俯仰轴飞行品质中频域准则的计算与模拟

简要介绍了军用飞机飞行品质MIL—STD—1797A中有关俯仰轴频域难则的要求和原由。提出了对这些难则的理论计算和模拟试验方法。并以某飞机为例，利用所提出的方法，对其飞行品质进行了计算和模拟。结果表明，所提出的计算和模拟方法是合理的。最后，讨论了驾驶员模型形式对俯仰轴飞行品质的影响。     

飞机机动飞行时的隐模型控制器设计

为提高飞机的过失速机动能力，参考X-31A飞机的飞行控制系统模型，对非线性因素如气动力、陀螺惯性耦合以及重力影响进行补偿后，按飞行品质要求采用隐模型跟踪法设计了某机的反馈控制器，计算仿真表明，该控制器能够较好地发挥飞机的操纵潜力，可使飞机在获得较好的过失速机动能力的同时具有较为满意的飞行品质，引入推力短量控制，可增加飞机的操纵效能，从而增强控制器效果。     

Improved NSGA-II Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm Based on Hybridization-encouraged Mechanism

To improve performances of multi-objective optimization algorithms, such as convergence and diversity, a hybridization- encouraged mechanism is proposed and realized in elitist nondominated sorting genetic algorithm （NSGA-Ⅱ）. This mechanism uses the normalized distance to evaluate the difference among genes in a population. Three possible modes of crossover operators--＂Max Distance＂, ＂Min-Max Distance＂, and ＂Neighboring-Max＂--are suggested and analyzed. The mode of ＂Neighboring-Max＂, which not only takes advantage of hybridization but also improves the distribution of the population near Pareto optimal front, is chosen and used in NSGA-Ⅱ on the basis of hybridization-encouraged mechanism （short for HEM-based NSGA-Ⅱ）. To prove the HEM-based algorithm, several problems are studied by using standard NSGA-Ⅱ and the presented method. Different evaluation criteria are also used to judge these algorithms in terms of distribution of solutions, convergence, diversity, and quality of solutions. The numerical results indicate that the application of hybridization-encouraged mechanism could effectively improve the performances of genetic algorithm. Finally, as an example in engineering practices, the presented method is used to design a longitudinal flight control system, which demonstrates the obtainability of a reasonable and correct Pareto front.     

短周期运动飞行品质的几种判据

飞机纵向短周期运动是影响其飞行品质的关键因素，根据国外近年来所进行的研究，综合，发纳出六种适用于小迎角飞行的短周期飞行品质标准，基于等效系统的控制期望参数（ＣＡＰ）等准则依然适用，并作了增补；对于不能用低阶系统等效的飞机提出了诸发带宽准则等相应判据，这六种准则各有其侧重点和适用范围，较全面地反映了飞机短周期运动特性，共同完成对飞行品质的评判和预估。     

放宽静稳定电传客机纵向短周期品质评定方法

民用客机强调飞行的安全性和舒适性,由于设计与使用的特点,其短周期模态的自然频率、操纵灵敏度与带宽均较低,时间延迟较大,且一般采用不同于军用运输机的控制律构型。提出以军用规范作为参照的电传客机飞行品质评定及适航审定方法,是现代民用客机飞行控制律设计的关键问题。为改善某放宽静稳定构型客机的短周期飞行品质,设计了迎角、C^*和过载构型飞行控制律。按咨询通告AC25-7A所给出的操纵品质等级评定方法(HQRM),采用等效系统评定法、高阶频域法和高阶时域法评定了闭环飞机的短周期飞行品质及适航符合性。结果表明,军用规范条款对时延和带宽的限制对于客机可适当放宽。对于迎角构型,等效系统参数准则、带宽准则和俯仰速率响应准则均适用;过载构型评定应采用等效系统参数准则、俯仰速率响应准则;C^*属非常规响应构型,应采用带宽准则和俯仰速率响应准则评定。     

Man-machine-interface in modern transport systems from an aviation safety perspective

The early long-range-jets were operated by five cockpit crew members: Captain, Copilot, Flight Engineer, Navigator and Radio-Operator. Nowadays even the big jets are flown by only two pilots. This development could only be achieved by introducing new technologies to the airline industry and automating aircraft systems. Due to the scientific progress made in the last decades today's aircraft are most reliable – a fact which is clearly reflected by accident statistics. Technical failures became more and more unlikely and the lack of manpower on the flight deck was more than compensated. However, starting in the late 80s a number of accidents occurred to highly automated aircraft, which alarmed accident investigators worldwide. In most of the cases automation was a factor or at least one link in the accident chain of events. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) launched a study on “The Interfaces Between Flight Crews and Modern Flight Deck Systems” and came up with numerous findings. In the following article I like to discuss the topic ‘Man-Machine-Interface in modern Transport Systems’ from an Aviation Safety Perspective.     

俯仰轴飞行品质中等效系统准则的计算与模拟

在理解飞机飞行品质规范MIL-STD-1797A基础上，采用等铲系统准则评价了某机的俯仰轴飞行品质，等效系统是通过阻尼最小二乘法拟配获得，其拟配结果与人-机闭环操纵模拟试验结果一致，表明所采用的理论计算和模拟试验方法来验证飞行品质是可行的，合理的，此外，还探讨了等效系统模型形式，拟配参数初值的选取等对拟配结果的影响。     

飞机横航向等效拟配模型的对比研究

针对电传飞机的横航向低阶等效拟配问题，根据国外新近规范及相关资料对飞机横航向等效模型及其拟配方法的提法，选用了五种适用于不同情况的等效系统数学模型，比较和研究了它们各自的特点；并通过对具体算例的计算，验证了各等效模型的适用范围及拟配方法的实用性；同时，对频率范围的确定，初值的选取等拟配计算中遇到的问题进行了探讨，提出了一些参考性建议。     

Prediction of aerodynamic characteristics of an aircraft model with and without winglet using fuzzy logic technique

This paper describes the potentials of an aircraft model without and with winglet attached with NACA wing No. 65-3-218. Based on the longitudinal aerodynamic characteristics analyzing for the aircraft model tested in low subsonic wind tunnel, the lift coefficient (CL) and drag coefficient (CD) were investigated respectively. Wind tunnel test results were obtained for CL and CD versus the angle of attack α for three Reynolds numbers Re (1.7×¹⁰⁵, 2.1×¹⁰⁵, and 2.5×¹⁰⁵) and three configurations (configuration 1: without winglet, configuration 2: winglet at 0° and configuration 3: winglet at 60°). Compared with conventional technique, fuzzy logic technique is more efficient for the representation, manipulation and utilization. Therefore, the primary purpose of this work was to investigate the relationship between lift coefficients and drag coefficients with free-stream velocities and angle of attacks, and to illustrate how fuzzy expert system (FES) might play an important role in prediction of aerodynamic characteristics of an aircraft model with the addition of winglet. In this paper, an FES model was developed to predict the lift and drag coefficients of the aircraft model with winglet at 60°. The mean relative error of measured and predicted values (from FES model) were 6.52% for lift coefficient and 4.74% for drag coefficient. For all parameters, the relative error of predicted values was found to be less than the acceptable limits (10%). The goodness of fit of prediction (from FES model) values were found as 0.94 for lift coefficient and 0.98 for drag coefficient which were close to 1.0 as expected.     

战斗机空战敏捷性管理系统研究

从战斗机敏捷性管理系统的飞行力学机理入手，分析了敏捷性管理系统的概念，比较了敏捷性管理系统与通常的迎角限制器各自的控制特点，讨论了敏捷性管理系统与转弯坡度及进入速度的关系，以一架第三代战斗机为例，计算并讨论其能量机动图。结果表明，敏捷性管理系统对速度消散率进行了限制，因而延缓了飞机迎角的增大，提出了飞机的持续机动能力，有利于战斗任务的完成。     

舵面破损对飞机轴间运动耦合飞行品质的影响

为研究舵面破损对电传控制飞机轴间运动耦合飞行品质的影响,选取了能够反映飞机多轴运动耦合特性的飞行品质评定任务,建立了舵面破损飞机的飞行动力学模型,选取了适用于表征飞机轴间运动耦合程度的特征参数,形成了基于任务的角速率指令式电传控制飞机轴间运动耦合飞行品质的评定方法。采用该方法对具有不同舵面破损程度的算例飞机开展了飞行品质评估试验,得到了能够量化舵面破损对角速率指令式电传控制飞机飞行品质影响的特征参数取值规律。研究结果对于舵面破损情形下飞机飞行安全与作战效能评估等均有一定的理论参考价值。     

Magnetosphere Imaging Instrument (MIMI) on the Cassini Mission to Saturn/Titan

The magnetospheric imaging instrument (MIMI) is a neutral and charged particle detection system on the Cassini orbiter spacecraft designed to perform both global imaging and in-situ measurements to study the overall configuration and dynamics of Saturn’s magnetosphere and its interactions with the solar wind, Saturn’s atmosphere, Titan, and the icy satellites. The processes responsible for Saturn’s aurora will be investigated; a search will be performed for substorms at Saturn; and the origins of magnetospheric hot plasmas will be determined. Further, the Jovian magnetosphere and Io torus will be imaged during Jupiter flyby. The investigative approach is twofold. (1) Perform remote sensing of the magnetospheric energetic (E > 7 keV) ion plasmas by detecting and imaging charge-exchange neutrals, created when magnetospheric ions capture electrons from ambient neutral gas. Such escaping neutrals were detected by the Voyager l spacecraft outside Saturn’s magnetosphere and can be used like photons to form images of the emitting regions, as has been demonstrated at Earth. (2) Determine through in-situ measurements the 3-D particle distribution functions including ion composition and charge states (E > 3 keV/e). The combination of in-situ measurements with global images, together with analysis and interpretation techniques that include direct “forward modeling’’ and deconvolution by tomography, is expected to yield a global assessment of magnetospheric structure and dynamics, including (a) magnetospheric ring currents and hot plasma populations, (b) magnetic field distortions, (c) electric field configuration, (d) particle injection boundaries associated with magnetic storms and substorms, and (e) the connection of the magnetosphere to ionospheric altitudes. Titan and its torus will stand out in energetic neutral images throughout the Cassini orbit, and thus serve as a continuous remote probe of ion flux variations near 20R _S (e.g., magnetopause crossings and substorm plasma injections). The Titan exosphere and its cometary interaction with magnetospheric plasmas will be imaged in detail on each flyby. The three principal sensors of MIMI consists of an ion and neutral camera (INCA), a charge–energy–mass-spectrometer (CHEMS) essentially identical to our instrument flown on the ISTP/Geotail spacecraft, and the low energy magnetospheric measurements system (LEMMS), an advanced design of one of our sensors flown on the Galileo spacecraft. The INCA head is a large geometry factor (G ∼ 2.4 cm² sr) foil time-of-flight (TOF) camera that separately registers the incident direction of either energetic neutral atoms (ENA) or ion species (≥5^∘ full width half maximum) over the range 7 keV/nuc < E < 3 MeV/nuc. CHEMS uses electrostatic deflection, TOF, and energy measurement to determine ion energy, charge state, mass, and 3-D anisotropy in the range 3 ≤ E ≤ 220 keV/e with good (∼0.05 cm² sr) sensitivity. LEMMS is a two-ended telescope that measures ions in the range 0.03 ≤ E ≤ 18 MeV and electrons 0.015 ≤ E≤ 0.884 MeV in the forward direction (G ∼ 0.02 cm² sr), while high energy electrons (0.1–5 MeV) and ions (1.6–160 MeV) are measured from the back direction (G ∼ 0.4 cm² sr). The latter are relevant to inner magnetosphere studies of diffusion processes and satellite microsignatures as well as cosmic ray albedo neutron decay (CRAND). Our analyses of Voyager energetic neutral particle and Lyman-α measurements show that INCA will provide statistically significant global magnetospheric images from a distance of ∼60 R _S every 2–3 h (every ∼10 min from ∼20 R _S). Moreover, during Titan flybys, INCA will provide images of the interaction of the Titan exosphere with the Saturn magnetosphere every 1.5 min. Time resolution for charged particle measurements can be < 0.1 s, which is more than adequate for microsignature studies. Data obtained during Venus-2 flyby and Earth swingby in June and August 1999, respectively, and Jupiter flyby in December 2000 to January 2001 show that the instrument is performing well, has made important and heretofore unobtainable measurements in interplanetary space at Jupiter, and will likely obtain high-quality data throughout each orbit of the Cassini mission at Saturn. Sample data from each of the three sensors during the August 18 Earth swingby are shown, including the first ENA image of part of the ring current obtained by an instrument specifically designed for this purpose. Similarily, measurements in cis-Jovian space include the first detailed charge state determination of Iogenic ions and several ENA images of that planet’s magnetosphere.This revised version was published online in July 2005 with a corrected cover date.     

放宽静稳定性大型客机纵向控制增稳系统设计

针对大型客机放宽静稳定性后纵向稳定性和操纵品质不足等问题,采用LQG/LTR理论及方法设计了一种纵向控制增稳系统,并通过典型重心位置和飞行阶段的仿真,表明该系统具有比经典控制增稳系统更为理想的增稳效果、鲁棒性、抗干扰能力和操纵品质。     

基于任务的硬式加油伸缩管操纵品质研究

操纵品质是评价和设计硬式空中加油伸缩管的重要指标,但目前尚未有系统性的评价伸缩管操纵品质的方法和结论。为了解决现有投入使用的伸缩管型号较少即用于品质研究的样本不足的问题,在对伸缩管本体特性进行分析之后,引入了可以通过改变参考模型参数而获得不同闭环响应特性的控制系统。结合伸缩管的任务特性,设计了在空中加油模拟器上完成的操纵品质试验,并采用主观以及客观两方面的评定手段对具有不同闭环响应特性的评定样本进行了操纵品质评定,从而建立了基于任务的伸缩管操纵品质评定方法。最后,利用低阶等效拟配方法获得了伸缩管的低阶等效参数,通过对多个样本的低阶等效参数与任务评定结果进行统计分析得到了伸缩管俯仰轴和偏航轴的操纵品质等级边界,从而完成伸缩管操纵品质要求的研究。建立的评定方法和操纵品质要求可以作为指导伸缩管设计与评定的理论依据。     

基于数字虚拟飞行的民用飞机纵向地面操稳特性评估

针对民用飞机设计方案纵向地面操稳特性的评估需求,面向适航标准的要求,提出了一种基于数字虚拟飞行的评估方法。基于适航条例要求提出了纵向地面操稳特性的量化判定准则,建立了飞机的地面运动模型和驾驶员操纵模型,以实现起降等特定地面运行任务的数字虚拟飞行,最终依据数字虚拟飞行结果和判定准则对飞机设计方案的地面操稳特性做出评估。应用此方法研究了某大型运输类飞机的纵向地面操稳特性。数字虚拟飞行结果表明:前翻倾向的严重情况发生在起降过程的高速滑行段,主轮刹车引起的机身前翻倾向是显著的,起落架纵向定位参数设计以及飞行进近参数选择均会对飞机的纵向地面操稳特性产生影响。     

Suggestion for aircraft flying qualities requirements of a short-range air combat mission

Owing to the lack of a direct link with the operations in short-range air combat,conventional aircraft flying qualities criteria are inappropriate to guide the design of a task-tailored flight control law.By applying the mission-oriented flying qualities evaluation approach,various aircraft with different control law parameters are evaluated on a ground-based simulator.This paper compares the evaluation results with several conventional flying qualities criteria,and discusses the appropriate parameter combination to reflect the flying qualities requirements of short-range air combat,The comparison and analysis show that a short-range air combat mission requires a higher minimum short period mode natural frequency and a smaller maximum roll mode time constant,and allows a lower minimum pitch attitude bandwidth and a higher maximum short period mode damp ratio than those of conventional flying qualities criteria.Furthermore,a combination of the pitch attitude bandwidth,the pitch attitude magnitude at the bandwidth frequency,and the pitch attitude transfer function gain can define the flying qualities requirements of short-range air com bat.The new metric can successfully predict the flying quality levels of aircraft in a short-range air combat mission.     

桨根弹性约束刚度对无人直升机飞行品质影响

基于美国陆军航空设计标准ADS-33E-PRF,从稳定性、操纵性和轴间耦合3个方面,对“跷跷板”式旋翼桨榖加装弹性支承件后的“翼扇涵体”无人直升机进行飞行品质评价。简要介绍了样例无人直升机的飞行动力学模型;结合无人直升机的飞行操纵特点,对ADS-33E-PRF中有关稳定性、操纵性和轴间耦合的内容做了适应性剪裁;以旋翼桨根加装了弹性支承件的样例直升机为例,计算不同弹性约束刚度下的配平特性和飞行品质参数,结合飞行品质评价方法,对样例无人直升机的飞行品质进行评价和比较分析。结果表明:桨根弹性约束刚度对飞行品质中的稳定性、操纵性和轴间耦合3个方面均有影响,并且刚度系数取1左右比较合适。      

基于自适应不对称高斯基函数网络的可靠飞行跟踪控制

针对歼击机操纵面结构故障,提出了一种基于自适应不对称高斯基函数网络（AGBFN）的可靠跟踪控制方案。该方案的特点是在传统的线性控制器的基础上,引入基于自适应AGBFN的自适应控制器,用于在线补偿由于建模误差、外扰、以及操纵面卡死或损伤所造成的影响,并且采用控制隔离技术来处理执行机构的饱和问题。完全自适应AGBFN采用不对称高斯基函数,并且可以在线更新网络所有参数,克服了传统RBF网络对称性约束,提高了网络的适应性和学习能力,从而保证歼击机的操纵品质,且输出较好地跟踪参考模型输出。飞行仿真结果表明,文中采用的控制方法使飞机在正常状态和故障状态下均可获得满意的控制效果。