直升机旋翼结冰影响及防/除冰方法综述

为深入认识旋翼结冰的影响，从结冰强度和桨尖冰脱落两个方面阐述了旋翼结冰的特征及其主要响应因素，进而归纳了结冰对直升机升阻力特性、悬停特性、操纵特性等气动影响，并提出了评估旋翼冰脱落对直升机物理损伤的主要思路和方法。介绍了旋翼防/除冰应用中的电热防/除冰、液体防冰和气动除冰等主要技术，系统分析了它们的优缺点：电热防/除冰除冰效率高，但能耗较大；液体防冰能耗低，但作用时间短，且防冰效率不高；气动除冰系统虽然能耗低，但其安装部位有限，并且易造成直升机气动损失。在此基础上，还针对当前直升机防除冰系统存在的缺点，从旋翼结冰的高精度预测、多种防/除冰系统的耦合开发、大面积超疏水材料制备工艺提升等多个方面，全面展望防/除冰未来发展中亟需解决的重要问题。     

基于展向参数主动控制的机翼外形设计方法

传统的机翼外形设计方法包括平面形状设计和关键剖面翼型控制,但有限的机翼剖面翼型无法完全控制机翼参数沿展向的完整分布。以主动控制机翼参数沿展向分布规律为出发点,基于 CATA 中创成式曲面设计模块,提出了一种新的机翼外形设计方法。在所展示的建模实例中,实现了对机翼弦长、几何扭转角、翼型厚度等参数沿展向分布规律的主动控制。建模结果显示,与传统的机翼外形设计方法相比,获得了理论弦曲面和理论前后缘曲线,而非理论弦平面和理论前后缘直线,同时得到前后缘线以外的其余"条展向引导线。该方法可以很容易地推广到对后掠角、最大厚度、最大弯度等参数沿展向分布的主动控制,具有工程应用价值。     

Flight safety oriented ice shape modulation using distributed plasma actuator units

Ice accretion on the wings seriously threatens the flight safety of an aircraft. From the perspectives of ensuring flight safety and saving power consumption, the ice shape modulation method using distributed plasma is proposed. Distributed plasma actuator units are designed to modulate the spanwise continuous ice at the leading edge into periodically segmented ice pieces, forming a wavy leading edge. Both airfoil and scaled aircraft model, with continuous and modulated ice, are experimentally investigated and simulated. Compared with the continuous ice, ice shape modulation can significantly improve the aerodynamic performance, flight control characteristics and flight safety. This method can save about half electric power, which is very beneficial for application.     

Effect of surface blowing on aerodynamic characteristics of tubercled straight wing

Recent research proves that wings with leading-edge tubercles have the ability to perform efficiently in post-stall region over the conventional straight wing. Moreover, the conventional straight wing outperforms the tubercled wing at a pre-stall region which is quintessential. Even though tubercled wing offers great performance enhancement, because of the complexity of the flow, the trough region of the tubercled wing is more prone to flow separation. Henceforth, the present paper aims at surface blowing – an active flow control technique over the tubercled wing to enhance the aerodynamic efficiency by positively influencing its lift characteristics without causing any additional drag penalty. Flow parameters like blowing velocity ratios and the location of blowing were chosen to find the optimised configuration keeping the amplitude and frequency of the leading-edge tubercles constant as 0.12 c and 0.25 c respectively. Numerical investigations were carried out over the baseline tubercled wing and tubercled wing with surface blowing at various blowing jet velocity ratios 0.5, 1 and 2 over four different chordwise locations ranging from 0.3 c to 0.8 c.The results confirm that blowing at various x/c with different blowing velocity ratios performs better than the conventional tubercled wing. Comparatively, blowing velocity ratio 2 at 0.3 c shows peak performance of about 28% enhancement in the lift characteristics relative to the baseline model. Particularly, in the pre-stall region, 25–50% increase in aerodynamic efficiency is evident over the tubercled wing with surface blowing compared with the baseline case. Additionally,attempts were made to delineate the physical significance of the flow separation mechanism due to blowing by visualizing the streamline pattern.     

Recent progress in flapping wing aerodynamics and aeroelasticity

Micro air vehicles (MAVs) have the potential to revolutionize our sensing and information gathering capabilities in areas such as environmental monitoring and homeland security. Flapping wings with suitable wing kinematics, wing shapes, and flexible structures can enhance lift as well as thrust by exploiting large-scale vortical flow structures under various conditions. However, the scaling invariance of both fluid dynamics and structural dynamics as the size changes is fundamentally difficult. The focus of this review is to assess the recent progress in flapping wing aerodynamics and aeroelasticity. It is realized that a variation of the Reynolds number (wing sizing, flapping frequency, etc.) leads to a change in the leading edge vortex (LEV) and spanwise flow structures, which impacts the aerodynamic force generation. While in classical stationary wing theory, the tip vortices (TiVs) are seen as wasted energy, in flapping flight, they can interact with the LEV to enhance lift without increasing the power requirements. Surrogate modeling techniques can assess the aerodynamic outcomes between two- and three-dimensional wing. The combined effect of the TiVs, the LEV, and jet can improve the aerodynamics of a flapping wing. Regarding aeroelasticity, chordwise flexibility in the forward flight can substantially adjust the projected area normal to the flight trajectory via shape deformation, hence redistributing thrust and lift. Spanwise flexibility in the forward flight creates shape deformation from the wing root to the wing tip resulting in varied phase shift and effective angle of attack distribution along the wing span. Numerous open issues in flapping wing aerodynamics are highlighted.     

临界冰形确定方法及其对气动特性影响研究

临界冰形是指在适航规章结冰包线内,每个可用飞行构型下,对飞机操纵性和稳定性影响最严重的冰形,临界冰形分析是飞机适航取证中的重要工作。对临界冰形确定方法,及临界冰形对气动特性的影响进行了研究。发展了基于 CFD 方法计算临界冰形的一般方法,包括临界冰形分析状态、敏感性分析截面确定、结冰参数敏感性分析、临界结冰条件确定、临界冰形确定等。流场计算采用中航工业空气动力研究院气动力计算平台(UNSMB),基于 Jameson 中心格式的有限体积法求解 N-S 方程;水滴撞击特性计算采用 Eulerian 方法求解水滴轨迹运动方程;结冰计算采用经典的 Messinger 热力学模型。选取 CRM 飞机为研究对象,以机翼外翼50%展长处为敏感性分析截面,在典型飞行条件下,分析了结冰对环境温度、水滴直径、飞行速度、飞行迎角等参数的敏感性。利用“几何外形敏感性分析方法”,即通过对比冰形的上下冰角角度和冰角厚度等冰形几何参数来确定最严重冰形,得到了CRM 飞机的临界结冰条件和临界冰形,其中敏感性分析截面在水滴直径为30μm 时上冰角厚度和下冰角厚度最大,冰角最大厚度约41 mm。计算了结冰后的气动性能衰减规律,临界冰形对飞机气动性能影响严重,导致升力降低6.7%~23.8%,阻力增加17%~70.9%。发展了45min 待机临界冰形确定方法,基于几何外形敏感性分析方法进行环境温度、水滴直径、飞行条件等各类参数的结冰敏感性分析,得到飞机的临界结冰条件和临界冰形,对于民用飞机设计和适航取证具有一定的工程应用价值。     

动力干扰下宽体客机机翼多目标优化设计

在机翼/机身/吊挂/动力短舱（WBPN）构型中开展了宽体客机机翼外形多目标优化设计。通过对动力短舱流场的动量积分，分析了直接用壁面积分"阻力"作为机体外形减阻优化设计目标函数的合理性。计算研究了短舱/吊挂的安装，以及发动机喷流对翼吊布局宽体客机机翼的干扰作用，展示了同时在安装效应和喷流干扰下设计机翼外形的重要性。运行搭建于超级计算机上的优化系统，求解雷诺平均Navier-Stokes（RANS）方程计算流场，实现了动力干扰下机翼外形的三点三目标优化设计。在80 h内，完成了近20 000个方案的计算评估，遗传优化近40代。所选的最优方案阻力发散性能明显提高，自动优化后的人工修形设计使机翼剖面展向过渡和压力分布形态更为理想。动力构型下取得的减阻效果，在通气短舱构型下亦得到验证和确认。     

单通道窄体客机气动力设计技术分析

气动力设计是单通道窄体客机的重大关键技术,对飞机性能影响重大。初步梳理和简要分析窄体客机的气动力设计技术,主要方法是典型机型的实例研究和相关数据统计分析和对比,内容包括机翼气动力设计、增升装置、翼梢小翼、CFD技术应用等。机翼气动力设计分析部分首先概述设计重要性和要求;之后给出典型飞机机翼气动力设计实例及主要参数统计数据,包括翼型、平面形状、飞机性能参数等;列出机翼内段-翼根区域气动设计、短舱-吊挂-机翼一体化设计等设计研究课题并简析。增升装置部分首先分析设计难点和问题,之后统计分析波音737和A320各代机型的增升装置设计,包括前缘后缘增升装置类型和主要参数等。翼梢小翼部分给出融合式小翼、双羽小翼减阻数据和展向升力分布改善图。最后简要介绍了波音公司、空中客车公司和我国CFD技术发展应用情况。     

平面铝板上的压电振动除冰方法

以平面铝板为对象,对压电振动除冰方法进行了理论与实验研究。使用有限元方法(FEM)分析了压电片(PZT)长度和厚度对所激发结构模态振动强度的影响。建立了冰层的二维受力模型,分析接触面上的切应力分布,为除冰模态的选取提供指导。结果表明,理想情况下当PZT长度约为某模态半波长的奇数倍时,对该模态的激发效果最好,此外压电片长度还受到结构表面应变分布的影响。在满足强度要求的前提下,压电片厚度应尽量小。结构与冰接触面上的最大切应力出现在结冰边缘部位,大小与结构表面的应变有关,在振动节线附近的切应力最小。实验获得了较好的验证结果,除冰功率约为36.5 W/m2,比电热除冰方法的功耗低1~2个量级。     

Effects of coarse riblets on air flow structures over a slender delta wing using particle image velocimetry

This research investigates the aerodynamic performance and flow characteristics of a delta wing with 65° sweep angle and with coarse axial riblets,and then compares with that of a smooth-surface delta wing.Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV)were utilized to visualize the flow over the wing at 6 cross-sections upright to the wing surface and parallel to the wing span,as well as 3 longitudinal sections on the leading edge,symmetry plane,and a plane between them at Angles of Attack(AOA)=20°and 30°and Re=1.2×10~5,2.4×10~5,and 3.6×10~5.The effects of the riblets were studied on the vortices diameter,vortex breakdown location,vortices distance from the wing surface,flow lines pattern nearby the wing,circulation distribution,and separation.The results show that the textured model has a positive effect on some of the parameters related to drag reduction and lift increase.The riblets increase the flow momentum near the wing’s upper surface except near the apex.They also increase the flow momentum behind the wing.     

基于NURBS曲线的多段翼成形方法与验证

随着民机市场对大型客机的要求不断提高,增升装置的重要性日渐凸显。增升装置可以有效地提高飞机起降阶段的升阻性能。传统增升装置主要包括前缘下垂、前缘缝翼、后缘襟翼等。增升装置外形复杂,设计难度大,设计过程中不仅需要考虑多种增升装置之间的相互影响,还要考虑如何在不破坏干净构型气动外形的基础上实现增升装置的设计,并且增升装置外形精度对气动性能的影响极大,因此需要对其气动外形参数化设计方法进行研究。一套有效的增升装置气动外形参数化设计方法可以极大提高设计效率,缩减研发成本。基于NURBS曲线的可塑性和可控性,提出一种多段翼切割曲线参数化设计方法,实现了对多种干净构型增升装置的成形设计,并验证了该方法的可行性和通用性。     

双喷管STOVL飞行器升力突降动态过程的三维数值模拟

针对双喷管短距/垂直起降(STOVL)飞行器升力突降问题,采用基于雷诺平均的k-ε湍流模型模拟STOVL飞行器气动流场,研究STOVL飞行器吸附力、附加升力对升力突降的影响.获得了稳、动态过程吸附力曲线,研究表明:吸附力由喷管外侧卷吸夹带流动产生的低压区决定,附加升力对升力突降的影响较小.在稳态过程无量纲高度小于3.5,吸附力占飞行器升力10%以上.对比稳、动态过程,发现动态过程吸附力大于稳态过程,在无量纲高度为2时,两者相差最大,为20.6%.主涡的运动和发展迟滞是造成稳、动态过程吸附力差异的原因.      

后掠翼三维鼓包串激波控制参数的影响

针对跨声速后掠翼,三维鼓包串作为一种有效的减阻方式具有结构简单、高效及鲁棒性好等优点.利用全局优化算法探索了鼓包设计参数空间的整体特性,并对鼓包长度、三维鼓包展向设计参数对鼓包减阻效果的影响进行了研究,发现鼓包顶点位置和高度对阻力系数最敏感,三维鼓包的展向设计参数则对阻力系数不敏感,而鼓包长度和鼓包相对展长越长越有利于减阻.在此基础上开展了小后掠角自然层流机翼加3种不同类型鼓包串的优化研究,通过优化结果发现,增加优化后的三维鼓包串,可将小后掠角自然层流机翼阻力发散马赫数向后推移,并且鼓包平均长度和控制区越大,效果越好.三维鼓包串具有良好的局部控制特性,可用于局部较强激波的抑制.三维鼓包串对常规后掠翼波阻具有良好的控制效果,同时能够抑制激波诱导的机翼后缘气流分离.      

结冰环境下结冰/除冰过程的气动参数测量实验技术

采用结冰风洞实验方法,在0.3m×0.2m结冰风洞第二实验段对圆柱模型的结冰/除冰过程进行了气动参数测量实验。建立了电加热圆柱模型和适合低温高湿环境的五分量外式微量天平,获得了结冰气象环境下圆柱模型结冰/除冰过程的气动力/力矩随时间的变化规律。喷雾对载荷和动压的影响可以忽略,单位时间内模型受到喷雾的最大水平力、最大动压增量分别为0.6%和0.2%。基于结冰风洞低温高湿环境的测力实验技术可以捕捉结冰/除冰过程的气动力/力矩变化。结冰过程中,圆柱模型阻力系数随时间不断增大,呈现出近似线性增长趋势,而升力系数、俯仰力矩系数、偏航力矩系数、滚转力矩系数的变化可忽略不计。除冰过程中,前缘冰壳滑动改变了姿态,会造成阻力系数、偏航力矩系数、滚转力矩系数等迅速变化,其对气动性能的影响难以预测。      

Experimental study of flow field distribution over a generic cranked double delta wing

The flow fields over a generic cranked double delta wing were investigated. Pressure and velocity distributions were obtained using a Pitot tube and a hot wire anemometer. Two different leading edge shapes, namely ‘‘sharp" and ‘‘round", were applied to the wing. The wing had two sweep angles of 55° and 30°. The experiments were conducted in a closed circuit wind tunnel at velocity 20 m/s and angles of attack of 5°–20° with the step of 5°. The Reynolds number of the model was about 2 ×10~5 according to the root chord. A dual vortex structure was formed above the wing surface. A pressure drop occurred at the vortex core and the root mean square of the measured velocity increased at the core of the vortices, reflecting the instability of the flow in that region. The magnitude of power spectral density increased strongly in spanwise direction and had the maximum value at the vortex core. By increasing the angle of attack, the pressure drop increased and the vortices became wider; the vortices moved inboard along the wing, and away from the surface; the flow separation was initiated from the outer portion of the wing and developed to its inner part. The vortices of the wing of the sharp leading edge were stronger than those of the round one.     

Aircraft with outboard horizontal stabilizers,history, current status,development potential

The potential of using outboard horizontal stabilizers (OHS) to reduce aircraft drag, and hence improve fuel economy, was investigated historically, experimentally and theoretically. The feasibility of OHS configurations on the basis of the structural stress levels expected was also studied. The findings of the work showed that from simple, low Reynolds number, wind-tunnel tests, at a wing-chord-based Reynolds number of approximately 6×10⁴ and also from theoretical analyses for a higher Reynolds number of 9×10⁶, lift/drag (L/D) value increases in the region of 40–50% for wing and tail surfaces can be expected relative to corresponding values for conventional aircraft. When account is taken of fuselage and tail-support boom drag, the expected overall L/D increase is in the region of 30–35%. The analytical stress-level work showed that contrary to what, on a first thought basis, might be expected, there were no major stress problems. Flight tests at the University of Calgary, and by others elsewhere, employing radio-controlled, powered, model aircraft (i.e. UAVs) showed that aircraft of the OHS type were easily controlled in flight and were stable. An examination was made of additional areas that may contribute yet further to the development of the OHS concept.     

小展弦比机翼加装格尼襟翼的低雷诺数试验

通过风洞试验研究了在低雷诺数下加装格尼襟翼的小展弦比机翼气动特性,机翼展弦比为1.67,格尼襟翼为1%~4%弦长高度,试验雷诺数分别为2.0×105和5.0×105.天平测力和表面测压的试验结果表明:低雷诺数下小展弦比机翼加装一定高度的格尼襟翼后,升力系数明显提高,加装1%弦长高度的格尼襟翼还能够提高机翼的升阻比.这是因为在试验雷诺数下,合适高度的襟翼在提高了机翼升力的同时并未显著增大机翼阻力.对比不同试验雷诺数下格尼襟翼的作用效果,表明格尼襟翼能够减少低雷诺数气流分离的不利影响,并且在较小的雷诺数下这种作用更加显著.关于格尼襟翼对低雷诺数层流分离现象的影响,还需要通过细致的流场显示技术进行研究.      

飞机机翼表面霜冰的三维数值模拟

基于欧拉两相流理论对三维情况下飞机机翼表面的霜冰进行了数值模拟.根据水滴拟流体模型建立三维水滴控制方程;提出一套水滴控制方程的数值求解方法;由三维水滴流场的求解结果计算机翼表面的水滴收集特性,提出一种三维积冰外形的生成方法,完成了对飞机机翼表面霜冰的三维数值模拟.对ONERA M6机翼在不同迎角下霜冰的积冰情况进行了数值预测,并分析了结冰条件对积冰的影响.      

分布式涵道风扇喷流对后置机翼的气动性能影响

以分布式电推进（DEP）垂直起降（VTOL）无人机（UAVs）为研究背景,采用基于混合网格技术及k-ω SST湍流模型求解雷诺平均Navier-Stokes （RANS）方程的多重参考系（MRF）/动量源方法（MSM）,对分布式涵道风扇-机翼构型的喷流气动特性进行了高精度准定常的数值模拟。通过对涵道单元/涵道-机翼的实验验证了零来流条件下数值计算方法的可靠性和高效性,进而对分布式涵道风扇-机翼构型的气动优势进行了分析讨论,最后对分布式涵道风扇的转速、间距、涵道风扇旋转方向等因素进行了数值模拟。研究表明：相比于单个涵道风扇,分布式涵道风扇通过喷流的耦合作用大大提升了机翼的气动特性;分布式涵道风扇不同转速的喷流对截面翼型的压力分布和周围流场的速度分布影响具有一定的相似性,但具体数值随转速变化;分布式涵道风扇间距的增大会改善涵道风扇单元的拉力特性,机翼的气动特性会随之降低;涵道风扇合理的旋转方向不仅会使得下翼面喷流区域的高压过渡更加平缓,静压数值更加连续,而且内侧涵道风扇也会被外侧喷流所激励,对机翼的升力特性产生更好的诱导效果。