卫星早期轨道任务中测控站跟踪异常的应急处理

早期轨道任务中快速捕获目标是卫星测控站的重要任务之一,本文以北京国际海事卫星测控站10多年来执行卫星发射测控任务的实践经验为基础,深入分析了卫星早期轨道任务中几类异常跟踪情况产生的原因,并给出了应急处理对策和方法。     

天地测控资源使用效率分析

相比地基测控站,以中继卫星为代表的天基测控资源,对于近地卫星跟踪任务具备极大的优势。本文分析了近地卫星的跟踪特点,分析了天地测控资源本身的使用能力,采用通用的资源分配软件模拟计算天基、地基资源对低轨星群的跟踪能力和效率,提出了适合测控资源的任务比例,作为测控资源分配时的参考。     

跟踪与数据中继卫星系统的性能

一、引言 自60年代初,NASA就组建和操作一个为近地轨道卫星服务的跟踪和数据获取网。TDRSS是一个新测控网,为目前和直到2000年的预期卫星任务服务。该网利用了已经验证的空间和地面系统有关技术构成一个全新的测控站,只是其前端设备置于地球同步轨道上。尽量采用了自动化技术,使系统设置到数据采集以及整个跟踪期间的通信几乎都不需要人操作。     

中继卫星跟踪航天器的轨迹分段优化算法研究

研究了中继卫星跟踪用户航天器的轨迹分段优化计算方法。首先根据位置矢量计算出理论跟踪轨迹,其次根据指向角连续变化的要求确定了单变量最小二乘拟合方法。在此基础上提出了基于动态拟合误差阈值的中继卫星跟踪轨迹分段优化方法。该方法首先确定在初始拟合误差阈值下跟踪轨迹的最优分段数目,然后将拟合误差阈值减小一个修正量,在新的误差阈值约束下重新计算各段的分段时长和分段数目,通过不断减小误差阈值进行循环计算,直到新的分段数目大于最优分段数目时完成计算。由于采用了逐步减小拟合误差阈值的动态阈值计算方法,使得各段的最大拟合误差得到了减小,并且达到了各段拟合误差的一致。该算法有效地提高了中继卫星程序跟踪中全程轨迹的计算精度,获得了良好的应用效果。     

航天测控频率规划设计中的空间分隔技术研究

本文给出了一种切实可行的空间分隔技术分析方法，为频率规划与设计工作提供了必要的依据。推导了两个空间目标与地面测控站之间的空间夹角关系，利用STK软件计算地面测控站跟踪卫星数据，并结合自行编制的软件，给出了计算夹角的技术实现方法。     

美太空监视系统首次实现弹道导弹飞行全程跟踪

3月16日,诺斯罗普.格鲁曼公司研制的2颗低轨演示验证卫星首次对一枚弹道导弹飞行全过程进行了探测跟踪。以前从未从太空对弹道导弹飞行过程进行全程跟踪,这是迄今为止太空跟踪监视系统（STSS）卫星最重要的成就。     

深空测控站无线电干扰保护门限分析

由于深空测控站具有天线口径大、工作频段多、接收灵敏度高、辐射功率大、工作时间长等特殊性,与一般地球卫星测控站选址相比,必须对站址周围电磁环境、地质、水文气象等方面提出更高的要求。本文在对国外深空测控站选址要求进行研究的基础上,以类似白高斯噪声(WGN)的干扰信号为分析对象,探讨了深空测控站无线电干扰保护门限的计算方法。     

外测数据对流层折射误差修正及精度分析

针对对流层引起的航天器外测数据折射误差,基于对流层分段模型,以测站历史气象数据拟合折射衰减系数,建立测控站上空对流层折射率模型,并利用实测地面折射率对统计模型进行优化,进一步提高模型反映大气剖面的真实性.利用该模型对S频段多颗在轨卫星50多跟踪圈次的实测外测数据进行修正分析,并与微波辐射计实时修正结果进行比较,测距、测角、测速互差分别优于0.9m、0.02°、0.06 m/s.将该模型应用于卫星长管外测数据的实时修正,可提高轨道测量数据质量.     

一种卫星延时遥测分类处理和下传方法

延时遥测是掌握卫星在测控站不可观测弧段工作状态的重要手段,在深入分析卫星遥测参数特征的基础上,对卫星遥测参数按类型进行分类处理,提出了对各类延时遥测参数不同的处理、存储和下传方法;实现了下行遥测码速率受限情况下优化利用卫星存储资源和下行信道资源,使地面可准确掌握卫星在不可观测弧段的工作状态,尤其为不可观测弧段异常问题的判断和定位提供有效的遥测数据支持;实现了延时遥测数据的自主存储和下传,大大减轻了地面测控站的控制工作量.该延时遥测方法已成功应用于某卫星,取得了良好的应用效果.     

编队飞行卫星群的测控方法探讨

针对编队飞行卫星群的特点,提出依靠地面测控站和主参考星间的测控(TT＆C)链路实现多星同时测控,对星载自主外测和星间通信两大重点技术进行了一定的探讨。     

Execute Command in Space Communications

Two types of feedback systems for a command channel are described. a) Complex Feedback?where, for each command, an identification is relayed back over the feedback channel. b) Decision Feedback?where the feedback channel is used only to state whether the satellite recognized the transmission as a command word. For a), the decision as to whether a command was properly received at the satellite is made on the ground, while for b), the decision is made at the satellite, the only purpose of the feedback channel being to cause the ground station to retransmit the command word if the satellite did not recognize the initial transmission. The decision feedback system then amounts to a one-way channel, since the satellite makes a decision after the initial transmission as to whether or not a command word was sent. If the transmitted command word is interpreted as a command, whether correct or not, the ground station has no further control. The following theorem is proved rigorously: ``It is always possible to specify a decision feedback system which gives the same error performance as a given complex feedback system.'     

Simulation system of telemetering and telecontrol for unmanned aerial vehicle

The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) which is capable to observe the Earth has wide applications and large quantities, such as reconnaissance and surveillance, attack on the ground, fire-proof forest, and marine search and rescue, and so on. The system of simulation composed of tracking, navigation, telecontrol, telemetering, and flight control is introduced in this paper. The method of simulation on telemetering and telecontrol, tracking and position, and target observation and tracking is explained.     

全球精密单点定位性能评估

随着中国北斗三号卫星导航系统（BDS-3）全面建成与开通，北斗卫星导航系统已步入了新发展阶段，基于BDS-3实现全方位、多层次、高精度应用已成为地学研究中一项基本任务。利用全球最新均匀分布的10个MGEX跟踪站，分别从24 h内接收到的卫星数、卫星位置精度因子（PDOP）、卫星数据解算完整率和双频非组合精密单点定位（PPP）静态/动态定位精度等方面系统深入地评估了BDS-3在全球范围内的可用性。结果表明，测站对卫星跟踪能力与配备的接收机类型和区域位置有强相关性，单BDS-3卫星在全球范围内具有较强的连续定位能力，当使用SEPT POLARX5和JAVAD TRE_3接收机的情况下，数据解算完整率可达100%。此外，水平方向和高程方向定位精度分别优于2 cm和3 cm，并且在联合使用BDS-2和BDS-3定位的条件下，可使得静态定位精度在东、北和高程方向进一步提升37.6%,25.3%和38.9%。     

A geopause satellite system concept

The forthcoming 10 cm range tracking accuracy capability holds much promise in connection with a number of Earth and ocean dynamics investigations. These include a set of earthquake-related studies of fault motions and the Earth's tidal, polar and rotational motions, as well as studies of the gravity field and the sea surface topography which should furnish basic information about mass and heat flow in the oceans. The state of the orbit analysis art is presently at about the 10 m level, or about two orders of magnitude away from the 10 cm range accuracy capability expected in the next couple of years or so. The realization of a 10 cm orbit analysis capability awaits the solution of four kinds of problems, namely, those involving orbit determination and the lack of sufficient knowledge of tracking system biases, the gravity field, and tracking station locations. The Geopause satellite system concept offers promising approaches in connection with all of these areas. A typical Geopause satellite orbit has a 14 hour period, a mean height of about 4.6 Earth radii, and is nearly circular, polar, and normal to the ecliptic. At this height only a relatively few gravity terms have uncertainties corresponding to orbital perturbations above the decimeter level. The orbit s, in this sense, at the geopotential boundary, i.e., the geopause. The few remaining environmental quantities which may be significant can be determined by means of orbit analyses and accelerometers. The Geopause satellite system also provides the tracking geometery and coverage needed for determining the orbit, the tracking system biases and the station locations. Studies indicate that the Geopause satellite, tracked with a 2 cm ranging system from nine NASA affiliated sites, can yield decimeter station location accuracies. Five or more fundamental stations well distributed in longitude can view Geopause over the North Pole. This means not only that redundant data are available for determining tracking system biases, but also that both components of the polar motion can be observed frequently. When tracking Geopause, the NASA sites become a two-hemisphere configuration which is ideal for a number of Earth physics applications such as the observation of the polar motion with a time resolution of a fraction of a day. Geopause also provides the basic capability for satellite-to-satellite tracking of drag-free satellites for mapping the gravity field and altimeter satellites for surveying the sea surface topography. Geopause tracking a coplanar, drag-free satellite for two months to 0.03 mm per second accuracy can yield the geoid over the entire Earth to decimeter accuracy with 2.5° spatial resolution. Two Geopause satellites tracking a coplanar altimeter satellite can then yield ocean surface heights above the geoid with 7° spatial resolution every two weeks. These data will furnish basic boundary condition information about mass and heat flows in the oceans which are important in shaping weather and climate.     

基于中继测量的环月探测器定轨能力分析

嫦娥四号月球探测拟首次实现月球背面的软着陆,测控与数传依赖地月L2平动点的中继卫星,并有望获取四程测量与星间测量数据。对基于中继测量的环月探测器测定轨能力进行了仿真分析,结果表明,中继卫星可较好地实现环月探测器连续跟踪;在定轨能力方面,中继卫星自身轨道精度是制约环月探测器定轨精度的重要因素,当跟踪弧段达到5h以上时,定轨精度趋于稳定,但轨道精度较中继卫星的轨道精度相差1个量级;对于星间链路测量,除中继卫星自身的轨道精度外,星钟的稳定性是制约定轨精度的另一个重要因素,如果辅助以每天1h的地基跟踪亦可实现优于百m的定轨精度。     

Tracking and data acquisition for space exploration

The tracking and data acquisition systems provide the key link between the remote spacecraft and the scientific experimenter on the ground. The operation of the space experiment takes place through the links of command, telemetry and tracking. The evolution from the early very simple spacecraft missions toward more complex and sophisticated missions has been paralleled by a similar evolution in the tracking and data acquisition systems. The early Minitrack interferometer tracking system still carries the major tracking workload for space missions; however greater tracking accuracy requirements for more recent missions, such as the Orbiting Geophysical Observatory and the Apollo mission, have brought about the development of unified tracking and data acquisition systems which utilize hybrid pseudo-random code/sidetone ranging techniques. The data acquisition has evolved from analog telemetry systems to the present day heavy use of PCM digital telemetry. Likewise the command systems have evolved from early simple on/off command systems into PCM digital command data systems. The trend is toward greater real time control of more complex functions on board the spacecraft. Newer spacecraft are incorporating computer-type systems in the spacecraft which require programming and memory load through the ground command link. The most attractive concept for the next generation network for tracking and data acquisition is a network consisting of synchronous-orbit Tracking and Data Relay Satellites for covering launches and low-orbit earth satellites plus a few selected ground stations for supporting spacecraft in high earth orbit and lunar orbit.     

Cognitive Graphical Additions to the Interfaces of Command Measurement Systems for Aerospace Application

The methods of cognitive graphical information presentation are considered to support decision-making in earth stations of command measurement systems. The work is performed on transforming telemetric data, readings of the sensors of space module and earth station into visual images.     

设备监控系统远程控制时效性分析与对策

卫星地面站设备监控系统的控制具有时效性,主要表现在卫星地面站设备配置用时较长,时效性不高,在任务准备中占时比例大,制约了卫星系统的应用效率.针对该问题,分析了影响制约设备监控系统控制效能的相关因素,有针对性地提出了应对措施及对策,如细化设备控制脚本分类,取消命令之间的延时冗余,改善响应机制,采用并串行混合控制,预先优化宏命令解析等.经过检验,这些方法是有效可行的,有利于提高设备控制效能.     

Defense Meteorological Satellite Program

The DMSP is a total satellite system composed of spacecraft with meteorological sensors, an earthbased command and control network, fixed and mobile user stations, and a communication network linking the various segments together.