高频小公差石英谐振器的研制

研制宽温度范围(-25～+60℃)内,频率随温度变化小于±5×10~(-6)的小公差石英谐振器,是目前国内压电晶体行业的重要任务之一。本文介绍了5～75MHz 小公差石英谐振器的设计、关键工艺,以及测试中应注意的问题。最后给出了试验结果.     

低温下工作的石英晶体振荡器

本文介绍石英晶体谐振器在低温下工作的性能试验结果及其在高稳定振荡器中的应用。已经对两种不同型号的晶体谐振器进行了测试:BVA_2型设计(无电极设计)的5MHz谐振器和常规设计的5MHz、五次泛音 AT 切谐振器。在4.2K 时 Q 值大约增加了一个数量级。低于4.2K 时所测出的上述每一种谐振器的 Q 值均无明显的增加。对于这两种型号的晶体,各取一只样品,在靠近2K 时的温度系数和4.2K 时的数值相比较是显著降低了。BVA_2型样品在靠近2K 时的温度系数为3×10~(-10)/K。同一只晶体在靠近2K 时所得到的幅频效应表明,在10~(-7)瓦以上时频率随晶体耗散功率的变化是很大的。本文给出了采用在低温下工作的石英晶体谐振器来稳定振荡器系统的某些结果。     

一种采用介质谐振器的X波段GaAsFET振荡器

一种采用介质谐振器的高稳定X波段GaAsFET振荡器已经研制出来。这种振荡器的频率稳定度低于±1MHz(-40℃～85℃),其外形尺寸大大地缩小了(20.3mm×12.6mm×8.8mm)。为介质谐振器研制了一种新材料Ba(NiTa)为O3—Ba(ZrZnTa)为O3,这种新型材料具有非常高的Q值和高的温度稳定性。在10GHz和Tf=0ppm/℃时,谐振器的特性为K=29,Q=10000。     

高性能SC切谐振器的设计

采用基频、三次和五次泛音设计的 SC 切α石英谐振器已经制造出来,其频率复盖范围为4MHz 到100MHz。一些设计数据表明,SC 切谐振器的理论最大 Q 值,要比 AT 切谐振器的高(15～20)％。例如,一种已经制成的60兆赫三次泛音 SC 切谐振器,其 Q 值达到25万,这个数字是 AT 切谐振器在该频率上的理论最大 Q 值。已经确定了几种 SC 切设计(平-平、平-凸、双凸,基频和泛音)的“零角”。Vig 用控制磨球面来调整5MHz 基频 SC 切谐振器转折点的方法,已经用于生产中。SC 切晶片的化学抛光法通过生产实践正在完善。研究表明,Vig 建议的1:4的氢氟酸-氟化铵溶液对 SC 切晶片的表面污染是完全允许的。然而,他建议的1:2氢氟酸-水溶液引起了 SC 切+X 表面的退化。所有磨球面的 SC 切的设计是这样进行的,即在晶片的同一晶面磨球面,这是在 Bond介绍的电路中通过对每个晶片的挤压试验来完成的。对用同样制造技术加工的 AT 和 SC 谐振器老化特性的研究表明,典型的 SC 谐振器进入最终老化率的时间要比 AT 的快(5～10)倍,而典型 SC 切的最终老化率有(2～3)倍的改进。     

AT+SC切石英晶体谐振器热滞的自动测量方法和结果

本文的目的是要说明传统的HC—27/U玻璃壳封装的精密石英晶体谐振器温度补偿的极限。为了对限制补偿精度的谐振器的热滞(返回)进行测量,建立了计算机控制的滞后测量台,该测量台曾用来测量由3个德国厂家制造的多种晶体。与AT切晶体相比较,SC切晶体没有显示出实际优点。用数字温度补偿石英晶体振荡器可获得的频率稳定度,单仅晶体谐振器的热滞一项,就限制在△f/f=±1×10~(-7)左右。如果把用做补偿的温度传感器的不精确度和数字化的分辨误差加在一起,则对于连续生产而废品率不高的情况可以把可达到的频率稳定度假定为△f/f=±2×10~(-7)。这个数值实际上与工作温度范围无关。     

四点安装的SC切和AT切谐振器的加速度和加热特性

本文研究了四点安装的 SC 切和 AT 切谐振器的加速度灵敏度和加热特性。加速度的灵敏度是根据振动引起的边带来确定的。每一个谐振器的测量结果均与振动方向和振动频率呈函数关系。所研究的谐振器的参数包括:切角(AT 和 SC)、固定方位、泛音次数、晶片的几何形状(平平的、平凸的、双凸的)、安装支架的刚度和晶片材料(天然石英、人造石英和经扫掠的人造石英)。预热特性的测量是,先把谐振器浸入冰水中,然后迅速将其浸入沸水中,等达到热均衡之后,用晶体阻抗表(CI-meter)监测谐振器频率。对不同的 AT 和 SC 切设计(基模和三次泛音)的预热时间作了比较。可以看出,四点安装的陶瓷扁平封装的 SC 切谐振器能够在20秒内从0℃预热到100℃,而频率在2×10~(-7)以内。     

怎样减小振动对SC切石英晶体振荡器的影响

要给现代化通讯、导航及雷达系统提供必要的频谱纯度,就必须减小石英谐振器的加速灵敏度(γ),例如从γ=10~(-10)/g 减小到γ=10~(-12)/g。为了实现这一目的,当前正在研究几种(仅与谐振器有关的)无源法。专门设计的单谐振器和双谐振器是无源法应用的两个实例。应用电子线路的有源法已经进行了研究,它能进一步使振动影响减到1/50。然而,用来实现这种方法的变容二极管的非线性限制了可能达到的最终减小量。本文介绍一种可供使用的有源法。这种方法的原理是应用 SC 切晶体的线性电压～频率特性,而要点在于把相位适当的振动模拟信号电压直接加在晶体电极上。用几块不同的SC 切晶体所做的一系列试验都确认了这种有源法的效果。把晶体振荡器略加修改,是为了加入补偿电压,而不会改变振荡器的电路原理。补偿测试范围:加速度1至14g,振动频率50至500Hz;补偿电压大小取决于γ的初值,可从-20至+20V(峰-峰值)。初步实验结果表明,在不连续的频率上γ值几乎能降低三个数量级,在50到500Hz 连续频率范围能降低一个数量级。     

深腐蚀声表面波谐振器长期老化的改善

最近,深腐蚀声表面波谐振器的长期性能表明,在老化方面取得引人注目的改善是可能的。我们以前报导过关于这种器件的长期老化率为1×10~(-8)/日。该数据还不能证明老化率随时间递减的特性。由于对表面加工、清洗和后来对再污染的控制有了很大改进,以及重新设计了腐蚀系统,因而,目前的声表面波谐振器在60℃时的老化率大约为2.8×10~(-9)/日。此外,这些器件的Q值在160兆赫时,大于50000。经130天后,频率漂移曲线仍在渐近地减少。根据目前的性能,实现1×10~(-9)/日或更小的极限老化率看来是可能的。     

氮化铝薄膜及复合体波谐振器

为了在超高频范围内对基模振荡器进行控制和运用滤波器,开展了对于小型体波谐振器的基本材料和器件特性的研究。本文报道了氮化铝(ALN)在构成复合谐振器几何形状和边缘支撑型晶片结构方面的性能。 ALN薄膜是在直流平板磁控管溅镀装置中,用中间电极溅射出来的AL和等离子气体中的N_2之间的等离子体反应生成的。一般溅镀条件是:溅镀压力=1×10~(-3)毛,空气含氮量=99.999％基片温度=200℃,直流功率-225瓦,溅镀率=1.2微米/小时。ALN薄膜的品质用扫描式电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射法和奥格(Auger)电子分光镜进行鉴定。检测结果说明,溅镀的ALN薄膜具有严格的晶向结构,其C轴垂直于Si(硅)基片表面。对于由1.7微米ALN薄膜和8微米Si基片组成的谐振器,测出的基频串联谐振频率为328.53兆赫,基频并联谐振频率为328.61兆赫。这种规格谐振器的Q值约有7500,它在-20℃至+120℃范围内的实测温度系数约为-4×10~(-8)/℃。对于具有1.7微米ALN薄膜和6微米Si基片的谐振器,实测的温度系数是-6×10~(-6)/℃。这种规格谐振器的Q值约为5000,它的基频串联谐振频率是524.11兆赫,而基频并联谐振频率是524.45兆赫。应用微电子半导体加工技术,已经制成了边缘支撑型ALN晶片。晶片厚度为1.0至7微米,面积约为300平方微米。这种晶片是边缘支撑型的,这与以前报道的底膜支撑型薄膜是不相同的。厚度为6.5微米的典型ALN晶片在790兆赫附近产生基模谐振,耦合系数为10.3％。在-20℃至120℃范围内测得的温度系数可达到-20.5×10~(-6)/℃。目前,已按外延特性制造出具有水平C轴的氧化锌ZnO晶片。这种晶片显示出切变波谐振特性,这意味着晶片有很高的谐振Q和比较简单的模式结构。     

溅镀C轴倾斜的压电膜和切变波谐振器

作者对溅镀的压电膜能否应用于甚高频至微波频率的声波器件进行了研究。本文介绍了切变波谐振器用的C轴倾斜的氧化锌(ZnO)和氮化铝(AlN)膜的生长及特性。文中计算了某些膜的切变波激动的定向关系。这些膜在C轴取向与表面法线成大约45°时,可能激励出接近于纯的切变波。在其他角度,则只能激励准切变波和准纵向波。 C轴对膜法线倾斜方向合适的ZnO或AlN膜,是在配有辅助阳极的反应式直流面磁控管溅镀系统中生长的。这类膜可用扫描式电子显微镜(SEM)和体声波器件测量法进行鉴定。自Si基片法线倾斜的C轴晶粒柱形结构可在扫描式电子显微镜中清楚地看到。C轴倾斜角达45°,厚度达10微米的薄膜已经制做成功。在P~+Si基片上溅镀上ZnO和AlN可以制成复合谐振器。这类谐振器的Q值在200兆赫到500兆赫基频谐振范围内大约为5000。特别令人感兴趣的是可以对谐振频率进行温度补偿。在ZnO/Si和AlN/Si的复合结构上已制造出室温下串联谐振频率的绝对温度系数小于1×10~6/℃的谐振器。ZnO和AlN晶片谐振器的温度系数已测出为-36.2×10~-6/℃和-25×10~-6/℃。这表明P~+Si基片在切变膜时的温度系数大约是+9×10~6/℃、     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.