插补前S加减速在CNC前瞻中的应用

计算机数字控制系统(CNC)中的速度前瞻处理可以在不影响插补轨迹精度的前提下极大地提高插补效率.针对前瞻算法中速度处理这一核心问题,分直线转接和圆弧转接2种情况分别建立了插补几何元素转接矢量夹角模型,并给出了一种基于插补前S型加减速的CNC速度前瞻算法.该算法根据设定的最大前瞻段数以及实际插补轨迹的几何特性,能够自适应确定轨迹的转接速度近似最优解,从而实现路径段之间进给速度的高速衔接.S型加减速由于在加速阶段和减速阶段均引入了加速度衰减,使得整个插补过程具有了高度的柔性.因此结合前瞻算法和S型加减速算法在高速加工时速度处理的优势,提出并实现了一种基于插补前S型加减速的CNC前瞻算法.该算法已经在工程实际中得到了验证.      

CNC软件圆弧插补算法的分析与研究

快速而准确的圆弧插补算法一直是人们努力追求的目标。本文在深入分析了五种圆弧插补算法的基础上，把它们归纳到统一的理论依据之下，并就人们在理论方面研究甚少的插补运算的速度和插补轨迹精度问题进行了深入的分析与理论推导。同时，通过在计算机上对各种插补算法在插补运算速度和插补轨迹精度两方面的实际测试、验证与分析比较，提出了最佳择优方案，并在实际应用之中取得了满意的效果。     

一种新的圆弧插补算法—角度逼近法

提出了一种新的圆弧插补算法——角度逼近法。分析了该算法的计算精度,并将该算法与其他圆弧插补算法进行了比较。     

串并混联空间机械臂全自由度轨迹规划算法

目前,国内外对串并混联空间机械臂的研究较少;而且大多在舍弃冗余自由度的情况下进行轨迹规划.针对7自由度串并混联空间机械臂,提出了一种基于解析解、并且充分放开全部7个自由度的机械臂轨迹规划算法.该规划算法既扩大了串并混联空间机械臂的规划可达空间,又保证了规划的实时性,同时还保留了结构承载能力强的优点,可以充分发挥其作为空间抓捕用臂的优势.通过仿真和地面空间操作抓捕试验,验证了算法的有效性.     

面向非合作目标抓捕的机械臂轨迹规划方法

文章针对非合作目标抓捕问题设计了基于误差反馈系数的机械臂轨迹规划算法.考虑到空间机械臂在轨服务要求,采用反作用零空间方法来规划机械臂运动轨迹以实现机械臂与航天器之间的协调运动.为避免在规划起始阶段位姿误差较大可能导致机械臂关节速度过大的问题,引入了位姿误差反馈系数.为对空间机械臂抓捕非合作目标的轨迹规划技术进行验证,搭建了地面半物理仿真系统.试验结果表明,通过合理选择位姿误差反馈系数,设计的轨迹规划算法能够使固定基座机械臂末端执行器以较为均匀的速度逼近非合作目标,并能以较高精度实现对非合作目标的抓捕.该试验可以为空间机械臂抓捕非合作目标的轨迹规划提供参考.     

月面飞行器动力下降段多目标轨迹规划

针对未来月面着陆动力下降段轨迹规划需综合考虑多性能指标的问题,提出一种对飞行轨迹先优化后决策的多目标轨迹规划方法.在多目标进化算法MOEA/D-AWA(multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition with adaptive weight adjustment)的框架下对轨迹规划的多个指标进行分解,得到若干个单指标的子问题.将凸优化算法作为求解单目标轨迹优化子问题的底层算法,嵌套在MOEA/D-AWA的框架中,经过迭代优化获得一组动力下降段飞行轨迹,其构成多目标轨迹规划问题的帕累托最优解集.根据模糊决策理论对各个帕累托最优解对应的多个轨迹指标逐步降阶并进行综合评估,经过决策得到多指标约束下的飞行轨迹.仿真实验表明,该轨迹规划方法能够在综合多目标的情况下,优化获得一组动力下降轨迹集合,且能够根据不同任务要求从中决策出最优的动力下降段轨迹,可有效解决月面飞行器的多目标轨迹规划问题.     

冗余空间机械臂粗捕获段无碰撞轨迹规划算法

现有的基于C空间的无碰撞轨迹规划算法需要求解C空间以获得C空间障碍边界。对于多自由度的冗余机械臂,求解过程需要消耗很大的计算量和内存,不适用于计算资源紧张的空间机械臂轨迹的快速规划。文章提出了一种不需要求解C空间的试探性规划算法,包含4个子算法：碰撞检测算法、无碰撞目标构型求解算法、无碰撞路径搜索算法和路径平滑算法。已知期望的末端作用器位置和姿态,利用目标构型求解算法得到无碰撞的目标构型,然后由路径搜索算法在C空间障碍边界未知的情况下,利用碰撞检测算法,采用一定的试探规律,在C空间中搜索出一条无碰撞路径,最终由路径平滑算法使该路径平滑,易于实现。仿真算例表明,该算法是快速有效的,适用于冗余空间机械臂粗捕获段的快速轨迹规划。     

PH曲线拟合在数控前瞻中的应用

为解决数控系统进行微小直线段平稳加工的问题,提出了一种拟合方法.综合了误差限制下的微小直线段长度、拐角、直线段相交点单调性等判定条件,将连续的微小直线段分割成若干区域.使用非线性最小二乘法将每一个区域内的点拟合成PH曲线,并通过模拟退火方法调整切矢量来控制拟合误差.根据区域的连接情况,将切矢量分为单向和双向两种调节方法.在模拟退火算法中,将微小直线段的斜率作为切矢量的初始值,利用细分直线的方法逐点计算弓高误差,并将此误差作为目标函数来快速进行切矢量的调整.结果表明,对微小直线段进行区域划分可以提高拟合效率.在控制弓高误差的情况下,此方法可以形成具有良好精度的光滑曲线,可以获得平稳的速度轨迹.     

智能监控场景中运动目标轨迹聚类算法

轨迹分析是视频监控场景理解的基础,但由于遮挡等原因,跟踪过程会出现不完整的噪声轨迹,导致分析结果不准确.针对此类问题利用改进的轨迹相似度度量和聚类方法进行场景区域分割.首先,对轨迹进行编码,提出利用轨迹的空间特征和速度方向特征改进相似性度量方法计算轨迹间距离;其次,采用改进的层次聚类算法,以该类最长轨迹作为运动物体行为模式代表,将在空间上接近且具有相似速度特征的轨迹划分为同一场景区域,得到符合实际情况的聚类结果.本算法无需对轨迹进行复杂的预处理或过滤,并且加入速度方向特征使区域划分更加合理.最后,在真实场景下,验证了该聚类算法的有效性和普遍适用性.     

网络瞄准中的异步传感器空间配准算法

针对现有异步空间配准算法在目标机动时无法准确估计传感器系统误差的问题,研究了一种基于内插外推时间配准的异步传感器空间配准算法.该算法首先采用内插外推时间配准算法实现两传感器的数据同步,随后根据时间配准结果构建伪量测方程.不同于其他文献根据目标状态向量和时间差求解加权系数,从而构造与目标运动状态无关的伪量测方程的方法,该算法的伪量测方程构建过程与目标状态向量无关,且可以证明由时间配准结果构造的伪量测也与目标状态无关.因此该算法可有效解决目标机动条件下的异步传感器空间配准问题.仿真实验验证了该算法在目标作蛇形机动的条件下仍然可准确地对传感器的系统误差进行估计.     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

基于最小值原理的冗余度机器人动力学控制

为了解冗余度机器人全局法优化中数值求解的困难,本文讨论了动力学方程的建立,无约束和有约束最优控制问题之间的内在联系,重点分析了求解最优控制问题的数值方法,文中提出了双向异步积分迭代的求解正则方程组的直接迭代法,较好解决了状态方程和协态方程稳定相逆给求解两点这值问题带来的困难。     

基于GPS载波相位的微卫星姿态算法研究

GPS姿态系统是利用GPS载波相位测量来确定载体的航向和姿态角。本文对微卫星的GPS姿态系统进行了研究。重点解决短基线的GPS状态算法，讨论了姿态价格函数的了小化方法。测试结果表明，所提的算法对小于1m的基线是有效的。