Concept of solenoidally stabilized reflector dishes in space

The idea of stabilizing the shape of a reflector dish for a space-based radiotelescope by an extensive magnetic field is considered. We outline a construction where the axes of rotational symmetry of the dish lie on the axes of rotational symmetry of a large circular solenoid. Its magnetic field produces a stabilizing pressure by acting on a distribution of dipole moment on the dish. In cosmic regions where the gravity gradient is smaller than the solar radiation pressure, large receiver apertures and large area-to-mass ratios of the dish are attainable. The latter might lead to a higher shape accuracy of the reflecting surface compared to the truss frame stabilization. We calculate the distribution of dipole moment that gives a parabolic surface in the approximation of no dish elasticity and no magnetic dish-dish interaction. A disadvantage is the relative large mass of the solenoid. However, we find that it can be about three times smaller in diameter than the dish.     

动态环路法磁矩测量系统标定与误差评估

为保证磁矩和磁心位置测量精度,需要对动态环路法磁矩测量系统进行标定。在分析系统测量误差组成及其影响的基础上,提出了对动态环路法磁矩测量系统标定的方法,即采用以不同大小标准磁体为被测对象的标定方案,利用最小二乘法给出了5个标定系数值。通过测量2组用于模拟真实被测对象的组合磁体,评估了标定后动态环路法磁矩测量系统的实际测量性能。结果表明,标定后的动态环路法磁矩测量系统对偶极磁矩的测量误差不大于4.6%,磁心位置测量误差不大于7.2%。     

近场分析法在航天器磁测试中的误差因素及精度评估

航天器磁性测量误差因素及精度评估与航天器结构尺寸、磁矩量级、内部磁性分布特征,以及所用的磁测试方法和测试设备等有密切关系。近场分析法是航天器磁偶极矩测定中经典有效的测试方法。文章就该法在航天器磁测试中的系统误差、随机误差因素及精度评估逐一进行详细论述和深入剖析;针对中大尺度航天器正置态磁测试中垂向磁矩测试结果存在的误差,提出提高测试精度和改进误差评估的有效方法和措施;给出航天器磁测试有效性综合评估的基本条件和评判标准,得到不同尺度航天器磁测试误差的预估参考范围。文章所述航天器磁测试误差因素及精度评估技术对于提高航天器磁测试精度、有效控制航天器磁性具有指导意义。     

基于全张量磁场梯度的磁偶极子定位及误差分析

为了对磁偶极子进行高精度的磁性定位,文章从磁偶极子模型出发,推导出磁偶极子的空间坐标与其产生的磁场及磁场梯度之间的关系式;针对模型及关系式,设计了一种全张量磁场梯度传感器,能够一次测量出精确定位所需的9个磁场梯度值和3个磁场强度值;对比仿真结果和实验结果,发现二者具有较好的一致性,证明了该理论模型的有效性。对于磁偶极子,用半径为0.05 m的梯度传感器对磁矩为2 A·m~2的磁偶极子进行定位测量,在0.5~1 m距离内定位误差不大于10%。文章还对定位测量误差的原因进行了分析,包括梯度测量基线距离及传感器半径对定位误差的影响。     

三轴稳定微小卫星主动磁阻尼姿态控制

针对三轴稳定微小卫星,用四元数法建立了速率阻尼阶段的动力学和运动学模型.根据地磁场强度矢量投影到轨道坐标系的简便旋转关系,设计了采用主动磁控的拟比例微分控制器,同时分析了磁力矩器的磁偶极矩.速率阻尼仿真结果表明:该控制法有效可行,具有一定的应用价值.     

Magnetic trapping in orbit

A toroidal solenoid in orbit can represent a magnetic trap for bodies carrying dipole moment. We find the dependence of the trap dimensions on the electrical parameters and the orbit height. There is no trap if the solenoid radius exceeds a certain value. Various trap dimensions are calculated for a non-spinning space station in Earth or Sun orbit. The trap dimension is nearly independent of the solenoid orientation so that the solenoid may be fastened to the station rigidly. If the solenoid radius is in the range of some meters, the trap dimension is one order of magnitude greater for a distant Earth orbit and two orders of magnitude for an orbit around the Sun at distances of the order of one AU. The calculations are performed for a non-superconducting solenoid. The trap can be used for simplifying the docking on of maintenance vehicles or building modules, as safety mechanism for crewmembers working in outer space, and for the collection of paramagnetic or ferromagnetic dust stopped by mechanical means.     

Cosmic ray impact on extrasolar earth-like planets in close-in habitable zones

Because of their different origins, cosmic rays can be subdivided into galactic cosmic rays and solar/stellar cosmic rays. The flux of cosmic rays to planetary surfaces is mainly determined by two planetary parameters: the atmospheric density and the strength of the internal magnetic moment. If a planet exhibits an extended magnetosphere, its surface will be protected from high-energy cosmic ray particles. We show that close-in extrasolar planets in the habitable zone of M stars are synchronously rotating with their host star because of the tidal interaction. For gravitationally locked planets the rotation period is equal to the orbital period, which is much longer than the rotation period expected for planets not subject to tidal locking. This results in a relatively small magnetic moment. We found that an Earth-like extrasolar planet, tidally locked in an orbit of 0.2 AU around an M star of 0.5 solar masses, has a rotation rate of 2% of that of the Earth. This results in a magnetic moment of less than 15% of the Earth's current magnetic moment. Therefore, close-in extrasolar planets seem not to be protected by extended Earth-like magnetospheres, and cosmic rays can reach almost the whole surface area of the upper atmosphere. Primary cosmic ray particles that interact with the atmosphere generate secondary energetic particles, a so-called cosmic ray shower. Some of the secondary particles can reach the surface of terrestrial planets when the surface pressure of the atmosphere is on the order of 1 bar or less. We propose that, depending on atmospheric pressure, biological systems on the surface of Earth-like extrasolar planets at close-in orbital distances can be strongly influenced by secondary cosmic rays.     

由磁矩计算磁场强度的公式在航天器磁矩测量中的应用

基于由磁矩计算磁场强度的反立方公式及其一般工程应用,文章提出将反立方公式与球面作图法结合,形成新球面作图法;并重点给出该方法在航天器磁试验磁矩测量中的应用,即在数据采集时应用球面作图法思路,数据处理时应用反立方公式由磁场强度测量值求磁矩.应用该方法对卫星内部有3个点磁矩情况下的总磁矩进行了仿真计算,结果表明,在测量点数...     

动态环路法磁矩测量技术研究

文章提出了一种新的航天器磁矩测量方法——动态环路法。首先,利用高斯电势级数公式建立了航天器的磁性偶极-四极模型。然后,针对模型中的8个磁矩分量,基于动态环路法的基本测量原理,设计了5组磁通感应线圈;根据8个磁矩分量的磁感应强度分布以及5组线圈的具体形状和位置,给出了各磁矩分量的磁通量表达式和利用积分法计算各个磁矩分量的公式。最后,对在推导过程中由于简化带来的近似误差和利用积分法计算公式理论计算误差进行了初步分析。当线圈间隔L为半径r的5%时,近似误差和积分法理论计算误差分别不超过2%和0.17%。结果表明,该方法不但能够获得航天器的磁矩大小并计算出其磁心坐标,而且还具有测量过程简单、测量速度较快以及测量精度高的优点。     

利用地磁场测量的小卫星自主导航设计

地磁场矢量是卫星所在位置的函数 ,通过对地磁场的测量 ,即可实现对近地小卫星的自主导航。本文采用卡尔曼滤波技术设计了小卫星基于地磁场测量的导航方法 ,在采用地磁场模型时选取磁偶极子模型 ,以此使设计算法的计算量大大减少。最后利用数字仿真验证了系统性能。     

高精度非接触磁浮机构电磁干扰特性分析

针对因双超平台姿态控制引入非接触磁浮机构这一关键执行机构,而可能引起的卫星平台新的电磁兼容问题,开展了非接触磁浮机构的电磁干扰特性研究。首先,介绍了非接触磁浮机构及其驱动器的工作原理;其次,分别对非接触磁浮机构驱动器的脉冲宽度调制(PWM)控制信号高频干扰特性和传导电磁干扰特性进行了理论和仿真分析,并将其频率特性与星上其他典型单机的工作频率进行了比对。对比分析结果表明:非接触磁浮机构的电磁干扰频率与星上其他典型单机之间间隔较大,其相互之间产生的电磁干扰可忽略,磁浮机构的引入不会产生新的电磁兼容问题。     

Catapulting mass from planetary objects

We examine the motion of a superconducting dipole in the field of a large flat solenoid. It is found that $\text{energy}\text{mass}$ ratios of about 1 MJ per kilogramme of dipole can be reached for an effective current density of about 400 A/mm² in the dipole if the diameter of the dipole and solenoid are of the order of 6 and 30 m, respectively. The values will be less critical if the dipole passes the field of two solenoids. We propose a mechanical lever-rope method for stabilization of the dipole axis and determine the deflection of the dipole's path from the vertical under small perturbations of the initial co-ordinates.     

基于标准磁块模型的赤道作图法误差分析

赤道作图法是卫星及其部件磁矩测量和计算的主要方法,其测试结果受到多种因素的影响。文章首先介绍赤道作图法（亦称近场分析法）的基本原理,分析该方法在测量和计算磁矩过程中的部分误差来源;然后基于标准磁块模型研究模型磁偏心距、环境磁场波动与赤道作图法测试误差的关系;同时提出近远场梯度差分的方法以提升磁矩计算结果的准确度。利用改进方法对标准磁块模型进行测量和数据处理的结果表明,该方法的测量（计算）误差可控制在3%以内。     

无陀螺磁控小卫星的大角度姿态捕获研究

为了解决无陀螺磁控小卫星的姿态稳定和捕获问题,本文针对偏置稳定的主动磁控小卫星姿态控制平台,基于磁控力矩的时间累积作用效果等效卫星角动量增量的规律,设计了一种仅利用角度反馈的卫星大角度磁捕获控制律。通过仿真和卫星在轨实测的验证,证明该方法具有良好的收敛效果和鲁棒性,工程实现简单,可靠性高,适用于中低轨道的通信小卫星。     

Two-dimensional numerical simulation of dynamics of small-scale irregularities in the near-Earth plasma

The behavior of small-scale irregularities of the electron density, which can exist in the near-Earth plasma at the ionospheric and magnetospheric heights is studied. They can be of both natural and artificial origin. The kinetic approach is used, and the Vlasov-Poisson system of equations is numerically solved using the method of large particles. In the plane perpendicular to the magnetic field, the evolution of a single irregularity having a circular cross-section at the initial moment is calculated. The influence of the transverse dimension of the irregularity and the value of deviation from electro-neutrality at the initial moment on the parameters characterizing the process of irregularity evolution is studied.     

Magnetism, iron minerals, and life on Mars

A short critical review is provided on two questions linking magnetism and possible early life on Mars: (1) Did Mars have an Earth-like internal magnetic field, and, if so, during which period and was it a requisite for life? (2) Is there a connection between iron minerals in the martian regolith and life? We also discuss the possible astrobiological implications of magnetic measurements at the surface of Mars using two proposed instruments. A magnetic remanence device based on magnetic field measurements can be used to identify Noachian age rocks and lightning impacts. A contact magnetic susceptibility probe can be used to investigate weathering rinds on martian rocks and identify meteorites among the small regolith rocks. Both materials are considered possible specific niches for microorganisms and, thus, potential astrobiological targets. Experimental results on analogues are presented to support the suitability of such in situ measurements.     

低轨航天器磁推进方法

基于地球空间磁场的磁作用效应,提出了一类低轨航天器无工质消耗的磁推进方法,并对航天器的高度保持进行了研究。该方法具有作用机理明晰、物理结构简单、控制策略灵活等特征。以磁场对磁体作用的磁矩理论为基础,建立了带磁航天器飞行的磁推力模型,提出了基于磁力线追踪策略的轨道高度保持方法。利用熟知的IGRF11地磁模型,通过数值仿真计算,验证了磁推进方法对于600～1000km圆轨道航天器进行高度保持的有效性。     

地磁场中卫星不侧置态下磁矩测试方法

对地磁场中卫星不倒置状态下分离卫星Z分量磁矩的测试及数据处理方法进行了研究。利用地球磁场方向特征、卫星剩磁矩与感磁矩在不同测量状态和测量过程中的变化,确定卫星Z分量磁矩含地磁垂直向感磁影响与不含地磁垂直向感磁影响的比例关系,基于积累的不同卫星水平和垂直向的磁测试数据,用近场法计算,获得了卫星Z分量的感磁系数。试验表明:用该法测得的Z分量磁矩测量相对误差不大于30%,工程上有较高的实用价值。     

近地空间磁场梯度分布特性及磁力效应研究

以国际地磁参考场模型IGRF11为基础,推导出地球磁场梯度分布公式,并对近地空间磁场分布特点进行了分析。由基本磁力学可知,带强磁体的航天器在地磁环境中不仅受到磁力矩作用,还将受到与地磁梯度相关的磁力的影响。根据地磁环境下的磁体受力机理,文章讨论了以弱磁力改变轨道倾角的方法,并通过数值仿真验证了其有效性。     

基于旋翼无人机技术的近地磁测系统

为了提高无人机航空磁探测精度,文章利用大疆六旋翼无人机作为飞行平台,搭载三轴磁通门传感器及相应的数据采集子系统,组建了旋翼无人机磁场测量系统;分析和测量了六旋翼无人机本底磁性分布特征,优化了无磁伸杆的安装位置;采用综合系数法修正了三轴磁通门传感器的误差;最后进行了野外飞行试验,对旋翼无人机磁测系统的整体性能进行验证。结果表明,系统可持续飞行15 min,可有效完成低空磁场探测和磁矩计算,且飞行稳定性能高。文章进一步提出了技术改进方向。该研究可为无人机磁探技术和工程应用提供参考。