端 )的温度差 ,因此必须知道热电偶冷端的温度 ,才能最终测量出热电偶测量端的温度。热电偶的冷端在生产实际中大都采用冷端补偿法来解决 ,与热电偶配合使用的温度指示仪表大都带有冷端补偿系统 ,国家检定规程将测量热电势的误差与冷端补偿误差合并检定 ,这样的方法 ,必须在标准装置中 ,配备补偿导线 ,从而将大幅降低标准装置的准确度。这对准确度不高、功能单一的仪表来说 ,完全适用 ,但对目前新颖的高准确度、多功能、智能化的测温仪表 (主要是一些先进的进口仪表 )就会遇到一些困难 ,为了更准确对这些仪表进行计量检测 ,我们采用各种方法来消除补偿导线引起的误差 ,从而可以对高准确度的热电偶测温仪表进行计量。我们也可以对冷端补偿进行单独的计量 ,这样通过分别对直流电压测量准确度和冷端补偿的准确度的计量 ,就可以更加准确地评定多功能、智能化的测温仪表的准确度。     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.     

基于最小值原理的冗余度机器人动力学控制

为了解冗余度机器人全局法优化中数值求解的困难,本文讨论了动力学方程的建立,无约束和有约束最优控制问题之间的内在联系,重点分析了求解最优控制问题的数值方法,文中提出了双向异步积分迭代的求解正则方程组的直接迭代法,较好解决了状态方程和协态方程稳定相逆给求解两点这值问题带来的困难。     

基于GPS载波相位的微卫星姿态算法研究

GPS姿态系统是利用GPS载波相位测量来确定载体的航向和姿态角。本文对微卫星的GPS姿态系统进行了研究。重点解决短基线的GPS状态算法，讨论了姿态价格函数的了小化方法。测试结果表明，所提的算法对小于1m的基线是有效的。