美军航天装备作战试验鉴定策略研究及案例分析

航天装备作战试验是装备试验鉴定新形势下的新规定动作,面临极大的难度。文章针对航天装备作战试验的固有特征和客观问题,对近年来美军航天装备作战试验活动实例进行深入分析,总结提炼美军采取的按系统层级螺旋式递进开展作战试验、按系统复杂性分类开展作战试验等多种针对性策略,以及采用的专项开展面向太空威胁表征的试验鉴定资源建设、建模仿真与实装试验相结合等多种举措,旨在为我军航天装备更高效、更有效地开展作战试验进而快速列装提供经验与借鉴。     

Potential markets for application of space medicine achievements

The Institute of Biomedical Problems (IBMP) is the lead institution of the Russian Federation in the area of space biology and medicine. It has successfully implemented a set of innovation-based activities and projects to develop and introduce promising space products and technologies into the practices of Earth health care.     

卫星空间环境效应评估可视化应用技术探索

卫星设计人员在设计阶段要参考空间环境效应评估数据,这些大量抽象枯燥的数据难以直观地说明空间环境效应对卫星的影响。文章着重讨论了对空间环境效应试验数据与计算数据进行可视化应用的方法和步骤,并对由此建立的可视化系统进行了描述。可视化系统的应用 便于设计人员在卫星设计阶段有效评估空间环境效应对卫星可靠性的影响,能及时修正设计模型。     

On the contribution of space medicine in the public health care

With the beginning of space era, a new branch of medicine has arisen and has been developing along with human exploration of outer space. And even though space medicine mainly faces the same problems as traditional medicine--cosmonauts health care and their high efficiency--this branch, has its own features, associated with the unusual factors of space flight, of which weightlessness is the major one. During the development of manned cosmonautics (duration of a human stay in space has reached already 438 days), methods of cosmonauts medical support and monitoring of their condition have been developed, knowledge of human possibilities and methods of process of organism adaptation to various and frequently severe conditions of external environment have increased. All this led to the fact that nowadays space medicine can become useful for improvement of human health care not only in space but also on the Earth. Moreover, the problem of implementation of cosmonautics achievements, and in particular of space medicine, in practice of public health care presents one of the most important issues concerning human health care. It is also connected with public opinion which is more and more concerned about the efficiency of significant expenses on space activities, especially lately. People often are set by the questions: what has space given, what fruits has space research provided to mankind, which results of this research can be used on the Earth already today for improvement of their life, for discussion of many difficult earthly problems? In terms of using cosmonautics possibilities, its achievements for health care and treatment, it is possible to define a few branches, in which purposeful studies are carried out.     

The visual stress model--a psycho-physiological method for the evaluation of operational reliability of pilots and cosmonauts.

An experimental psycho-physiological method is presented for the evaluation of visual-cognitive performance preconditions and operational reliability of pilots and cosmonauts. As visual-cognitive stress are used tachistoscopically presented instrument symbols under conditions of individual speed of work and time pressure. The results of the compared extreme groups consisting of pilots with good and insufficient flight performance showed that the pilots with impairments to the quality of flight activity differ already before the test in their individual habitual characteristics and actual motivation, during the stress in their operational parameters, in the dimensions of their cardiorespiratory activation as well as in their efficiency and after the stress in their subjective experience of the stress. Conclusions are drawn for the evaluation of the aptitude of pilots and cosmonauts.     

Driving UK space policy forward: Time for an annual conference

Despite public enthusiasm, space in the UK is perceived as lacking support from the government and policy often seems incoherent. A knock-on effect is the low number of students pursuing study or careers in science and engineering. Lately, however, space activity has been receiving greater attention from official circles and, in an effort to capitalise on this, a group of individuals has come up with a plan to hold an annual conference on UK space policy. The aims and framework of the conference are described.     

空间站吸声降噪设计的仿真评估与验证

文章针对空间站吸声降噪设计中存在的降噪效果评估问题,以空间站缩比结构为研究对象,利用声学有限元法进行吸声降噪设计仿真评估。首先建立适用于空间站的吸声降噪设计仿真评估模型,然后通过地面噪声试验验证仿真模型的准确性;最后对几种空间站可用的不同性质的吸声材料在缩比结构中的降噪效果进行了定量仿真评估。结果表明塑料泡沫的降噪效果最好,其次是浇注泡沫;浇注泡沫的质量相对较轻。本研究可为预先定量评估空间站吸声降噪设计提供参考。     

空间站舱内噪声评价与降噪技术现状及建议

空间站舱内噪声对航天员危害严重,必须对其进行严格控制。文章首先分析了适用于空间站噪声评价的指标以及主要噪声源特点;总结了空间站的噪声预测方法和不同方法适用的频率范围、局限性;介绍了国际空间站的降噪工作,总结了其中的经验和不足;最后结合我国空间站噪声控制的研究现状,对我国空间站降噪工作提出了建议：降噪工作必须贯穿空间站设计、制造和在轨工作的整个过程,才能对噪声进行有效控制。     

Prioritizing scientific exploration: A comparison of the ethical justifications for space development and for space science

I argue that the moral justification for space science is more compelling than the moral justification for space development. Thus, we ought to reemphasize the status of science as a major stakeholder in space, especially when entertaining policies which might encourage the kinds of space development activities (e.g. resource exploitation) that are liable to conflict with the scientific uses of space.     

Improving international space cooperation: Considerations for the USA

In 2000 there were 40 different countries that had registered space agencies. By 2009 that number had continued to grow to 55. This article discusses how cooperation allows a nation to leverage resource and reduce risk; improve global engagement; and enhance diplomatic prestige of engaged states, political sustainability and workforce stability. The obstacles and impediments to cooperation are substantial, and are manifested through various anti-collaborative behaviors. To achieve success, these obstacles and impediments must be understood and confronted. The article examines the substantial challenges posed by technology transfer constraints, international and domestic politics, and exceptionalism perspectives. Given the imperative to cooperate, four frameworks (cooperation, augmentation, interdependence, and integration) can be employed to overcome these challenges and achieve success.     

空间粒子辐射监测器用模拟信号源的实现

空间粒子辐射监测器需要有模拟信号源在其生产和测试、试验阶段对其进行电性能检测,并随其辗转于各测试场地。使用进口模拟信号源存在操作复杂、设备笨重及只有单路输出等问题,因此需要设计一种专用模拟信号源。根据空间粒子辐射监测器的要求自行研制的模拟信号源有多路模拟信号输出,且各路信号幅度可独立调节,并采用内部电源供电。经过测试验证,该模拟信号源可作为空间粒子辐射监测器的配套设备使用,性能优于原进口模拟信号源,其电路设计亦可为相关设备提供参考。     

美军航天装备COTS试验鉴定工作透视及思考

随着航天装备更新换代的速度越来越快,能够显著压缩研发时间与成本的商用货架产品（COTS）在航天装备中的使用率大幅提高,因此如何对COTS开展试验鉴定以保证航天装备的性能和可靠性成为必须考虑的问题。文章从横向范围、纵向深度及存在问题3个维度全面立体地对美军航天装备COTS试验鉴定工作进行阐述分析,在此基础上提出适用于我国开展航天货架产品试验鉴定工作的建议。     

Commercial space and international trade rules: an assessment of the WTO''s influence on the sector

This paper explores how the WTO process may affect the development of commercial space industries in Asia. It does so by examining how the ever greater reach of trade rules may constrain industrial and technology policies aimed at developing an indigenous space capability. The role of the USA is also examined, as it is the US industry that will be among the most affected by increased competition in satellite and launcher services.     

OLTARIS: On-line tool for the assessment of radiation in space

OLTARIS (On-Line Tool for the Assessment of Radiation In Space) is a space radiation analysis tool available on the World Wide Web. It can be used to study the effects of space radiation for various spacecraft and mission scenarios involving humans and electronics. The transport is based on the HZETRN transport code and the input nuclear physics model is NUCFRG. This paper describes the tools behind the web interface and the types of inputs required to obtain results. Typical inputs are mission parameters and slab definitions or vehicle thickness distributions. Radiation environments can be chosen by the user. This paper describes these inputs as well as the output response functions including dose, dose equivalent, whole body effective dose equivalent, LET spectra and detector response models.     

A glimpse from the inside of a space suit: What is it really like to train for an EVA?

The beauty of the view from the office of a spacewalking astronaut gives the impression of simplicity, but few beyond the astronauts, and those who train them, know what it really takes to get there. Extravehicular Activity (EVA) training is an intense process that utilizes NASA’s Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) to develop a very specific skill set needed to safely construct and maintain the orbiting International Space Station. To qualify for flight assignments, astronauts must demonstrate the ability to work safely and efficiently in the physically demanding environment of the space suit, possess an acute ability to resolve unforeseen problems, and implement proper tool protocols to ensure no tools will be lost in space. Through the insights and the lessons learned by actual EVA astronauts and EVA instructors, this paper will take you on a journey through an astronaut’s earliest experiences working in the space suit, termed the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU), in the underwater training environment of the NBL. This work details an actual Suit Qualification NBL training event, outlines the numerous challenges the astronauts face throughout their initial training, and the various ways they adapt their own abilities to overcome them. The goal of this paper is to give everyone a small glimpse into what it is really like to work in a space suit.     

Taking stock of Europe's developing space policy: from the European space policy workshops to the European space policy forum

A series of workshops designed to make up for the lack of high-level, informal discussion of European space policy has been running—with a gap during formulation of the EC Green/White Paper on this subject—since September 2002. In view of the progress made in establishing a coherent European strategy, and of various other recent events, such as China's entry into the human spaceflight field, the organizers intend not only to continue the series but also to establish a more permanent, research-oriented European Space Policy Foundation (ESPF). Following a report on the proceedings of the third workshop, held in September 2003, which covered developing an overall European policy, new applications (Galileo and GMES) and human spaceflight, the authors set out a proposal for an ESPF and present the six major research themes it would aim to investigate.     

Satellite communications and the Internet: implications for the outer space treaty

The speedily expanding Internet is in the process of transforming the technological, economic, and policy bases for nation-state regulation of telecommunications, including space-based satellite networks. Deployment of the packet-switched Internet has accelerated the liberalization of telecommunications markets and has led to far-reaching regulatory restructuring and policy shifts regarding state ownership and control of networks and information flows. As space-based GMPCS networks become integral parts of the globalizing Internet infrastructure, the state-centric legal paradigm requiring state “authorization and continuing supervision” of space activities by “non-governmental entities” stipulated under Article VI of the OST and associated treaties forming the outer space legal regime will be called increasingly into question. This paper examines the technological, economic/trade, and security issues that question whether the existing state-centric paradigm for regulating Internel-based GMPCS satellite systems will remain in legal phase with emerging liberalized regulatory regimes for terrestrial Internet-based infractructures.     

The tortoise and the tortoise : The new race for space

Until now space activity has been driven by international political competition. But recent events in Eastern Europe have undercut the political incentives for expanded space activity, and meanwhile fiscal constraints, arising for different reasons in the USA, Europe and the USSR, are putting unprecedented pressure on space budgets. In the long term, however, it is likely that a new kind of competition fuelled by economic motives will provide the basis for a more determined and perhaps more stable opening of the space frontier. Dropping out of the space race for short-term reasons could be a costly and irrevocable decision.     

Transforming space dreams into realities : Hopes for the 1990s

A member of the Cal Space group convened to study ways of capitalizing on the past 20 years of investment in space, Philip R. Harris here outlines how he believes the US space effort can be galvanized to meet the challenges of the next decade. A new space ethos must be fostered within the national culture by broadening popular involvement in space enterprise. NASA should also be reformed to give it more independence and initiative. This calls for transformational leadership, committed to creating and communicating the vision of change.